Kuthatha imali eninzi ukwenza abantu bavote ngokuchasene neminqweno yabo, kwaye ishishini lezindlu nomhlaba linemali eninzi. I-Ideological obfuscation idlala indima yayo, nayo, kwaye zombini ibe negalelo kwipere yoloyiso lwamva nje kumlo onyukayo waseSan Francisco ngokuchasene ne-gentrification.
Ndenzekile ukuba ndiseSan Francisco kwiintsuku ezikhokelela kuSuku loNyulo, kwaye kubonakala ngathi kukho imincili eninzi malunga neSindululo G, isindululo esithobekileyo esasiza kumisela irhafu kubaxeki bathenge kwaye bathengise ngokukhawuleza izindlu ezihlala abantu. Iimpawu ezithi โEwe ku-Gโ zazininzi kwaye uninzi, nangona ingengabo bonke, abaxhasi endidibene nabo babekholelwa ukuba iya kudlula. Ngoba kutheni? Ngowuphi umqeshi onokuchasana nomthetho onokucothisa, kancinci, irenti enyukayo? Nangona kunjalo, i-real estate industry yagalela i-2 yezigidi zeedola kwi-Proposition G ephikisayo, abaxhasi abagqithisayo i-12-to-1, kwaye yoyiswa.
Kwiiveki nje ezimbini ngaphambili, ijaji yomanyano yawutshitshisa umthetho owiswe ngurhulumente wesixeko onokuthi unyanzelise abaqeshisi abagxotha abaqeshisi kumagumbi aqeshisayo ukuba babahlawule umahluko phakathi kwerenti ebebeyihlawula kunye nexabiso lemarike elifanelekileyo lendawo efanayo. iyunithi ixesha leminyaka emibini. Iinzame zokulwa nokunyuka okuthe gqolo kokugxothwa, ijaji nangona kunjalo yabhengeza ukuba irenti eyonyukayo ayilotyala labanini-mhlaba.
Iirenti zinyuka zodwa? Abanini-mhlaba ngethamsanqa elithile bayenzeka nje ukuba babe ngabaxhamli benkqubo ethile engaqondakaliyo ngaphandle kolawulo lomntu?
Ah, ewe, umlingo wemarike emsebenzini kwakhona. Ijaji yomdibaniso eyawisa isigwebo, uCharles Breyer, udume njengomntu okhululekileyo. Nangona kunjalo akazange athandabuze ekumiseleni isigwebo sakhe kwingcamango yezoqoqosho ye-orthodox, ubukhulu becala ephinda iingxoxo zelungelo elinzima, i-libertarian Pacific Legal Foundation, eyayimele abanini-mhlaba. UJaji uBreyer uye wade wabiza imfuneko njengokuthinjwa kunye "nentlawulo yemali engavumelekanga." Kodwa umthetho ngewungazange ubathintele abanini-mhlaba ukuba baphose abaqashi esitratweni ukuze bangenise abaqeshi abatsha abaza kuhlawula ngaphezulu, baphucule nje iindleko kumqeshi ogxothiweyo.
Amagqwetha esixeko saseSan Francisco aphikisa ngelithi intlawulo yeminyaka emibini yokwahluka kwerenti iya kuba โilingana nomonakalo banyanzela abantu abaqeshileyo ukuba babagxothe kwindawo elawulwa yirente baze babanyanzele ukuba bafune izindlu ezintsha ngexabiso lemarike.โ Lowo ngumphumo wokwenyani, njengoko umndilili werenti yaseSan Francisco yendlu enegumbi elinye yi-$3,100. Kuya kufuna i imivuzo edibeneyo ye-4.6 yemisebenzi esisigxina kumvuzo ophantsi waseSan Francisco wokuhlawula amagumbi amabini okulala apho, ngokutsho kweNational Low Income Housing Coalition.
Engaphezulu kwe Ngama-10,000 abantu baseSan Franciscans bakhutshiwe phantsi komthetho karhulumente, i-Ellis Act, eyenza abanini-mhlaba ukuba "baphume" kwishishini lomnini-mhlaba (nangona kwiimeko ezininzi, "bangena kwakhona" kwishishini emva kokuba abaqeshi bangaphambili bekhutshiwe). Uphononongo lwe-Tenants Together olunike ingxelo yokuba amanqaku ewonke ukuba eneneni ichaza ipesenti encinci yokukhutshwa okunxulumene noMthetho we-Ellis njengoko abanye abaninzi benyanzelwa ngaphandle sisoyikiso sokugxothwa koMthetho ka-Ellis kwaye ababaleli manani asemthethweni.
Inkundla ithi abanini-mhlaba abakhuphayo ngabantu ababukeleyo
UJaji uBreyer, nangona kunjalo, utyhola "imikhosi yentengiso" kunye ne-bogey eyintandokazi yephiko lasekunene, ulawulo lwerenti, kwiirenti ezibalekayo. Ngoko ke, abanini-mhlaba bangamaxhoba amsulwa. Kwisigqibo sakhe, ijaji yabhala:
โ[Umthetho] ufuna ukunyanzela umnini-mhlaba ukuba ahlawulele ingxaki yoluntu ngokubanzi ingeyiyo eyeyakhe. Umnini propati akazange abangele irenti yemarike ephezulu apho umqeshi okhetha ukuhlala eSan Francisco angavezwa, okanye abangele irenti ephantsi elawulwa ngumqeshi ngaphambili. "
Kukho apho unayo: Ukuba usendleleni yoqikelelo okanye umphuhlisi ofuna ukwandisa inzuzo yakhe, lahleka. Le yindlela nje echubekileyo yokuthetha into eyayithethwa nguSodolophu weSixeko saseNew York u-Ed Koch njengoko kwakuqhubeka uhlengahlengiso phaya ngeminyaka yoo-1980: โUkuba awukwazi ukufikelela kwiNew York, hamba!โ
Abalahlekileyo kwezi tyholo zisemthethweni kunye neengcamango kukuba abanini-mhlaba bahlawula imali ngokubila kwabanye, kuquka nabo babakhupha ngenkani. Gentrification yinkqubo ngabom. Iinkcubeko eziphilayo ezivela kwintelekelelo, ukubila kunye nokuvubela kwengqondo yabantu abahlala kwindawo ethile kunye nendawo abo bahluke ngokomfuziselo okanye ngokwenyani abahlukileyo kwimono-culture elawula imali isuswa ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye ithatyathelwe indawo yimali yenkampani kunye namandla, anyanzelisa ikhonkco elingenambala. -ukuhambelana kwevenkile.
Ezo nkcubeko zendalo zaye zaba ngamanqaku okuthengisa ukukhuthaza indawo ekujoliswe kuyo, ikheshiswe kungengabo bayidalayo kodwa ngomdla wokuthengisa izindlu. Oorhulumente basekhaya baququzelela le nkqubo egameni labaphuhlisi, becutshungulwa kukukwazi kweentshukumo ukusuka ngezantsi ukucothisa inkqubo.
Isikhundla sokubuyela umva sePacific Legal Foundation, esamkelwe yijaji, yayikukuba intlawulo yerenti yeminyaka emibini eyahluka-hlukeneyo ayinakulunga, kuba bekungekho mfuneko yokuba intlawulo isetyenziselwe irenti. Ummeli wesixeko saseSan Francisco wachaza ukuba umntu ofumana intlawulo enjalo akanakukhetha ngaphandle kokuyichitha kwizindlu ezintsha. Kodwa igqwetha lasePacific Legal Foundation lavuma ukuba yayiyimfuneko enjalo endaweni, yona ngewuchase umthetho iyafana nje.
Isixeko saseSan Francisco siye ibhengeze ukuba iza kubhena Isigwebo sikaJaji uBreyer kwiNkundla yeZibheno yase-US kwiSekethe yeThoba. Akufuneki kuthandabuzeke ukuba xa umnini-mhlaba egxotha umqeshi olawulwa yirenti, ukonyuka okukhulu kwerenti sisiphumo esithe ngqo sesigqibo somnini-mhlaba sokugxotha, utshilo igqwetha lesixeko, uDennis Herrera. Isigqibo esivumayo ukuba siya kuba sisekelwe kwihlabathi lenene, kunokuba i-phantasmagoria ye-orthodox economics kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwayo ukuba "iimarike" zisekelwe emafini, ngaphaya kokuchukumisa komntu. Ehlabathini lokwenyani, abanini-mhlaba, abaphuhlisi kunye noobhanki abafumana inzuzo are imarike yezindlu.
Umkhukula wemali yezindlu
Kwiiveki ezimbini emva koko, isindululo sikaG asiphumelelanga, ngama-54 epesenti ngokuchaseneyo kunye neepesenti ezingama-46 avotela inkxaso. UProp G wenze isindululo "serhafu yentelekelelo" apho umthengi wepropati yeeyunithi ezininzi kuya kufuneka ahlawule intlawulo yerhafu eyongeziweyo ukuba isakhiwo sithengisiwe ngaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu; Intlawulo iya kusuka kuma-24 ekhulwini kunyaka wokuqala ukuya kwi-14 ekhulwini phakathi kweminyaka emine ukuya kwemihlanu. Emva kweminyaka emihlanu, akusayi kubakho ntlawulo yerhafu. Ngenxa yokuba yayilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa kuphela kubaxeli, irhafu ecetywayo yayineexemption ezininzi, kuquka zonke izakhiwo zentsapho enye kunye nasiphi na isakhiwo esithengiswa ngelahleko.
Uthotho lweeposi ezithunyelwa ngabanini-mhlaba, kubandakanywa namabango obuxoki okuba zonke iipropati ziya kuhlawulwa, zazingaphaya kwamandla amatsha-ntliziyo ezindlu ukuba azoyise. Nangona kunjalo, kuphando lweempendulo zamatshantliziyo emva kwevoti epapashwe kwi 48 Iinduli blog, kwabonakala kukho isivumelwano sokuba umzamo wokuthetha nabantu ezitratweni watshintsha iingqondo ezininzi, wasondela ekoyiseni i-real estate ye-real estate ye-12-to-1 inzuzo yokuchitha imali kwaye wabeka iqonga lemizamo eyongezelelweyo enokuphumelela. Umbhali weli nqaku, uGen Fujioka, umlawuli womgaqo-nkqubo weZiko loPhuhliso loLuntu lwaseChinatown, ucatshulwe Umququzeleli weCausa Justa / Just Cause uMaria Zamudio:
โKolu lonyulo senze iinzuzo ezinkulu ekuququzeleleni abaphambukeli, abantu abadala, abasebenzi abarhola imivuzo ephantsi, abazali, kunye nabaqeshi, sigxotha abantu malunga nemfuno yokuba nabo bafanele ukuhlala eSan Francisco. โฆ Ngelixa ingakhange iphumelele kulo nyaka, iProp G ibiyinxalenye yengxelo enkulu [yasekuhlaleni] eqhubela phambili ephumeleleyo [kuquka nomlinganiselo womvuzo ophantsi ogqithileyo]. Le ngxelo, kunye nezixhobo eziphuhlisiwe kunye nobudlelwane obakhiwe kweli phulo, iya kuba sisiseko esinokuqhubeka sikhula kuso. โ
Elinye itshantliziyo, uRandy Shaw weKliniki yeZindlu yeTenderloin, ukholelwa ukuba ugxininiso olukhulu kulungiselelo loluntu lungenza umahluko. Isindululo sika-G sasibekwe kuvoto ngamalungu amane eBhodi yeeSupervisors yesixeko (ibhunga lesixeko saseSan Francisco), kunokuba ngamatsha ntliziyo aqokelele utyikityo, iqhinga yena. iinkolelo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kwakhona. Uyabhala:
โUkuba irhafu echasene nentelekelelo ihambe ngendlela yotyikityo, amatsha ntliziyo ebeza kuqaphela xa iSihloko nesiShwankathelo samaxwebhu ezikhalazo salungiselelwa ukuba eyona mbono idumileyo 'yokumisa ukujika' ayizange iguqulelwe kakuhle kumgaqo wokuvota. Ngelo xesha isigqibo ngesenziwe sokuyitshintshwa ngandlela ithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba amagama athi 'ukukhutshwa' okanye 'umhloli' aqukiwe kumbuzo wokuvota, okanye ukufuna ukwandisa isiseko senkxaso phambi kokuya phambili. โฆ [T]iinyanga ezichithwe ethetha nabavoti ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqokelelwa kwezikhalazo yayiza kufundisa amawaka malunga nalo mba. Ibiya kubakhusela aba bavoti kuhlaselo lwemali olukhulu olwadalayo, kwaye ifuna ukuxhokonxa, ukubhideka malunga nokuba ithetha ukuthini na iProp G. โ
Ukuthontelana kwabasebenzi benkampani yethekhinoloji kusenokwenzeka ukuba nabo banike ibhalansi. Kunzima ukuthelekelela njengoko ndingakhange ndibone uphando okanye ukwahlulwa kwevoti yeSindululo sika-G, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba abaqeqeshi, uninzi lwabo olufunxa utyekelo lwezopolitiko lweenkokeli zabo zeshishini, bavote ngamanani amakhulu ngokuchaseneyo. Iqela leTechies Who Vote libize imboni yeteknoloji ukuba "isebenzise isihlunu sayo sonyulo" kunye ivoti ngokuchasene noProp G kunye nabaviwa abanenkqubela abawuxhasileyo umlinganiselo.
Musa ukuzila, ququzelela
Umbutho kuphela kwesisombululo ngokuchasene nokwandiswa ngakumbi, eSan Francisco nakwezinye iindawo. Kodwa ukubuyisela umva inzala yemali enamandla eyenza inzuzo kuyo ayingomsebenzi omncinci. Umququzeleli wendawo, uMike Miller, ebhala IsiCwangciso soPhakamiso, ikhala ngokubhanga kwemibutho efana neMishini yoManyano lweMishini ethi waphumelela amadabi amaninzi egameni labaqeshi kodwa ayizange ikwazi ukuhlangana ibe namandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba ifikelele kwizivumelwano zengingqi ngokubanzi kunye nabameli babanini-mhlaba. Ubhala athi:
โUmmiselo wathabathelโ indawo ulungiselelo njengeqhinga lokukhusela iimfuno zabaqeshiโinyathelo elipasiswe ngumvoti lenze umthetho olawula irente, kunye neBhodi yoLawulo lweRente ukuba iwulawule. Iipolitiki zolonyulo kunokuba zininzi, eziphazamisayo, isenzo esingenalo ubundlobongela saba yindlela yokunyanzelisa isicwangciso. Nganye, iyodwa, ayonelanga. 'Imarike' iyaboyisa: imfuno eninzi kakhulu yobonelelo oluncinane kakhulu.
Ngelishwa, akukho sikhundla ngoku sokuthethathethana nabanini-mhlaba, abaphuhlisi, ababolekisi kunye nabanye abafumana inzuzo kule ntengiso ye-run-amuck. Akusekho mbutho wabaninzi onokuthi wenzakalisa ingeniso kunye nemisebenzi yezopolitiko ngekhono lawo lokukwaya, ukuphazamisa, ukuphembelela kunye nesenzo sonyulo. "
Ukungakwazi ukumisa i-gentrification ngoko kuneempembelelo kwiindawo ezingqongileyo. Ngaphesheya kwe-bay, irenti yase-Oakland ine inyuke nge-15 ekhulwini kulo nyaka emva kokunyuka komyinge we-12 ekhulwini ngo-2013. ukugxothwa kuyanda.
Kakade ke, oko akuyonto nje yasekuhlaleni. Umyinge wengeniso eseleyo evela kubunini bezakhiwo kwisiXeko saseNew York inyuke ngama-31.5 ekhulwini ukususela ngowe-1990 - iirenti eziqokelelweyo zinyuke ngokukhawuleza kuneendleko. Kuzwelonke, amaxabiso real estate ziye ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kunokwenyuka kwamaxabiso ukusukela ngoo-1960. Yiyo loo nto ayimangalisi amaxabiso esabelo seetrasti zotyalo-mali lwezindlu nezindlu ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kane ukusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2009.
Esi sisiphumo sokuvumela "amandla entengiso" ukulawula izindlu. Indlela yokuphuma kukuba izindlu zithathelwe ingqalelo njengelungelo lomntu, endaweni yokuba imveliso yongxowankulu ithengwe ize ithengiswe ngoyena mntu ukwixabiso eliphezulu. Noko ke, oko kuya kufuna ihlabathi elahlukileyo nelilunge ngakumbi.