Ubuxoki, ubuxoki, kunye newebhusayithi yeMonsanto. Thetha ubuxoki izihlandlo ezilikhulu, yaye amathuba kukuba ekugqibeleni buya kubonakala buyinyaniso. Xa kuziwa kwizityalo eziguqulwe ngofuzo, iMonsanto yenza umzamo onjalo - kwaye mhlawumbi nawe ukhohliswa ukuba wamkele ukugqwetha kwabo njengenyaniso.
Ingqwalasela yam iye yatsalwa kwinqaku elinesihloko esithi "Ngaba izityalo zeGM zonyusa isivuno?" kwiphepha lewebhu leMonsanto, nangona kufuneka ndivume ukuba esi sisihlandlo sokuqala ndindwendwela indawo yabo.
Le yindlela eqala ngayo: โKutshanje, kuye kwakho inani lamabango avela kumatsha-ntliziyo achasene nebhayoloji okuba izityalo eziguqulwe ngofuzo (GM) azinyusi sivuno. Abanye baye bathi izityalo ze-GM ngokwenene zinezivuno eziphantsi kunezityalo ezingezona ze-GM. Omabini la mabango abubuxoki.โ
Emva koko iqhubeka ichaza amagama e-germplasm, ukuzala, i-biotechnology, kwaye ekugqibeleni ichaza isivuno.
Nantsi into eyithethayo: โUkuqaliswa kweempawu zeGM ngokusebenzisa i-biotechnology kuye kwakhokelela ekwandeni kwezivuno ngaphandle kokuzalanisa. Thatha umzekelo amanani acatshulwe yiPG Economics, ethi minyaka le ibalula izibonelelo zezityalo zeGM, ithatha idatha kwizifundo ezininzi kwihlabathi jikelele:
- Mexico โ isivuno sonyuka ngeembotyi zesoya ezikwaziyo ukunyamezela ukhula ngeepesenti ezili-9.
- I-Romania - ukunyuka kwesivuno ngeembotyi zesoya ezinyamezelayo kwi-herbicide ziye zafikelela kuma-31 ekhulwini.
- IiPhilippines โ isivuno esiphakathi sonyuka ngeepesenti ezili-15 ngombona okwaziyo ukumelana nemichiza yokhula.
- IiPhilippines โ isivuno esiphakathi sonyuka ngama-24 ekhulwini ngombona okwaziyo ukumelana nezinambuzane.
- I-Hawaii - i-papaya enganyangekiyo yintsholongwane inyuse izivuno ngomyinge wama-40 ekhulwini.
- EIndiya โ umqhaphu okwaziyo ukumelana nezinambuzane ukhokelele ekwandeni kwesivuno esingaphezu kwama-50 ekhulwini.โ
Ezi ngxelo aziyolisi, kwaye azinakuphinda zithathwe lula. Andothuki nje kuphela kodwa ndikruqukile yindlela amaqumrhu azama ukuyila nokugqwetha iinyani zenzululwazi, kwaye azinxibise ngendlela yokuba abo babizwa ngokuba 'bafundileyo' namhlanje baya kuyamkela ngaphandle kokubuza imibuzo.
Isayensi egqwethekileyo
Ekuqaleni, amabango eMonsanto anephutha. Ndibone izigqibo ezifanayo, ubuncinane malunga nezivuno ze-Bt zekotoni eIndiya, kwisifundo se-International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) - nangona ndihlala ndithetha ukuba i-IFPRI yintlangano efuna ukuvalwa. Yenze umonakalo omkhulu ekuphuhliseni ilizwe kwezolimo kunye nokhuseleko lokutya kunalo naliphi na elinye iziko lezemfundo.
Nangona kunjalo, makhe sijonge amabango eMonsanto.
Ukunyuka kwezivuno zezityalo ezibonakaliswe yiMonsanto eMexico, eRomania, kwiiPhilippines, eHawaii naseIndiya eneneni ayilonyuso lwesivuno kwaphela. Ngokweentsingiselo zenzululwazi ezi zibizwa ngokuba yilahleko yezityalo, eziye zenziwa ngobuchule kakhulu njengoko sikhula isivuno. Ngokuzibandakanya kwi-jugglery ye-teminologies yesayensi ethatha ithuba lokungazi kakuhle komntu, i-Monsanto yenze amabango asekelwe kubungqina obungekho.
Njengoko kubhaliwe kwinqaku leMonsanto: โEzona mpawu zixhaphakileyo kwizityalo zeGM kukunyamezela ukhula (HT) kunye nokumelana nezinambuzane (IR). Izityalo zeHT ziqulethe imathiriyeli yemfuza evela kwibhaktheriya eqhelekileyo yomhlaba. Izityalo ze-IR zinemfuza ephuma kwintsholongwane ehlasela izinambuzane ezithile.โ
Lena Yinyaniso. Izityalo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nemichiza kunye nezityalo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nezinambuzane zenza ngokubanzi umsebenzi ofanayo nowemichiza yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane. Zombini izityalo zeGM kunye nemichiza yokubulala izinambuzane zinciphisa ilahleko yezityalo. Enyanisweni, izityalo ze-GM zisebenza ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi njenge-bio-pesticide - inambuzane yondla kwisityalo esithwala i-toxin, kwaye iyafa. Ukutshiza isibulali zinambuzane kwenza okufanayo.
Kwimeko yezityalo ezikwaziyo ukunyamezela ukhula, isiphumo sibi kakhulu. Iinkampani zeBiotech ziye zaphumelela ukuphumelela uphawu lokunyamezela imichiza yokhula kwisityalo. Ngenxa yoko, abo bathenga imbewu ye-GM abanayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokuthenga iinkampani ezinophawu lwesichiza sokutshabalalisa ukhula. Ukubulala iintaka ezimbini ngelitye elinye, unokuthi.
Iinkampani ze-GM zisebenzise kuphela iteknoloji ye-transgenic ukususa ukhuphiswano kwimarike ye-herbicide. Endaweni yokuvumela umlimi ukuba akhethe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula ekhoyo emarikeni, ngoku baye baqinisekisa ukuba ushiyeka nokhetho lweHobson. Njengoko izifundo ezininzi ziye zabonisa ngokucacileyo e-US, ukusetyenziswa kwe-herbicide akuhambi ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa kunokonyuka.
Nanku umbuzo omawubuzwe ngoku: ukuba imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula esetyenziswa ziimbotyi zesoya zeMonsanto ezikwaziyo ukutshabalalisa ukhula (ebizwa ngokuba yi-'Roundup Ready') ziyasinyusa ngokwenene isivuno, kutheni ke zonke ezinye izitshabalalisi ezifumaneka kwimarike zinganyusi isivuno?
Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba yonke imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula yenza umsebenzi ofanayo wokubulala imifuno, ngoko ke yonke imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula kufuneka inyuse isivuno sezityalo. Ngaba andilunganga? Ngoko kutheni sikhokelwa ukuba sikholelwe ukuba kuphela iimbotyi zesoya ze-Roundup Ready (isityalo seGM) zonyusa izivuno, kanti abanye abakwenzi oko?
Ugqibele nini ukuxelelwa ukuba imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula yonyusa isivuno? Imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula iyaziwa kuphela ngokunciphisa ilahleko yezityalo. Le yinto endayifundiswayo xa ndandifunda ngokukhuliswa kwezityalo โ nto leyo esafundiswa abafundi benzululwazi yezolimo kuyo yonke indawo ehlabathini.
Umqhaphu ubuxoki
Ibali elifanayo liyinyani kumqhaphu. Sonke siyazi ukuba umqhaphu utya malunga neepesenti ezingama-50 zezitshabalalisi zizonke ezitshiziweyo, kwaye ezi zibulali zinambuzane zaziwa ngokunciphisa ilahleko yezityalo. Ndiqinisekile ukuba iMonsanto nayo ingavuma ngaphandle kombuzo ukuba izitshabalalisi azinyusi isivuno sesityalo, kwaye ndiyaphinda UNGAKHULISI isivuno somqhaphu.
Umqhaphu we-Monsanto we-Bt, esebenzisa ijini esuka kwibhaktheriya yomhlaba ukuvelisa i-toxin ngaphakathi kwesityalo esibulala izitshabalalisi ezithile, nayo yenza okufanayo. Ibulala kuphela isinambuzane, nto leyo ethetha ukuba yenza umsebenzi ofanayo nalowo kufuneka wenziwe ngumchiza wokubulala izitshabalalisi. Ilahleko yesityalo ethi icuthwe ngumlimi emva kokufaka imichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi ayinakuze (kwaye ayizange) ilinganiswe ngokonyuka kwesivuno. Isoloko ibalwa njengemali eyongiwe kwilahleko yezityalo.
Ukuba izityalo ze-GM zandisa isivuno, akufanele ke ngoko sitsho ukuba i-pesticides (kubandakanywa ne-herbicides) nayo yandisa isivuno? Ngaba izazinzulu zezolimo ziya kwamkela ukuba izibulali-zinambuzane ziyakwandisa isivuno sezityalo?
Oku kundizisa komnye umbuzo ofanelekileyo: Kutheni oosonzululwazi bezolimo bengathi amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi anyusa isivuno sezityalo?
Ngelixa ucingisisa ngalo mbuzo (kwaye akukho mabhaso okuwenza ngokufanelekileyo), mandikuxelele ukuba ixesha lokugqibela ihlabathi libone ukwanda kwezivuno kuxa iintlobo zezityalo ezivelisa isivuno esikhulu zathi zavela. Elo yayilixesha apho izazinzulu zazikwazi ukutyhutyha umqobo wemveliso yemfuza. Ingqolowa encinci yemfuza ephindwe kabini kunye neyemfuza emithathu (uphawu olwathi emva koko lwafakwa erayisini) lwezisa imitsi ye-quantum kwisakhono sesivuno. Oko kwakusemva phayaa ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960. Ukusukela ngoko, akukhange kubekho nkqubela phambili yemfuza kwizivuno zezityalo. Makungabikho mpazamo ngayo.
IMonsanto ke ngoko yenza amabango angalunganga. Akukho nanye kwiintlobo zezityalo ze-GM zonyusa isivuno. Okona kulungileyo, banciphisa kuphela ilahleko yezityalo. Ukuba iMonsanto ayiwazi umahluko phakathi kwelahleko yezityalo kunye nezivuno zezityalo, kufuneka ithathe izifundo ezisisiseko kwakhona ekukhuliseni izityalo.
Kodwa nceda, Monsanto, ungazami kwaye uqhathe ihlabathi ngokugqwetha iinyani zesayensi.
Kwirekhodi, makhe ndichaze ukuba xa i-cotton ye-Bt yayingeniswa e-Indiya kwi-2001 (ukungena kwayo kwabambezeleka ngomnye unyaka xa ndiphikisa amabango enzululwazi eyenziwe nguMahyco-Monsanto), iBhunga laseNdiya loPhando lwezoLimo liye lachasa. ibango lenkampani lokunyusa isivuno. Nangona kunjalo ngomnye umcimbi ukuba inkcaso ye-ICAR yabekelwa bucala liSebe leBiotechnology, kwaye sonke siyazi ukuba kutheni.
Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i-ISAAA kunye neefemu ezininzi zokucebisa (kwaye singabakholelwa njani emva kwendima yabo ekuweni kwezoqoqosho ngoku ejongene nehlabathi) baye babanga ukuba izivuno zomqhaphu e-Indiya zanda emva kokuba i-cotton ye-Bt yaziswa. Amabango anjalo enziwa nangezinye izityalo. Ndikubonile oku kusenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo; nanini na xa isivuno sikhula, oosonzululwazi kunye namashishini ezolimo athatha imbeko. Kodwa xa isivuno sesihla, ityala lihlala litshintshela kwiimeko zemozulu.
Into enokukwenza uzibuze ukuba kutheni izazinzulu zezolimo kunye neenkampani zingayibuleli imozulu ngamaxesha okuvuna okukhulu. Njengowayesakuba nguMphathiswa wezoLimo waseIndiya, umnumzana Chaturanand Mishra, wayesoloko esithi, ekuphela koMphathiswa wezoLimo wokwenyani yimonsoon.
Kulo nyaka, uqikelelo lwemveliso yomqhaphu eIndiya lwehliswe nge-14 pesenti. Ukusebenzisa i-yardstick efanayo, ngaba akuthethi ukuba imveliso ye-cotton ye-Bt nayo iyawa? Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ityala alinakulala ngekotoni yeBt. Uqikelele kakuhle โ inokuba lityala lemozulu embi.
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
I-Devinder Sharma ngumhlalutyi wemigaqo-nkqubo yokutya kunye norhwebo olusekwe eNew Delhi.