ILatin America ibe libali lempumelelo yehlabathi elishiye kwishumi leminyaka yokuqala yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye. Oku kuyinyaniso ngeendlela ezimbini. Indlela yokuqala kunye neyona ndlela iqatshelweyo kukuba amaqela ashiyekileyo okanye ashiyekileyo aphumelele uluhlu oluphawulekayo lonyulo kule minyaka ilishumi. Kwaye ngokudibeneyo, oorhulumente baseLatin America bathathe okokuqala umgama obalulekileyo ukusuka e-United States. UMzantsi Merika uye waba ngumkhosi ozimele geopolitics ehlabathini.
Kodwa kuye kwakho indlela yesibini apho iLatin America iye yaba libali lempumelelo yehlabathi elishiyiweyo. Iintshukumo zabemi bomthonyama baseLatin America bazibanga ngokwezopolitiko phantse kuyo yonke indawo kwaye bafuna ilungelo lokuququzelela ubomi babo bezopolitiko nezentlalo ngokuzimeleyo. Oku kuqala kwafumana ingqalelo yehlabathi ngokuqhambuka okumangalisayo kwentshukumo ye-neo-Zapatista kwiphondo laseMexico laseChiapas ngowe-1994. Into engazange iqatshelwe kakhulu kukuvela kweentshukumo ezifanayo kulo lonke elaseLatin America kunye nenqanaba apho baye benza khona intshukumo. uthungelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe lwaseMelika lwemibutho yengingqi yabo.
Ingxaki ibe kukuba iindidi ezimbini zasekhohlo - amaqela aphumelele amandla kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye indigenista Iintshukumo kumazwe ahlukeneyo-azinanjongo zifanayo kwaye zisebenzisa ulwimi lweengcamango ezahlukeneyo.
Amaqela enze njengeyona njongo yawo iphambili kuphuhliso loqoqosho, efuna ukufikelela le njongo ubuncinane ngokuyinxenye ngolawulo olukhulu kwimithombo yawo kunye namalungiselelo angcono namashishini angaphandle, oorhulumente, kunye namaziko orhulumente. Bafuna ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, besithi kungale ndlela kuphela apho umgangatho wokuphila wabemi bawo uya kongezwa kuze kufikelelwe ukulingana okukhulu ehlabathini.
The indigenista Imibutho ifune ukufumana ulawulo olukhulu kwimithombo yayo kunye namalungiselelo angcono hayi kuphela nabadlali abangengabo abesizwe kodwa kunye noorhulumente babo besizwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, bathi injongo yabo ayikokukhula kwezoqoqosho kodwa kukwamkela iPachaMama, okanye imother earth. Bathi abafuni ukusetyenziswa ngakumbi kobutyebi bomhlaba, kodwa bafuna ukusetyenziswa ngendlela ecacileyo nehlonipha ulungelelwaniso lwendalo. Bayafuna ubomi obuhle โ ukuhlala kakuhle.
Akumangalisi ukuba indigenista Iintshukumo ziye zangquzulana noorhulumente abambalwa abona ngqongqo kwiLatin America - njengeMexico, Colombia, kunye nePeru. Ukwanda, kwaye ngokuphandle, ezi ntshukumo ziye zangqubana noorhulumente basekhohlo njengeBrazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, kunye nokuba Bholiviya.
Ndithi neBolivia kuba ngurhulumente omnye onyule indigenista umongameli ngenkxaso enkulu evela kwi indigenista abemi belizwe. Kwaye nangona kunjalo, kukho ungquzulwano. Umba, njengakwezinye iindawo, kukuba ingaba ubutyebi bendalo buphuhliswa njani, ngubani owenza izigqibo, kwaye ngubani olawula ingeniso.
Amaqela asekhohlo athanda ukutyhola i indigenista amaqela angquzulana nawo wokuba, ngokuqonda okanye hayi, abaxhasi (ukuba ingengabo abameli) bamaqela anelungelo lesizwe, kunye nemikhosi yangaphandle, ngakumbi yaseUnited States. I indigenista amaqela achasene namaqela asekhohlo agxininisa ukuba asebenza kuphela kwizinto ezinomdla kunye nezenzo zabo, kwaye atyhola oorhulumente basekhohlo ukuba basebenze njengoorhulumente bamandulo ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ngokwenene imiphumo yendalo yemisebenzi yabo yophuhliso.
Kutshanje kwenzeke into ebangelโ umdla e-Ecuador. Apho, urhulumente wasekhohlo kaRafael Correa, owayephumelele amandla ekuqaleni ngenkxaso ye indigenista iintshukumo, emva koko zangqubana kabukhali nabo. Elona candelo linzima lalimalunga nomnqweno karhulumente wokuphuhlisa ioli kwindawo ekhuselweyo yaseAmazon ebizwa ngokuba yiYasuni.
Ekuqaleni, urhulumente akazange aluhoye uqhanqalazo lwabemi bomthonyama baloo mmandla. Kodwa ke uMongameli uCorrea wenza enye indlela ekrelekrele. Ucebise oorhulumente abazizityebi boMntla wehlabathi ukuba, ukuba i-Ecuador ilahla naluphi na uphuhliso eYasuni, aba rhulumente bazizityebi kufuneka bahlawule i-Ecuador ngenxa yokulahla, ngenxa yokuba oku kube negalelo kumzabalazo wehlabathi wokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Xa oku kwakucetywa okokuqala kwingqungquthela yemozulu yase-Copenhagen ngo-2009, yaphathwa njengentelekelelo. Kodwa emva kweenyanga ezintandathu ezinde zothethathethwano, oorhulumente abahlanu baseYurophu (eJamani, eSpeyin, eBelgium, eFransi naseSweden) baye bavuma ukwenza ingxowa-mali eza kulawulwa yiNkqubo yoPhuhliso yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ukuze kuhlawulwe i-Ecuador ukuba ingaphuhlisi uYasuni ngenxa yokuba oku kunegalelo. ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. Kukho intetho yokuyila isenzi esitsha, yasunize, ukubonisa iidili ezinjalo.
Kodwa zingaphi izivumelwano ezinjalo umntu anokuzenza? Kukho omnye umba osisiseko osesichengeni. Yindalo "yelinye ilizwe elinokwenzeka" - ukusebenzisa isilogeni seForam yezeNtlalo yeHlabathi. Ngaba isekwe ekukhuleni rhoqo koqoqosho, nokuba le "yintlalontle" kwaye inganyusa umvuzo wokwenyani wabantu kuMzantsi wehlabathi? Okanye ngaba abanye bathi lutshintsho kwimilinganiselo yempucuko, ihlabathi ubomi obuhle?
Oku akuyi kuba yingxoxo elula ukuyisombulula. Okwangoku yingxoxo phakathi kwemikhosi yasekhohlo yaseLatin America. Kodwa iimeko ezifanayo ziphantsi kobuninzi beengxaki zangaphakathi eAsia, eAfrika, nakwiYurophu. Isenokujika ibe yingxoxo-mpikiswano enkulu yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye.
nguImmanuel Wallerstein
[Ilungelo lobunikazi ngu-Immanuel Wallerstein, lisasazwe yi-Agence Global. Ngamalungelo kunye neemvume, kuquka iinguqulelo kunye nokuthunyelwa kwiindawo ezingarhwebi, kunye noqhagamshelwano: [imeyile ikhuselwe], 1.336.686.9002 okanye 1.336.286.6606. Imvume ivunyiwe yokukhuphela, ukuthumela nge-elektroniki, okanye i-imeyile kwabanye, ngaphandle kokuba isincoko sihlala sinjalo kwaye nenqaku lelungelo lokushicilela libonisiwe. Ukuqhagamshelana nombhali, bhala: [imeyile ikhuselwe].
La magqabaza, apapashwa kabini ngenyanga, enzelwe ukuba abe yimifanekiso eshukumayo ngemeko yehlabathi yanamhlanje, njengoko ibonwa ngokwembono engeyiyo imixholo ephambili ekhoyo kodwa eyexesha elide.]