Amajelo osasazo aphambili abonisa amandla amangalisayo okujongana nolwaphulo-mthetho lwasentshona kubantu base-Iraq: ilizwe eliphanziswe ngokupheleleyo ziimfazwe ezimbini zase-US-UK, kunye neminyaka elishumi elinesibini yezohlwayo ezibangele ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi.
Ukuchazwa kwamva nje kwezityholo zorhwaphilizo kwinkqubo ye-UN 'ye-oyile yokutya' ngumzekelo omangalisayo.
Ioyile yenkqubo yokutya yasekwa ngo-1996 nguDenis Halliday, ngoko owayengumnxibelelanisi wobuntu we-UN e-Iraq, njengenyathelo lokuphucula ukuchasa ezona ziphumo zibi zezohlwayo. Ngo-1998, uHalliday warhoxa ngenxa yoqhankqalazo ngenxa yeziphumo ezibi zale nkqubo ihlaziyiweyo.
โEzi zohlwayo,โ uxelele intatheli uJohn Pilger, โzimele umlo oqhubekayo ngokuchasene nabantu baseIraq. Ngokombono wam, baye baba yimbubhiso kwimpembelelo yabo kule minyaka idlulileyo, kwaye iBhunga lezoKhuseleko labagcina, nangona belinolwazi olupheleleyo ngempembelelo yabo, ngakumbi kubantwana base-Iraq. (UJohn Pilger, 'Ngoobani Abagqwesileyo?', Daily Mirror, Agasti 22, 2003)
Kudliwanondlebe lukaMeyi 2000, uHalliday uxelele uDavid Edwards:
โIWashington, kunye neLondon, iye yadlala imidlalo ngabom ngokusebenzisa iSanctions Committee kule nkqubo iminyaka โ licebo langabomโฆ Yiyo loo nto bendisebenzisa igama elithi โgenocideโ, kuba lo ngumgaqo-nkqubo ngabom wokutshabalalisa. abantu baseIraq. Ndiyoyika ukuba andinalo elinye imbono ngoku ngoku.โ (Udliwano-ndlebe noDavid Edwards, ngoMeyi 2000, http://www.medialens.org/articles_2001/iraqdh.htm)
Izityholo zikaHalliday, ezingenakuba nzulu ngakumbi, zazisekelwe kumava akhe e-Iraq, nakwiingxelo ezineenkcukacha ze-UN kunye nee-arhente zoncedo ezifunda iziphumo zolawulo lwezohlwayo.
UHans von Sponeck, owangena ezihlangwini zikaHalliday njengomququzeleli wobuntu we-UN, naye uye warhoxa. Kwileta yakhe yokurhoxa, uvon Sponeck wabhala:
"Kufuneka kube nini abemi base-Iraq babonakaliswe kweso sohlwayo ngento abangazange bayenze?" (UJohn Pilger, 'Waculwa wafa', iThe Guardian, Matshi 4, 2000)
Kwinqaku lephephandaba iGuardian, uvon Sponeck noHalliday bacaphula ingxelo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo eyaqukumbela ngelithi: โUkufa kwabantwana abamalunga nama-5-6,000 29 ngenyanga ubukhulu becala kubangelwa ngamanzi angcolileyo, ukungabikho kwamayeza nokungondleki. Ulibaziseko lukarhulumente wase-US kunye ne-UK ukukhutshwa kwezixhobo kunye nemathiriyeli uxanduva lwale ntlekele, hayi iBaghdadโ. (UVon Sponeck kunye noHalliday, 'Isizwe esibanjiweyo', uMlondolozi, ngoNovemba 2001, XNUMX)
Kuyo yonke ingxoxo engenasiphelo kwimbali yamva nje yase-Iraq kwaye, ngoku, kwi-oyile yenkqubo yokutya, 'imithombo yeendaba ekhululekileyo' izingcwabile ngokupheleleyo ezi nyaniso zoyikekayo. Ngokomzekelo, iHalliday, yakhankanywa kweyesi-2 kumanqaku ali-12,366 5 athi Guardian and Observer akhankanya iIraq kunyaka ophelileyo; von Sponeck ukhankanywe nje 0 amaxesha. I-Halliday ikhankanywe kwi-2,703 yamanqaku angama-4 akhankanya i-Iraq kulo nyaka; von Sponeck sele ikhankanyiwe XNUMX amaxesha.
Ngendlela efanayo, iChannel 4 News ithi:
"Izohlwayo ezichasene ne-Iraq zazihlala zigxekwa ngokukrakra ngenxa yesityholo sokuqondisa imali kuSaddam Hussein kunabantu base-Iraq. Ngoku kuyathandabuzeka ukuba ezinye iingeniso ziye zaya phesheya.โ (IiNdaba zeChannel 4 Emini, ngoAprili 22, 2004)
Ukugxekwa okukrakra kweendleko zokutshabalalisa isohlwayo azivumelekanga ukuba zibekho.
Thelekisa oku kunye nenqaku elikwiDaily Telegraph:
"Abagxeki bale nkqubo bathi ngokukhawuleza yaba yindlela yokuba uSaddam avuze abahlobo bakhe eNtshona kwaye asebenzise i-UN." ('Abezopolitiko baseRashiya nabaseFransi "banyotywa ukuze bakhulule izohlwayo ze-UN"', uPhilip Delves Broughton, iDaily Telegraph, ngo-Epreli 22, 2004)
I-BBC kwi-Intanethi igubungela ibali elifanayo lisenza okushiyiweyo okufanayo:
โIingxelo zakutshanje zamajelo eendaba ziye zatyhola abantu neenkampani eziphuma kumazwe angaphezu kwama-40, kuquka igosa eliphezulu leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, ngokubandakanyeka kubuqhophololo nokunyotywa ngokunxulumene nokuthengiswa kweoli.โ
Ingxelo icaphula u-von Sponeck:
"Owayesakuba ngumnxibelelanisi wobuntu we-UN e-Iraq uHans von Sponeck uthe izityholo kufuneka zicaciswe, kodwa wakhanyela ukuba iqumrhu lehlabathi libandakanyeka kakhulu kubuqhophololo.
โ'Eyona nxalenye inkulu yentengiselwano apho ukurhwaphiliza, ukusetyenziswa kakubi [kunye] nokukhatywayo kwakubandakanyekile amagosa eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo,' uxelele le nkqubo iToday." ('I-UN iyalela uphando ngorhwaphilizo lwase-Iraq', Iindaba zeBBC, nge-22 ka-Epreli 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3648409.stm)
Akukho nto ikhankanyiweyo ngokugxeka kukavon Sponeck ngeziphumo zezohlwayo kubantu baseIraq.
I-Daily Telegraph ijija inyani kuko konke ukuqondwa kwelinye inqaku:
โKwakungekho mpikiswano ikrakra xa kusondele imfazwe kunesityholo samatsha ntliziyo asekhohlo, ama-Arabhu alwela ilizwe kunye namaSilamsi anenzondelelo yempambano yokuba izohlwayo zeZizwe eziManyeneyo 'zazibulala' abantwana base-Iraq ngokubalela ukutya namayeza.
โBatyhola iBritane ne-United States, eziye zasigcina isohlwayo ngenxa yenkcaso eyandayo evela eFransi naseRashiya.
โUlawulo lukaSaddam luhlala lulungiselela ukuba abagxeki bezohlwayo batyelele izibhedlele namakhaya abantwana ukuze babone ukubandezeleka okubangelwe.โ ('Abalingane bakaSaddam batyebe ngemali eyenzelwe abalambileyo', uDavid Rennie, iDaily Telegraph, ngoAprili 22, 2004)
"Abaphembeleli bephiko lasekhohlo" kusenokwenzeka ukuba babandakanya oonozakuzaku abaphezulu be-UN abaseka kwaye baqhuba ioyile yenkqubo yokutya, kunye ne-UN kunye nabaphandi bearhente yoncedo.
Abahleli beThe Times babhala:
โKwakuhlala kucacile ukuba inkqubo ayisebenzi njengoko bekucetyiwe; Abantwana baseIraq balambile, kwaye izibhedlele zazingenazo iziyobisi, ngoxa iSaddam yayinezindlu zobukhosi ezingakumbi.โ
Inkqubo ichazwa nje โnjengesipheneโ ekuxhaseni abantu baseIraq. Kwizigidi zokwenyani zama-Iraqi asweleke kwaye abandezeleka kakhulu, i-Times ibhala ngokuphandle:
"I-UN izityholwa ngolawulo olugwenxa, ukuba ayikuko ukubandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo, kwihlazo lamaxhoba angabemi abasesichengeni, abanye babo basweleke ngenxa yokungabi namayeza." (Inkokeli, 'Ukutya kwehlazo', The Times, April 22, 2004)
Tshintshiselana neThe Independent
Ngokuchanekileyo izinto ezishiyiweyo ezifanayo zifumaneka kowona shicilelo lwethu luhlonitshwa kakhulu 'lwenkululeko'. UAndrew Buncombe, umnxibelelanisi waseWashington we-Independent, wabhala wathi:
โInkqubo ye-Oli yoKutya ekuphikiswana ngayo yasekwa ngowe-1996 ngenjongo yokunceda abemi baseIraq ababebandezelekile ngenxa yezohlwayo zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ezamiselwa emva kweMfazwe yeGulf ngowe-1990-91. Inkqubo yavumela i-Iraq ukuba ithengise izixa ezilinganiselweyo zeoyile, ekucingelwa ukuba iphantsi kweliso elingqongqo le-UN, ukuxhasa ngemali ukuthengwa kokutya kunye neempahla zoluntu. ('USaddam usenokuba wanyoba intloko ye-UN Oil-for-Food program [OFF]', The Independent, April 22, 2004)
UBuncombe uthi inkqubo ye-OFF โyayinempikiswanoโ. Kodwa akakukhathalelanga ukukhankanya nokuba nguDenis Halliday okanye uHans von Sponeck, ababeziintloko zaloo nkqubo, abarhoxayo bekhalazela imiphumo emibi yezohlwayo zeUN?
Ndathumela i-imeyile kuBuncombe, ndimkhumbuza ukuba ingxelo ye-Unicef โโyowe-1999 yabala ukuba bangaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi sabantwana ababhubhileyo ngenxa yezohlwayo ezithe ngqo. Kwakutheni ukuze akubone oku njengento engenamsebenzi kwingxelo yakhe?
UBuncombe uphendule wathi: โImpendulo yam emfutshane kumbuzo wakho yeyokuba ndinikwe indawo nexesha elingakumbi ndingacaphuli nje kuphela iholoday nevan sponeck, njengoko ucebisa, kodwa wonke umntu ongomnye onxulumene nayo yonke impikiswano yezohlwayo. Ndikhe ndacaphula u-madeleine albright ('bekufanelekile');, i-ritter, njl njl, kwaye wd baye baphakamisa amacandelo amakhulu kumsebenzi we-geoff simons, ejolise kwi-Iraq: izohlwayo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ekhulayo kuthi."
Emva koko uBuncombe wanika isizathu esiqhelekileyo sokunqongophala kwendawo: "Njengoko ndandinayo, amagama angama-460 - kunye nemizuzu engama-20, ndinikwe enye inxalenye endiyibhale izolo ekuseni - ukubhala isicatshulwa esifutshane kuphando malunga norhwaphilizo olutyholwa kwi-UN. inkqubo yokutya ebandakanya amathathu amagosa aphezulu. kumbono wam-mhlawumbi ongalunganga, ndicinga ukuba abantu abaninzi bayayazi impikiswano ejikeleze izohlwayo kwaye banikwe indawo encinci ebendinayo, kuye kwafuneka ndenze ukhetho malunga nokuba loluphi ulwazi endilusebenzisileyo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kuyo yonke indawo yeendaba emelwe yi-Independent, i-Guardian, i-Times, i-Telegraph, i-Channel 4 News kunye newebhusayithi, i-BBC News kunye newebhusayithi, njalo njalo, kukho indawo enganeleyo yokukhankanya ukuba iBritani yayibandakanyekile. kwimbubhiso. Ngaba ngokunyanisekileyo sikholelwa ukuba oku kuthula sisiphumo sokunqongophala kwendawo? Enyanisweni akukho kunqongophala kwendawo kumajelo eendaba - inqatshelwe ngokucwangcisiweyo, ayinqongophala.
Kuyinyani ukuba abanye abafundi bayazi ukuba "impikiswano" ijikeleze ulawulo lwezohlwayo ze-UN. Ababaninzi, nangona kunjalo, abaya kuqonda ukuba oonozakuzaku abaphezulu be-UN batyhola i-US-UK ngembubhiso yokwenyani e-Iraq ngesizathu esilula sokuba kunqabile ukuba kukhankanywe. Kwanokuba abafundi bebesazi, ukubaluleka kwesi sityholo ngokuqinisekileyo kufanele kugxininiswe. Amajelo eendaba, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, awadinwa ukusikhumbuza ngokudubula kukaSaddam ngerhasi yabemi eHalabja โ ulwaphulo-mthetho olungenamsebenzi, xa uthelekisa.
Tshintshisana neThe Guardian
Ndabhala ileta efanayo kuGary Young weThe Guardian malunga nenqaku lakhe elikhethiweyo elilinganayo kunye ne-elite-friendly, 'i-UN ibuyisela i-oyile yophando lokutya' (Aprili 22, 2004).
U-Young waphendula wathi:
Mnu Cromwell othandekayo, Okokuqala inqaku lam lalinamagama angama-350 ubude nto leyo ethetha ukuba zininzi izinto eziya kushiywa ngaphandle. Ngenxa yokuba ibilinqaku elitsha kwiphephandaba lemihla ngemihla ndikhethe ukugxila kwiindaba zosuku nolokusungulwa kophando urhwaphilizo kwinkqubo yokutya ioli.
Okwesibini, izizathu zokuba kutheni amadoda amabini arhoxayo kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo ngoqhanqalazo lokonakalisa isiphumo [sic] sezohlwayo - iinyani ezixelwe kwi-Guardian ngaphambili - mhlawumbi zibalulekile kwibali elibanzi kodwa hayi umba worhwaphilizo okhawulezileyo, ukukhaba kunye nophando endilwenzileyo. yayigquma. Ngesithuba esingakumbi kunye noshwankathelo olungakumbi lwengxoxo kusenokwenzeka ukuba baye baqukwa yaye, ngokuxhomekeke kukufutshane, ixesha nendawo, ndinokubaquka amanqaku exesha elizayo, ukuba ndiye ndacelwa ukuba ndibhale ngaloo mbandela. UGary Young
Kwakhona, uYoung ukhankanya ukunqongophala kwendawo. Amagqabaza abonakala engafanelekanga. Inqaku lesibini likaYounge - lokuba uMgcini-mali sele enike ingxelo efanelekileyo kwizityholo zikaHalliday kunye no-von Sponeck, kunye nemiphumo yezohlwayo - bubuxoki njengoko iMedia Lens ibonise ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwizilumkiso zethu zeMedia.
Indlela amajelo eendaba aqhuba ngayo kulo mba ayasilela ukuhlangabezana noko sikulindeleyo okuphantsi. Kwakhona sifumanisa ukuba 'ushicilelo lwasimahla' luyakwazi ukungqamanisa iinkqubo zolawulo lobuzwilakhe ekucinezeleni nawona mazwi athembekileyo azama ukutsalela ingqalelo kowona kusetyenziswa gwenxa kwegunya.
UDavid Cromwell ngumququzeleli weMedia Lens (www.medialens.org). Ukwanguye umseki weForam yeSifundo seNgxaki kwiNkulungwane yama-21 (www.crisis-forum.org.uk).