Ukubhala kwi-Guardian, uPeter Singer, umntu ohamba phambili kwintshukumo yamalungelo ezilwanyana, uchaza ungquzulwano phakathi kwabalwela amalungelo ezilwanyana kunye nabaphandi abazama izilwanyana:
"Le meko iye yavela, ngokuyinxenye, ngenxa yokuba uluntu lophando lwezilwanyana lunombono wokuziphatha owugatyayo ukunyakaza kwezilwanyana. Loo mbono, ngokwenene, ukuba izilwanyana zizinto esizisebenzisayo, nje kuphela ukuba sizigcinele intlungu engadingekile.
โAbaphembeleli bezilwanyana, kwelinye icala, bayayikhaba ingcamango yokuba izilwanyana zingabantu abangaphantsi, kwaye iimfuno zabo kufuneka zihlale zingaphantsi kowethu. iintlobo, kunye nezinto ezifanayo kwiinkalo ezininzi zocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga okanye ngokwesini ngokuchasene nezidalwa ezingengawo amalungu ohlanga okanye isini. (Mvumi, 'Abantu baneemvakalelo nabo', The Guardian, Julayi 30, 2004)
Umculi uphawula isigqebelo sezazinzulu ezisebenza ngokwesiseko senguqulelo yebhayibhile yehlabathi. IGenesis 1:28, emva koko, ithi:
Wabasikelela uThixo, wathi kubo uThixo, Qhamani, nande, niwuzalise umhlaba, niweyise, nibe nobukhosi ezintlanzini zolwandle, nasezintakeni zezulu, nasezintweni zonke eziphilileyo. enyakazelayo emhlabeni. ( Genesis 1:28 , www.bibletools.org )
UDarwin, ngokuchaseneyo, amanqaku eSinger, uveze inkqubo engacwangciswanga yendaleko - inkqubo enganiki siseko sokucinga ukuba uluntu kufuneka luhlale luphambili kunezinye izilwanyana. Umculi ususa ityala lakhe kumalungelo ezilwanyana ngokudityaniswa kokungakhethi cala kunye novelwano:
Kunjengokuba uJeremy Bentham wabhalayo phantse kwiminyaka engama-200 eyadlulayo: โUmbuzo asikokuba โNgaba banokuqiqa?โ okanye, โNgaba banokuthetha?โ, kodwa โNgaba banokubandezeleka?โโ
Ingxaki kaMvumi kukuba ngoxa inzululwazi iye yanceda ekucelโ umngeni โilungelo elivela kuThixoโ lomntu lokuxhaphaza izilwanyana, ikwayiphikisa ingcamango yokuba ukubandezeleka kwezilwanyana kubalulekile. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi, The Selfish Gene, uRichard Dawkins ubhala athi:
"Ingxoxo yale ncwadi kukuba thina, kunye nazo zonke ezinye izilwanyana, singoomatshini abadalwe yimfuza yethu. Singoomatshini bokusinda - iimoto zerobhothi ezicwangciswe ngobumfama ukuba zigcine iimolekyuli zokuzingca ezaziwa ngokuba ziimfuza. Le yinyaniso esandimangalisa nangoku. ." (http://www.world-of-dawkins.com/Catalano/quotes.shtml)
Ukuba "siziinqwelo zerobhothi" nje eziveliswe yindalo engakhethiyo, engahloneli Thixo, ngoko ke ukuzibamba novelwano zinokujongwa njengento engaqhelekanga yendalo - uhlobo lobuyatha oluphoxayo oluphoswa yimfuza yokuzingca. Enyanisweni, indalo iphela ayinandaba - ukubandezeleka kwezilwanyana "izithuthi zerobhothi" zibalulekile kuphela xa sikhetha ukukholelwa ukuba kunjalo. Ukuba sikhetha ukukholelwa ngenye indlela, ngubani oya kuthi sonile? Xa kuthelekiswa, imiba yokuzicingela komntu - impilo, ixesha elide, ulonwabo, intlungu - ijongwa njengeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye iyinyani, ngaphaya koluvo oluzimeleyo.
Ukuguqula Iintlungu zibe yiNzuzo
Indlela ekrwada ye-Darwinism yezentlalo ngokuqinisekileyo isetyenziselwa ukuthethelela ukusebenza ngokungenalusini koqoqosho lwentengiso oluqhutywa kukubawa. Uqoqosho olungathintelekiyo 'ukhetho lwendalo' kuthiwa luxelisa umhlaba wendalo 'ngokuguqula' ubugcisa obuntsonkothileyo kunye noluntu, ukuze kuvelise ubutyebi kumntu wonke. Kuyaqondwa ukuba apha, kwakhona, akukho ndawo 'yeemvakalelo' - ukusebenza kakuhle yinto yonke. Ngaloo ndlela, iphephancwadi iFarmer and Stockbreeder ngowe-1982:
"Uluhlu lwanamhlanje, emva koko, kuphela umatshini oguquguqukayo osebenzayo kakhulu, ukuguqula izinto eziluhlaza - izinto zokutya - kwimveliso egqityiweyo - iqanda." (Kucatshulwe, uDanny Penman, iXabiso leNyama, Gollancz, 1996, p.82)
Kunye nemagazini yoLawulo lweFama yeHog:
"Libala ukuba ihagu sisilwanyana. Yiphathe njengomatshini kumzi-mveliso. Cwangcisa unyango njengoko ubuya kuthambisa. Ixesha lokuzala njengenyathelo lokuqala kumgca wokudityaniswa. Kwaye ukuthengisa njengokuziswa kwempahla egqityiweyo." (Ulawulo lweeFama zeHog, ngoSeptemba 1976. Kucatshulwe, uPeter Goering, uHelena Norberg-Hodge kunye noJohn Page, Ukusuka kwiGround Up, Zed Books, 1993, p.25)
Ukubandezeleka okubangelwa koku kuncitshiswa kwezidalwa ezineemvakalelo ukuya kwisimo sezinto ezingavakaliyo kungaphaya kokukholelwa.
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, abantu abanovelwano ngenxa yokubandezeleka kwezi nezinye izilwanyana bahlala bejamelene nocelomngeni 'lwepragmatic': imfesane ilungile, kodwa isekelwe kuphela kwingqondo yomntu, kungekhona kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha esiyinikwe nguThixo, kwaye ngoko ke ayinikeli mngeni unzima kwizinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka kwengqiqo yenzuzo, ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nobutyebi besizwe. Ngokwesiqhelo, abalwela amalungelo ezilwanyana bahlangabezwa nenguqulelo yale mpendulo evela kumnini weziko lokuloba elirhabaxa laseDorset:
โUkuba aba bantu banengxaki kule nto siyenzayo kufuneka babe nesidima sokuza kuthetha nathi bangagrogrisi usapho lwam nendlela yethu yokuphila. (Kucatshulwe, uSandra Laville, 'Abakhululi beLobster babila bephambene', iThe Guardian, Julayi 30, 2004)
Ngokwale mbono, ukuba nemfesane ngokubandezeleka kwezilwanyana kujongwa njengokukhohlisayo kwanokuziphatha okubi, okubandakanya ukuthotyelwa komnqweno wobuqu wokwenene kwiphupha lokuzifica.
Noko ke, kusenokubakho ukuqiqa ngelithi, ukuxabiseka kovelwano nokuxhalabela abanye kusekelwe, kungekhona kwigunya likaThixo, kwanakwimbopheleleko yokuziphatha, kodwa kukuzingca.
Neuroplasticity kunye novelwano lwePragmatic
Ubungqina ngoku buninzi ukuba ubuchopho bomntu buhlala buguquka ngenxa yamava. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi, Destructive Emotions, isazi ngengqondo uDaniel Goleman uthi le 'neuroplasticity' iye yabonwa kusetyenziswa umfanekiso wemagnethi we-resonance imaging (MRI), umzekelo, kwiimvumi:
"Izifundo ze-MRI zifumanisa ukuba kwi-violinist ... iindawo zobuchopho ezilawula ukunyakaza kweminwe kwisandla esenza ukuba iminwe ikhule ngobukhulu. Abo baqala uqeqesho lwabo kwangaphambili ebomini kwaye basebenzise ixesha elide babonisa utshintsho olukhulu kwingqondo." (Goleman, Iimvakalelo eziphazamisayo, iBloomsbury, 2003, iphe.21)
Izifundo zabadlali abaphezulu kuluhlu olubanzi lwezakhono - ukusuka kwi-chess masters ukuya kubadlali be-Olimpiki - babonise utshintsho olucacileyo kwimicu ye-muscle efanelekileyo kunye nobuchule bokuqonda. Kodwa kuninzi okungakumbi.
Uphando olwenziwa nguRichard Davidson kwiYunivesithi yaseWisconsin kutshanje luye lwahlolisisa ukusebenza kwengqondo kwimonki yamaBhuda eyazalelwa eYurophu, uOser, owachitha iminyaka engamashumi amathathu ecamngca ngemfesane kwiiHimalaya.
Uphando lukaDavidson ngaphambili lufumanise ukuba abantu abanamanqanaba aphezulu okusebenza kwengqondo kwikhohlo yasekhohlo yangaphambili yengqondo ngaxeshanye baxela izinto ezintle, ezonwabileyo zengqondo, njengenzondelelo, ihlombe, uvuyo, amandla kunye nokuqina kwengqondo. U-Oser wacelwa ukuba acamngce ngokunzulu ngovelwano kwaye emva koko aphumle emva kwemizuzwana engamashumi amathandathu ngelixa ejongwe ngumatshini wokucinga ngemagnethi we-fMRI. UGoleman uchaza iziphumo:
"Ngelixa u-Oser wayevelisa imeko yovelwano ngexesha lokucamngca, wabonisa utshintsho oluphawulekayo lwasekhohlo kule parameter yomsebenzi wangaphambili ... Ngamafutshane, ukuguquka kwengqondo ka-Oser ngexesha lovelwano kubonakala kubonisa umoya omnandi kakhulu. Esona senzo sokuxhalabela abanye " Intlalontle, kubonakala ngathi, idala imvakalelo enkulu yokuphila kakuhle ngaphakathi kwakho. " (Goleman, ibid, iphe.12)
Kolunye ulingo, uDavidson wajonga imeko yesiseko somsebenzi wekhohlo yasekhohlo ebonisa imo yesiqhelo yemihla ngemihla kubantu baseMelika abali-175. Emva koko, waphinda wabeka iliso kwisiseko somgangatho we 'geshe', i-abbot, esuka kwenye yeemonki eziphambili zamaBhuda eIndiya. UDavidson unika ingxelo:
"Kwavela into enika umdla kakhulu nenika umdla kule nto. Sabhala umsebenzi wobuchopho begeshe kwaye sakwazi ukuthelekisa umsebenzi wobuchopho bakhe nabanye abantu abathathe inxaxheba kuvavanyo kwilabhoratri yam kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo... Ixabiso elihle kulo lonke ikhulu elinamashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu esakhe salivavanya ngelo xesha. " (Goleman, ibid, p.339)
UDavidson uchaza i-geshe "njengaphandle" kwigrafu - ukufunda kwakhe "yayikutenxa okuqhelekileyo okuthathu ukuya ekhohlo", kude ngaphaya kwegophe lentsimbi leemvakalelo ezilungileyo.
Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zixhasa amabango enziwe ngabacamngca kumakhulu eminyaka okuba uvelwano nenkxalabo ngabanye eneneni zisisiseko solonwabo lomntu. Bakwaxhasa ibango lokuba iimvakalelo zobuntu ezinje ngemfesane, uthando, umsindo kunye nekhwele zivela ngamandla kwaye rhoqo, kokukhona sizivelisa.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ubume obusisiseko bokucamngca apho u-Oser wayezibandakanya khona. Kwingqondo yamaBhuda, igama elithi ukucamngca linentsingiselo ethile. Apha, i-Dalai Lama ichaza:
"Ukucamngca kuthetha ukudala ukuqhelana rhoqo kunye nento elungileyo [ingcamango] ukuze uguqule ingqondo yakho. Ukuqonda nje ingongoma ethile akuyiguquli ingqondo yakho. Unokubona ngengqondo izibonelelo zengqondo evuselelayo, kodwa oko akuchaphazeli Isimo sakho sengqondo sokuzicingela buqu buya kuchithwa kuphela ngokuziqhelanisa nolo kuqonda. (I-Dalai Lama, Ukuvusa Ingqondo, Ukukhanyisa Intliziyo, Thorsons, 1997, p.51)
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuphindaphinda ukuqhelanisa ingqondo nokubandezeleka kwabanye, kunye nokwenza ukulungisa oko kubandezeleka, kunesiphumo sokwandisa ubunzulu kunye nokuphindaphinda kweengcinga zovelwano. Iimpembelelo, njengoko amaBhuda kudala ebanga, kwaye njengoko isayensi iqala ukuqinisekiswa, iyamangalisa:
"Ukuba yonke into oyenzayo ngomzimba wakho, intetho kunye nengqondo yenzelwe ukunceda abanye, akukho mfuneko yokwenza nantoni na ngakumbi ngenxa yenzuzo yakho kuba enye ifakwe kwenye." (Gampopa)
Ukuba liyinyaniso elokuba ukuxhalabela abanye kungumthombo wolonwabo lobuqu, ngoko ke impembelelo kulwalamano lwethu nayo iyamangalisa.
Ngalo lonke ixesha sinikela ngexesha, amandla, imali, ubuhlobo; ngalo lonke ixesha sikhankasa, simatsha, siqhankqalaza, sithumela ii-imeyile kwiintatheli ngenxa yemfesane yokubandezeleka kwabantu nezilwanyana; ngalo lonke ixesha sisenza+ nantoni na ngenxa yobubele, siyazomeleza ezi mpawu zintle. Kwaye akufuneki ukuba, ngokuqinisekileyo asinakuba, singenasiphoso kwiinzame zethu - akunakwenzeka ukuba siphile ngaphandle kokwenzakalisa umntu okanye into ngezenzo zethu. Umbandela awukho enoba singabahanahanisi na, kodwa ngowokuba sifanele sikulangazelele ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba singazicingeli iziqu zethu size sitshabalalise.
Ingqiqo yokugqibela yokukhusela izilwanyana kunye namalungelo oluntu, ekusebenzeni ukunciphisa ukubandezeleka kunye nokwandisa ulonwabo, kukuba le ntshukumisa iluncedo kuthi njengoko inceda abo sifuna ukubanceda.
Abantu abanovelwano bayonwaba ngakumbi, yaye ibutho labantu abanovelwano libutho labantu elonwabileyo, elinoxolo, nelinengqondo ephilileyo.