Abanye abafundi be-ZNet ngoku sele bebambe inkunkuma ye-Stanley Fish droppings eye yadada phezulu kwiphepha lokuhlela leNew York Times kwiveki ephelileyo. I-Fish's May 21st New York Times amagqabantshintshi, anesihloko esimangalisayo esithi "Kutheni Sakha iNqaba ye-Ivory," inikezelwe kwisindululo sokuba izifundiswa kufuneka ziyeke ukungcolisa kwiindawo ezingezizo, njengomzabalazo woluntu olunobulungisa nolwentando yesininzi.
Intlanzi, isiduko esincinci semfundo esiza kuhla ngombulelo kulo Juni njengeDini yeKholeji yezobuGcisa beLiberal kunye neSayensi kwiYunivesithi yase-Illinois eChicago, ucinga ukuba bonke oonjingalwazi abancinci abalungileyo kufuneka bakhumbule apho isonka sabo sifakwe ibhotolo kunye nento abayiyo. โufanelekeleโ ukuthetha ngayo. Kufuneka bagxininise ngakumbi โkuxanduva [aba]luthathayo xa [be]samkela intlawuloโฆiiklasi zentlanganiso, ukuhlala beqeqeshekile, ukwabela nokulungisa amaphepha, ukuvula iindawo ezintsha zokufunda njalo njalo.โ
Izifundiswa ezincinci ezilungileyo kwiyunivesithi efanelekileyo yaseFish ziyawuhlonipha "umyalelo wokupolisa umda phakathi komsebenzi wezemfundo kunye nomsebenzi wezopolitiko." โAbalunikeli uxanduva [lwabo] lwezemfundo kwi-ajenda yalo naliphi na icandelo labantu abangafundanga,โ njengokutsho, abantwana abantsundu abangaphezu kwesigidi esi-1 abaphila โkwintlupheko enzuluโ - ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sorhulumente wobumbano odume ngokungonelanga kwentlupheko. โ eUnited States. Intlanzi inokufumana uninzi lwaba bantwana ngokuthatha uhambo olufutshane ukusuka kwikhampasi yakhe i-Near West Side Chicago kwimoto yakhe yezemidlalo ebiza imali eninzi - enye yezinto ezininzi ezibonisa ubomi obulungileyo kwimfundo athanda ukuyonwabela esidlangalaleni.
Oonjingalwazi abalungileyo be-UIC bafumana imvume yeDean xa beqonda ukuba ubizo olufanelekileyo nolunoxanduva lwemfundo kukuguqula uKarl Marx entloko: โUmsebenzi wabo,โ utsho, โASIKOkutshintsha ihlabathi, kodwa kukutolika.โ
Izifundiswa ezilungileyo aziphazamisi iinzame zobudenge zokubethelela iinqobo zedemokhrasi, isimilo soluntu, kunye nobulungisa behlabathi nentlalontle kubafundi babo nakuluntu ngokubanzi. Iipolitiki ezifanele ukubakhathaza โziipolitiki ezifanelekileyo kwishishini abatyikitya kulo. Kwaye oko kuthetha ukuxoxa (kunye nokuvota) ngezinto ezifana nekharityhulamu, ubunkokeli besebe, umkhombandlela wophando,โ njl.
Izifundiswa ezilungileyo zinamathela "kumsebenzi wazo." Benza oko bahlawulwa ngabaqeshi babo. Yaye โngoxa umsebenzi wezemfundo usenokuba negalelo kwezinye iimeko kwezobupolitika zehlabathi lokwenene [khawufane ucinge! PS] - ukuba, yithi, iNkundla ePhakamileyo icaphula incwadi yakho esendleleni yesigqibo [ngoku kukho usiba kwikepusi yakho yezifundo! PS] - akufuneki ibe luyilo okanye injongo yezifundiswa ukudlala loo ndima. "
Kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yemfundo ephakamileyo ye-Fish, abantu abafana nombhali-mbali uHoward Zinn (owavumela abafundi ukuba bafumane ikhredithi ngokwenza izizathu zokutshintsha imbali), uNoam Chomsky, uEdward S. Herman, uHenry Giroux, kunye noRobert McChesney - ukukhankanya ezimbalwa endizithandayo. oongqondongqondo-ngqondo bamatsha-ntliziyo abafumana iitshekhi zemfundo - balahlekiswa ngokuyingozi. Bangamakreqi, abanqumli bemida abaneentloko ezigwenxa.
Unomsebenzi wabo onzima wophando kunye nokutolikwa kwizihloko ezinzima nezifanelekileyo - umzekelo ubusela bonyulo lukamongameli luka-2000 (olugqitywe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseFish), ugxininiso lwenkqubo yonxibelelwano kwizandla zamajelo eendaba ezisoloko zimbalwa, ukudilizwa kunye nokuphinda- ucalucalulo lwemfundo yoluntu, izohlwayo zezoqoqosho ezibulala ngobuninzi ezamiselwa e-Iraq (1991-2003), iMfundiso kaBush eyingozi, uhlaselo lwase-US oluyingozi nolungekho mthethweni kunye nokuhlala e-Iraq, uhlaselo lwe-neo-liberal lweshishini kwimigangatho yokuphila nokusebenza kunye ne-ecology ezinzileyo. , okanye i-neo-fascism ekhulayo kwisizwe esinamandla kwihlabathi - yabakhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba iMelika "yanamhlanje" kwaye ngokwenene ihlabathi lifuna inguqu ephawulekayo yedemokhrasi yohlobo olubandakanya uthethathethwano lwabemi olunamacala amaninzi?
โKubi kakhuluโ kunye โnempendulo ephosakeleyo,โ utsho uFish. โBuyelani kwiiofisi zenu, kumathala eencwadi nakwiintlanganiso zesebe, oonjingalwazi abaphantsi,โ utsho ngokuphandle umntu othanda izinto eziphathekayo (uFish wakha wathi ekuphela kwesizathu sokuba afunde imibongo yayikukuba abe sisityebi njengomhlalutyi woncwadi).
"Ayiyondima yakho - kwaye asikuhlawulisi - ukuzikhathaza ngemibandela enjalo nokubamba izimvo ezinjalo. Kuya kufuneka ulawule iimbono kunye neemvakalelo zakho malunga nale miba kunye neminye kwaye uyifake ngobunono kwintetho ekrelekrele, eyilwe ngononophelo, imonograph, okanye inqaku, elinobuntununtunu kuphuhliso lwamva nje lwecandelo lakho lezemfundo elikhethekileyo. Kuya kufuneka waneliseke kukubona imveliso yaloo msebenzi iqokelela uthuli kwithala leencwadi lezemfundo, ngaphandle kokuba kuyenzeka ukuba uhlangulwe ngobubele ekuthotyweni kwesizukulwana ligosa elilumkileyo likarhulumente. Lo, unjingalwazi wam omncinci othandekayo, ngumda wamabhongo akho afanelekileyo kwezopolitiko ukuba nje unelungelo lokusebenza nzima kwinqaba yendlovu. "
Umntu uyazibuza ukuba inokuba ithini na into eyenziwa yintlanzi kumfundi waseJamani ocingelwayo owathi uphando lwakhe ngeminyaka yoo-1920 lwamkhokelela ekubeni akholelwe ukuba ilizwe lakowabo lalijonge ekuthatheni ulawulo lobu-fascist oluza kuphelela ekubulaweni kwabantu ngobuhlanga. Ngomgangatho weFish โwenjongo ephantsiโ yokugxila kwimfundo efanelekileyo, esi sifundo bekuya kufuneka โsibambelele kwimisebenzi ebehlawulwa ukuba siyenze,โ egcina ulwazi lwakhe oloyikekayo ngaphakathi kwemida yemfundo efanelekileyo. Ukuba igosa eliphambili lelizwe laseJamani libone kufanelekile ukuba lifunde enye yeencwadi zalo okanye live enye yeentetho zalo ngalo mbandela, ke, mhlawumbi elo inokuba lithuba lakhe elilungileyo nelifanelekileyo lokufaneleka kwezopolitiko.
Embindini nasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1930, ewe, ngekwakuba kudala kakhulu njengoko abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo abalumkileyo babeza kuba ngamaNazi. Kodwa oh ke, ezopolitiko kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo yiloo nto i-Fish ibiza ngokuthi "umsebenzi womnye umntu," kwaye ngoko ke abaprofesa abalungileyo bafana namaJamani alungileyo, umxholo wokushiya umgaqo-nkqubo kwabo "abafanelekileyo" ukuba baqhube imicimbi ephakamileyo - abantu abafana noGeorge W. Bush kunye UDonald Rumsfeld.
Kunika umdla kumxholo walo mzekeliso ukuqaphela uthelekiso olomeleleyo phakathi kwethisisi ye-Fish kunye nengxoxo eyomeleleyo nechukumisayo (ukuba inetyhefu ngokulinganayo) eyenziwe ngusontlalontle waseJamani uMax Weber, owalumkisa izifundiswa ukuba "zingaqhubeki ngokugqithisileyo" iimbono zedemokhrasi. kwindawo engcwele yeholo yokufundisa (jonga intetho kaWeber yowe-1918 โngeNzululwazi njengoMbizoโ http://www2. pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/ DSS/ Weber/scivoc.html).
Inika umdla kwaye iveza into yokuba intlanzi yenza uKarl Marx - izifundiswa zasentshona kunye nenzululwazi yentlalo yanamhlanje eyinkwenkwe echaza ukutywatyushwa kwenkwenkwe (ibala le-Weber lasekwa ukuze kuphoswe amanzi abandayo e-bourgeois social-scientific kwiithiyori zikaMarx eziyingozi zentlalo-demokrasi) - uphawu lwento ayichasayo ukuziphatha kwezemfundo.
Ukuba wayejonge izigebenga ezinengqondo ezicinga ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunaye, ngewayevele ngokulula nangokufanelekileyo ecaphula isithandi sobulumko semfundo saseMelika uJohn Dewey. UDewey wayecinga ukuba eyona njongo yemfundo yayikukuvelisa uluntu olukhululeke ngokwenene nolwedemokhrasi, olungalawulwa zizityebi ezimbalwa kwaye aluyinyamezeli ingqumbo efana nobukho baxeshanye kunye nobume bejografi babasebenzi abazizityebi ngokugqithisileyo ecaleni kweghetto ehlwempuzekileyo. abantwana. Okunjalo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu yayiyeyona njongo yedemokhrasi kunye nembali yemfundo yoluntu yaseMelika, inkqubo eyayijongelwa phantsi nguWeber.
Okuhlekisayo kukuba, uninzi lwezifundiswa lusebenza kakhulu kumxinwa, imigca ye-anti-Marxist/anti-Deweyite echazwe yintlanzi. ZIPHI zonke ezi zifundiswa zithe phithi ngokugqithisileyo, ii-hyper-activist kunye nedemokhrasi- kunye nentlalo-ntle/ubulungisa behlabathi jikelele ezikhalazelwa yintlanzi? Chomsky kunye noZinn et al. kakhulu ngaphandle kwenqaba yendlovu njengoko ndikwazi ukuxelela. Iinkcuba-buchopho ezifana nam - owayesakuba ngumfundi wajika wasekhohlo ebukrelekrele boluntu (njengaku "kuluntu," hayi nje "esidlangalaleni") - bahlala besenza le nto siyibona njengemisebenzi yokwenyani yezifundiswa (kubandakanya uninzi lwezinto ezithiywa ziintlanzi) kwiimfundiso, kwiintetho zesidlangalala, njalo njalo.
Hayi indlela edabukisayo kwaye iyamangalisa itestamente echasene nobukrelekrele kunye negunya uStanley Fish ukhethe ukuhamba ukuze bonke babone kwiphephandaba lesizwe eliphambili.
UPaul Street ngumphandi womgaqo-nkqubo wentlalo yoluntu eChicago, e-Illinois.