Lo ngowokuqala kuluhlu "lweeleta ezivulekileyo" kubantu abatsha (bathi, abaneminyaka eyi-14 ukuya kwi-25) yaseMelika. Kubantu abatsha abathi namhlanje benza iTHEMBA lehlabathi lokusinda. Ukusinda kwehlabathi? Kuvakala ngathi kukuzibaxa izinto. Akunjalo, kwaye kungenxa yoko:
1. Kukho ithuba elibonakalayo lempazamo yempazamo ngokunxulumene nezixhobo zenyukliya.
2. I-US iyilahlile iProtocol yaseKyoto (iSivumelwano sokuqalisa ukusindisa umhlaba). Ngeli xesha umkhenkce emhlabeni uyanyibilika, ngakumbi kwimikhenkce yaseNepal.
3. I-US ivakalise ukuba iNkundla yaseNuremberg ayisebenzi kubaphuli-mthetho base-US ngokuchasene noluntu.
Ukutshintsha loo nto, ulutsha lwase-US kufuneka luyazi into ebiqhubeka ehlabathini. Ungcelele lwaba โnobumba bavulekileyoโ yinzame, evela kulo mmandla womhlaba, ukubanceda bazuze olu lwazi.
NgoFebruwari 21, 2005 uSeymour Hersh waphumelela ibhaso lemagazini yeGeorge Polk ngenxa yeengxelo zakhe kwiNew Yorker yentuthumbo yama-Iraqis e-Abu Ghraib. Hersh ngo-1969, kwiminyaka engama-35 eyadlulayo, watyhila ukubulawa kwabantu eMy Lai, idolophu eseMazantsi eVietnam, apho amajoni aseMelika abulala bonke abemi bayo. Ngeli bali wafumana imbasa yakhe yokuqala yeGeorge Polk. Le yangoku ka-Abu Ghraib yeyesihlanu.
Ibali elithi My Lai lafunyanwa lijoni eliselula laseMelika, elikwiminyaka yakhe yokuqala yama-20, ogama linguRonald Ridenhour. Ibali lika-Abu Ghraib latyhilwa nguJoseph Darby, elinye ijoni laseMelika. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba ulutsha lwaseMelika lungazitshintsha izinto. Kwakhona, thelekisa โimilinganiselo yokuziphathaโ yaba bafana babini โnemilinganiselo (yobuKristu) yokuziphathaโ kaBarbara Bush nonyana wakhe uGeorge W., okanye iRumsfeld, yaseAshcroft, kaCondoleezza Rice, yaseWolfowitz, njl.
Kodwa, ngubani uGeorge Polk? Kwakutheni ukuze kumiselwe iMbasa ngembeko yakhe?
UGeorge W. Polk wazalwa ngo-1913 eTexas. Emva kwePearl Harbour, walwa njengomqhubi we-fighter ePacific, wahlaliswa kabini kwaye emva kokuhlala unyaka kwizibhedlele ezahlukeneyo wabuyela e-US. Emva kwemfazwe njengonobhala weCBS wagubungela uTyala lwaseNuremberg, ngowe-1946.
Ngo-1947 uPolk weza eGrisi njengombhali we-CBS. NgoSeptemba waloo nyaka watshata noRea Kokkonis, ibhinqa elingumGrike. UKenneth Matthews, umhlobo wakhe ubhala athi: โSimbone ekunye nentloko yakhe eyomeleleyo, emdaka ngebala yaye ethambile yaye edlamkile, benza isibini esinqwenelekayo, umanyano, umanyano, umntu usenokucinga, ngayo yonke into eyayinomtsalane kugqatso lweNordic neMeditera. kwesi sibini, kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Iinkumbulo zeMfazwe yeentaba" (Longman, 1972).
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva komtshato wakhe, ngoMeyi 7 okanye ngoMeyi 8, 1948, uGeorge Polk wagwintwa ngompu emva kwentloko yakhe. Umzimba wakhe wafunyanwa ngoMeyi 16, ngeCawa, udada kwizibuko laseSalonika, iiyadi ezingama-50 ukusuka kwicala lamanzi. Namhlanje, iminyaka engama-57 emva kokubulawa, kuyamkelwa ngokubanzi ukuba uPolk wabulawa ngurhulumente wase-US.
[Qaphela: iSalonika, okanye โiThessalonikiโ ngesiGrike samandulo, isixeko esikumantla eGrisi, yasekwa ngo-315 BC kwaye yathiywa ngodadewabo ka-Alexander Omkhulu (umzekelo wokubulala kaHitler kunyeโฆ waseHollywood). Malunga nowama-50 AD uPawulos uMpostile emva kokutyelela eSalonika wathumela iileta ezimbini โkwabaseTesalonikaโ ngoku efumaneka eBhayibhileni.]
Njengoko umntu unokulindela, nawuphi na umntu oselula waseMelika namhlanje uya kubuza (okanye abuze): KWAKUTHENI ukuba urhulumente waseMelika aphange uPolk, ummi waseMelika oneminyaka engama-35 ubudala, ubomi bakhe kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba abuyele e-US kwaye Ubudlelwane eHarvard?
Impendulo kukuba uPolk wayelixhoba lomgaqo-nkqubo (ngokwembali) osisigxina wase-US wokusombulula iingxabano ngobundlobongela (iimfazwe zegazi) endaweni yokuxoxisana ngoxolo nokunyaniseka. Imizekelo yamva nje: UBush Father uhlasela i-Iraq ngelixa uSaddam ecenga uBush ukuba angamhlaseli. UClinton uhlasela iYugoslavia ngelixa uMilosevic ezama ukuphepha ukuphalala kwegazi. UBush Son uhlasela i-Iraq ngelixa uSaddam, kwakhona, wazama ngelize ukuphepha imfazwe.
Kwi-1948, unyaka wokubulawa kukaPolk, i-US yayibeka iziseko zeMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi kwisigaba seMfazwe ebandayo. Polk "yayilixhoba lokuqala leMfazwe yoMlomo", njengoko u-I.F. UStone, umMelika omkhulu nonyanisekileyo, watsho ngelo xesha. IGrisi yayiphantsi kolawulo lwamaNazi ukususela ngowe-1941 ukusa kowe-1944. NgoDisemba 1944, iBritani (ngoncedo loMkhosi Womoya waseUnited States) yahlasela umkhosi weGreek Resistance, ihlakani lawo nxamnye namaNazi, ukuze ithintele uloyiso lwamaNxele kunyulo olwaluza kuza. ukusekwa korhulumente yiGreek Left. AmaBritane anyanzela umkhosi weResistance ukuba ukhuphe izixhobo emva koko ngoncedo lwamaGrike alwela amalungelo kunye nabaseGrike ababesebenzisana namaNazi baqalisa ukubulala nokungcungcuthekisa amalungu eResistance okanye nasiphi na isiGrike esasingekho โnathiโ (โthinaโ ngokuba. amaBritane namaMerika) ngamashumi amawaka.
Njengoko bekulindelekile abantu abasakwazi ukubunyamezela obu burhalarhume kwaye ngo-1946 bavukela. Le mvukelo ixhobileyo, kunye namakomanisi njengendawo ehamba phambili, yaziwa kwihlabathi njenge โmfazwe yamakhayaโ yamaGrike ngeminyaka yoo-1940. Ngo-1947 iBritish (eyaphukileyo) yanikezela ubunkokeli kwi-US, amandla obukhosi asakhulayo. Inkokeli yabavukeli yayinguMarkos, umkomanisi.
U-Polk wakhusela ungenelelo lwaseMelika eGrisi, kodwa kwiinkqubo zakhe kunye nakumanqaku akhe wagxeka kakhulu umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US owawunenjongo yokusebenzisa ubundlobongela ngokuchasene nemvukelo kwaye yayingqongqo kakhulu kurhulumente waseGrisi okhohlakeleyo wase-US. Ukuba ngumntu onyanisekileyo uPolk, njengezigidi zabanye abantu baseMelika, bazabalazela ukuzinziswa ngoxolo kongquzulwano nokuphelisa ukuphalala kwegazi. Kwi-elite yase-US yayiyimpazamo yakhe.
Ngokwenyani, "yayiyimithombo yeendaba yaseMelika eyayiwakhathaza kakhulu amagosa aseMelika." (โAmerican Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949,โ Lawrence S. Wittner, Columbia U. Press, 1982, iphe. 156). โKumyalezo oya kuDrew Pearson, umbhali wemihlathi waseMelika, [Polk] wakhalaza ngokufumana izoyikiso zokuba โumntu uza kwenzakaliswaโโ (Matthews, p. 185). Ukukhusela ityala lakhe lokuhlala ngokuthula uPolk wagqiba ekubeni adibane noMarkos, inkokeli yabavukeli, kwiiNtaba ezikufutshane neSalonika kunye nodliwano-ndlebe naye. Wafika eSalonika ngoMeyi 7. Kwiiyure ezimbalwa kamva wabulawa.
"Ethandabuzayo ngesiphumo salo naluphi na uphando lokubulawa kukaPolk ngabasemagunyeni baseGrike, i-(US) i-Overseas Writers Association iqalise eyabo, ekhokelwa nguGeneral Donovan. Umphandi wakhe oyintloko, (waye) uColonel James Kellis woMkhosi woMoya waseU.S.โฆโ (Wittner, p. 159).
Kodwa, ngubani uMajor General William J. Donovan, owaziwa ngokuba ngu "Wild Bill Donovan"? UDonovan wayeyindoda yomkhosi owakhokelela ekuveleni kweMelika njengamandla amakhulu. Uninzi lwabalingane bakhe banokumthatha njengoyena mkhulu waseMelika ngexesha lakhe ... ("I-Wild Bill Donovan i-Hero yokugqibela", u-Anthony Cave Brown, Iincwadi ze-Times, i-1982, p.11).
Ngexesha le-WWII i-Donovan iphethe i-Ofisi yeeNkonzo zeSicwangciso (OSS), "umama" weCIA. Kwaye ngokwendalo "yayikhona ekudalweni" kweCIA. UDonovan โwaseka umnombo weentshatsheli zaseMelika ezazisalawula kubukrelekrele baseMelika kunye nemisebenzi ekhethekileyo kwangowe-1982.โ (Brown, iphe. 12). Ngoko ke, ukuba sicinga ukuba i-Polk yabulawa ngurhulumente wase-US, ngoko kunengqiqo ukucinga ukuba i-CIA yayibandakanyeka "kwimisebenzi ekhethekileyo" yecandelo. Ukuba iCIA yayibandakanyekile kunengqiqo ukucinga ukuba uDonovan ubuncinane wayesazi ukuba kwenzekani kwiPolk. Olu qikelelo luxhaswa zezi zibakala zilandelayo:
- Kwi-1948 uColonel James Kellis, umphandi kaDonovan, phakathi koluhlu lwabarhanelwa abalishumi, "ukhetha" uGrigoris Staktopoulos (jonga ngezantsi) njenge-accessory ekubulaweni kwePolk. Ngo-1978, kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu kamva, uKellis uya kwi-Consulate yaseGrike eNew York kwaye ngokuzithandela wafaka isicelo, phantsi kwesifungo, apho athi uStaktopoulos wayemsulwa kwaye i-CIA yayibandakanyekile ekufihleni ukubulala.
Ngo-1948 uKellis wacelwa ukuba adibane noKarl Ranking, umphathi we-US e-Athene, owathi kuye: "Andisiboni isizathu sokuba wophule umqolo wakho uzama ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani obulele lo mbhaleli." (Wittner, iphe. 159).
- Umntakwabo kaPolk oneminyaka eyi-19, uWilliam, wayeseGrisi ngexesha letyala laseStaktopoulos kwaye "wabuza uDonovan ngokucacileyo ukuba kwakungabalulekanga ukufumana iinyani. โKutheni ubuza imibuzo enzima kangaka usenza izinto zibe nzima kangaka?โ, owayesakuba ngumphathi wezobuntlola waphendula ecaphukile. โNgaba awuqondi ukuba siphakathi kwemfazwe? Ungumfana oselula okrelekreleโฆ.Ukuba uyaqhubekeka, uya kuwonakalisa umsebenzi wakhoโ โ (Wittner, p. 160).
- Phakathi kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, uVasos Tsimbidaros, intatheli yaseGrike, wanika inkcazo yesicatshulwa sefilimu malunga nokubulawa kwePolk kuSpyros Skouras, iGrike-American Hollywood Mogul kunye nomongameli we20th Century-Fox. UDonovan wayesazi iSkouras ngeshishini elisemthethweni ukusukela ngaphambi kweWWII. Emva kweveki, uTsimbidaros waqhagamshelana noSkouras. Lo mva, wambuyisela umbhalo waza wathi kuye: โYilibale. UDonovan akayinqweneli le nto. Akukho nto ndinokuyenza kwaye ndiyaxolisa ngengxaki endikubeke kuyo.โ (Kostas Papaioannou, "Ukubulawa kwezopolitiko", Pontiki, 1993, p. 10).
-Kwincwadi kaBrown ye-biographical-981-page ku-Donovan igama elithi "ixhoba lokuqala leMfazwe ebandayo", uGeorge Polk, alibonakali kwi-Index yencwadi! Ngoba?
Ke, ukufihla ukubulawa kukaPolk i-US yasebenzisa abameli bayo basekhaya baseGrisi. Oyena uphambili phakathi kwabo nguNikos Moushoondis, intloko yamapolisa aseSalonika. Njengamapolisa onke ehlabathini, wayeyincutshe ekusebenziseni ukuthuthumbisa nogonyamelo. UMoushondis wanyula amakomanisi amabini aseSalonika, uAdam Mouzenidis noE. Vazvanas, njengabaphembeleli bokubulala. UGrigoris Staktopoulos (intatheli engumGrike kunye nomnxibelelanisi we "Christian Science Monitor" eSalonika) wakhethwa (nguKellis) njengesixhobo.
Kwimiba ye-18 ka-Oktobha 1948 ye "New York Herald" kunye ne "New York Times" kukho iindaba-inqaku eliqinisekisa ukuba uMouzenidis wafa inyanga enye NGAPHAMBI kokubulawa kukaPolk. I-Vazvanas yayingamashumi eekhilomitha kude nendawo yokubulawa kwabantu ngexesha lesenzo.
UStaktopoulos wangcungcuthekiswa ngokuqhubekayo kangangeeveki ezintandathu nguMoushoundis ngaphakathi kwisikhululo samapolisa. Kwakhona wasongela ukuba umama kaStaktopoulos "abulawe kwisitalato saseSalonika". Ekugqibeleni โwavumaโ waza uMoushoundis waqalisa ukumqeqesha ngosuku lwakhe enkundleni. Kwakhona wayemxelela ukuba kufuneka alamkele ikamva lakhe ngenxa โฆ yokuthandโ izwe! UStaktopoulos wazama ukuzibulala kabini, ngelixa eseluvalelweni.
UMoushondis wajika igumbi lesikhululo samapolisa laba sisisele sentolongo waza wagcina iStaktopoulos apho incommunicado kangangeminyaka emine. Imfihlo yegumbi lesikhululo samapolisa yatyhilwa ngamabona-ndenzile kwaye uMoushoundis wanyanzeleka ukuba athumele uStaktopoulos kwintolongo eqhelekileyo ukuba enze isigwebo sobomi bakhe bonke awayegwetyelwe sona.
UStaktopoulos wahlala entolongweni iminyaka eli-12. Ekugqibeleni wakhululwa ngeenzame zegqwetha elinelungelo elineminyaka engama-78 ubudala, elingenako ukuthwala ukungabi nabulungisa okwenziwe eStaktopoulos. Xa uStaktopoulos waxelela eli gqwetha ukuba uMoushoundis wayethetha naye ngokuthandโ izwe nomsebenzi welizwe, igqwetha elidala elilwela amalungelo nelizwe (kodwa lingumntu onyanisekileyo) laphendula lathi: โNdiyazingca ngolu hlobo lwelizwe!โ
I-Staktopoulos yakhululwa ngo-1960. Kwiminyaka elandelayo ye-38 ukuya ekufeni kwakhe, indoda emsulwa, kwafuneka ihlale phakathi kwabantu njengendoda eyanceda ukubulala uPolk. Wayengenakuyinyamezela loo nto. Ngowe-1977 wenza isibheno kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseGrisi ukuba aphinde avele enkundleni ukuze angqine ukuba akanatyala. Isibheno sakhe sakhatywa. Ngowe-1978 uKellis wathumela ileta kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo enikela ubungqina bokuba uStaktopoulos umsulwa. Loo leta ayizange ihoywe. Ngowe-1965 uStaktopoulos watshata noTheodora Zisimopoulos. Emva kokufa kwakhe, umhlolokazi wakhe wafaka esinye isibheno kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo, ngowe-1999. INkundla Ephakamileyo iyasikhaba eso sibheno. Ngo-2002 lo mhlolokazi wenza isibheno kwakhona. INkundla Ephakamileyo iyasikhaba eso sibheno kwakhona.
Oku kugatywa kuyamkela njengenyani yokuba uPolk wabulawa nguMouzenidis, indoda eyafa inyanga enye ngaphambi kokuba ibulale uPolk. Ukucinga ukuba amaGrike azama ukuqhubeka nokuzifihla ngokwabo akunangqondo. I-cover-up iqhutyelwa ngoku yi-epigones ye-Donovan. Okubonisa ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwedemokhrasi ama-Iraqi aya kuba namashumi eminyaka ukusuka ngoku ukuba uBush Son uyaphumelela e-Iraq njengoko wenzayo uTruman eGrisi, ngeminyaka yoo-1940.
[Qaphela: Ndadibana noStaktopoulos kabini. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje ndisabonakala ndingumntu ochubekileyo, othobekileyo, nolusizi kakhulu.]
Ebudeni bamashumi eminyaka ezayo amakhulu (ukuba azizigidi) abaselula baseMelika baya kukhwela i-Acropolis ukuze babone iParthenon, njl. indawo eluhlaza malunga ne-3/4 yeemayile ukusuka kwi-Acropolis. Elo patch yiNdawo yokuQala yamangcwaba aseAthene. Kweli ngcwaba kukho ingcwaba elinombhalo othi: GEORGE W. POLK, LIEUTENANT USN. Ndivakalelwa kukuba ukutyelelwa kwaba bancinci baseMelika kwelo ngcwaba kuya kuba ngumnikelo kwi-Polk kunye ne-Staktopoulos.
Okokugqibela, aba bancinci baseMelika kufuneka baqonde ukuba kwisiqingatha senkulungwane eyadlulayo uMoushoundis wayengcungcuthekisa abantu โnjengekontraki engaphantsiโ kurhulumente wase-US. Namhlanje, uBush, uRumsfeld, uWolfowitz, iCondoleezza Rice, njl njl, benza into efanayo, kuphela bayibiza ngokuthi "uguqulelo olugqithiseleyo". Kwakhona, kufuneka baqonde ukuba ngenye imini iNkundla yaseNuremberg kufuneka ibambele abantu abaphezulu baseMelika nabo. Kuxhomekeke kwaba bancinci baseMelika ukuba oku kuya kwenzeka.