Isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-40 yoMhla woMhlaba wokuqala siphezu kwethu, kwaye uninzi lwabantu abanamava okusingqongileyo alunangqondo kwiintsuku eziphambili ze-1970s, xa abantu abazizigidi ezingama-20 babetha ezitratweni kwaye ekugqibeleni bafumana uRichard Nixon ukuba asayine uthotho lwemithetho yendalo esingqongileyo. Loo mithetho ikwazile ukucoca imijelo yamanzi eyayijikela kwimijelo ehambisa amanzi amdaka, yasindisa ukhozi olunempandla kwintshabalalo yeDDT, yaze yaqalisa ukususa umoya, nto leyo eyathi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 yangcoliswa kangangokuba abantu babedlula kuzo zonke izixeko zethu.
Ngelixa ulwazi lokusingqongileyo luye lwangena ngokucacileyo kwi-conscious consciousness e-US, intshukumo yanamhlanje yokusingqongileyo iyadodobala, nangona iintambo ziphezulu kunangaphambili. Ngelixa abakhankaseli basengcanjini beqhubeka nokulwela amahlathi asemngciphekweni wokutshabalala, bacele umngeni kwiinkampani ezingcolisa indalo kwiindawo abahlala kuzo, kwaye bajongane nohlaselo loshishino lwamalahle kwiintaba ezisemazantsi eAppalachia, eyona mibutho yesizwe eyaziwayo inokwalatha kuloyiso oluxabisekileyo lwamva nje. Okona kukhwankqisayo kukuba, baye basilela ngokupheleleyo ukubonisa ubunkokeli obunentsingiselo koko isazi ngemozulu uJames Hansen sikubiza ngokuba โyeyona mbambano ibalaseleyo yokuziphatha kule nkulungwane,โ umzamo wokuthintela intlekele nokufudumala okungathethekiyo kwesi sijikelezi-langa.
Njengoko intatheli yaseBritane uJohann Hari waxela kwi Wesizwe emva kweyoKwindla, oku ngokuyinxenye kusisiphumo selifa lentsebenziswano phakathi kwe-NGOs yokusingqongileyo eya isanda ngokwanda kunye nawona maqumrhu angcolisa umhlaba.
Ukusabela kwintlekele yemozulu, sibona intsebenziswano engazange ibonwe ngaphambili phakathi kwemibutho emikhulu yokusingqongileyo kunye neenkampani ezifuna ukwenza inzuzo kumthetho omtsha wokusingqongileyo. I-Climate Action Partnership eyaziwayo (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-USCAP) izise i-Alcoa, i-DuPont, i-General Electric kunye ne-General Motors kunye ne-Natural Resources Defense Council, i-Environmental Defense Fund kunye ne-Nature Conservancy ukutyhala indlela "esekelwe kwintengiso" kumthetho wemozulu. eyaziwa ngokuba yi "cap-and-trade." Oku kuya kudala imarike enkulu, eqikelelwayo kakhulu kwiikhredithi zekhabhoni kunye nokususwa, kunye nezinto ezinkulu zeshishini kunye nenzuzo encinci yeplanethi. Ukutyhala umthetho we-cap-kunye norhwebo uhlehlisiwe okwangoku phantsi koxinzelelo oluvela kwiphiko lasekunene lokuchasa irhafu kunye nabathandabuzayo bezendalo, kodwa abakhi-mkhanyo baseWashington balindele ukuba ibhilikhwe yemozulu embi kakhulu iya kubhengezwa kamva kule nyanga nguSenator uKerry, uLieberman. kunye neGraham, kwaye izele ziziphiwo ezicace ngakumbi kumashishini efosili nakwimizi-mveliso yenyukliya.
Ingaba intshukumo yokusingqongileyo iphosise phi? Ukuqonda ngcono oku, kuyanceda ukuthatha uhambo olufutshane ubuyela kwixesha loMhla woMhlaba wokuqala. Lwavela phi uMhla woMhlaba, kwaye yonke loo mithetho yemekobume yeminyaka yee-1970 yamiselwa njani ngokwenene?
Usuku Lokuqala Lomhlaba
Kuvela ukuba uMhla woMhlaba wokuqala ngo-Aprili 22, 1970, wawuqala umcimbi owenziweyo. Abezopolitiko abanjengoSen. Gaylord Nelson waseWisconsin kunye no-Rep. Pete McCloskey (iRiphabhlikhi yaseCalifornia) bakhokela ekwenzeni umbhiyozo wokuqala woMhla woMhlaba oye wazisa ngokungalindelekanga izigidi zabantu kwiindawo zokuhlala kwilizwe lonke. Ezo ziganeko zazixhaswa ngamaziko anjengeConservation Foundation, icandelo lokucinga lequmrhu elasekwa nguLaurance Rockefeller ngowe-1948. UNixon wada waqalisa unyaka ngesibhengezo sikamongameli esithi iminyaka yee-1970 yayiya kuba โlishumi leminyaka lokusingqongileyo.โ
Uninzi lwabaphembeleli bemfazwe be-anti-Vietnam beza kujonga uMhla woMhlaba (ekuqaleni i-Environmental Teach-In) njengelinge lobuqhetseba lokuphambukisa ingqalelo yesizwe kude nemfazwe, ukusuka kwi-Antiwar ecwangcisiweyo ye-Spring Offensive, kunye nakwiinzame zokwazisa ngezizathu eziqhelekileyo. yemfazwe, intlupheko kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo. Umhleli kwi Ramparts, elona phephancwadi lalibalaseleyo elaliphikisa ngelo xesha, layichaza i-Earth Day โnjengenyathelo lokuqala kumdlalo wenkohliso elingayi kwenza okungakumbi kunokusebenzisa kakubi imekobume nangakumbi.โ
Epreli 1970 Ramparts ibonise ingcaciso ebangelโ umdla ethi โThe Eco-Establishment,โ eyayigxininise kwiindlela zokucinga zequmrhu ezazinceda ukubumba umthetho ovelayo wemekobume welo xesha. โUlondolozo lweshishini elikhulu lanamhlanje,โ ihlelo lomhleli iRamparts, โalinamdla wokulondoloza umhlaba; ilungiselela udlwengulo olusebenzayo ngakumbi lwemithombo ... kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso yelizwe ehlala igqwesa." Baqhubeka:
โIzinto ezibonakala ngathi ziyaphikisana ziyamangalisa: ishishini lilwa nenkunkuma ukuze libe nako ukumosha ngakumbi; iceba ukuvelisa iimoto zabucala ezininzi (ezilawulwa ngumsi) ukuze zixinanise oohola bendlela, nto leyo ethetha ukuba intengiso eyongezelelekileyo yokudala โizidingoโ ezingakumbi ekufuneka zihlangatyezwe ngokuphelelwa lixesha okucwangcisiweyo. Ngokwentlalo, umphumo uba yintlekele. Ngokwendalo, inokuba sisiphelo. โ
Umchola-choli weendaba u-IF Stone wabhala kuphando lwakhe oludumileyo lweveki zonke, "[J] ust njengoko ooCaesers babekhe basebenzisa isonka kunye nesekisi, ngoko ke bethu ekugqibeleni bafunda ukusebenzisa i-rock-and-roll enqwenelekayo kunye nemiba yentlalo engasiyo ukukrala ukucima ulutsha kwizinto ezininzi. iinkxalabo ezingxamisekileyo ezinokusongela ngenene ubume bamandla. โฆ [Sisenokuvuka ngenye intsasa kwaye sifumanise ukuba akukho nto iseleyo emhlabeni inokungcolisa.โ
Ukumangaliswa komntu wonke, uSuku Lomhlaba luye lwaba lolona luvo lukhulu loluntu kuwo nawuphi na umcimbi wezopolitiko ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Yatsalela ingqalelo yoluntu kubume bemekobume njengentlangano yentlalo ngokwayo, mhlawumbi okwesihlandlo sokuqala. Kwaye yamisela inqanaba lokucinezela iCongress ukuba ipasise imithetho eyi-15 yelizwe jikelele yendalo esingqongileyo kwixesha le-10 leminyaka, kubandakanywa iMithetho yoMoya ococekileyo kunye neMithetho yaManzi acocekileyo, uMthetho waManzi okuSela ngokuKhuselekileyo, uMthetho weZidilo eziNcinciweyo, uMthetho woLawulo lweZinto ezinobuthi kunye nokusekwa I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US (EPA).
Ummiselo wokusiNgqongileyo: Ibali elingasemva
Imvelaphi yaloo 1970s yemithetho yendalo esingqongileyo nayo inebali elingaxatyiswayo elingasemva. Kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1960, abantu babesabela ngokoyikeka kwiziphumo ezibonakala zisanda ngumsi, ukuchitheka kweoyile, ukungcoliseka kwezibulali zinambuzane kunye nolunye uhlaselo lokusingqongileyo. Izixeko namazwe aphendule ngokuphumeza ezazo iinkqubo, ngamanye amaxesha ezifikelela kude zokubeka iliso nokunyanzeliswa kokusingqongileyo. Amatyala okudala endalo aseka imizekelo ebalulekileyo nengalindelekanga, ukwandisa ilungelo labemi lokumangalela ukukhusela imilinganiselo yendalo kunye nokuqhubela phambili ukuhlolwa kwenkundla yezenzo zee-arhente zikarhulumente.
Oku kwabonakala kuyindleko enkulu kwishishini, kwaye umdla wenkampani wajonga ungenelelo lomanyano njengesisombululo esinokubakho. "[T]inkokeli yezoshishino," inike ingxelo Fortune ngobusuku be-Earth Day ngowe-1970, โbanqwenela ngamandla ukuba urhulumente angenelele, amisele imilinganiselo, alawule yonke imisebenzi ephathelele imekobume, aze ancedise ekuxhaseni umsebenzi ngemali yerhafu.โ
Kude nokuphazamiseka kwamalungelo oshishino, ulawulo lokusingqongileyo ngurhulumente wobumbano lwaba yindlela yokuthomalalisa iinkxalabo zoluntu ngelixa unika inkampani yaseMelika imenyu yemithetho efanayo kunye nengqikelelo yendalo esingqongileyo. Imithetho eyaphunyezwa emva koMhla woMhlaba yanceda ngemali iiprojekthi ezibalulekileyo zemisebenzi yoluntu, ezinje ngokwakhiwa kwezityalo zokucocwa ilindle, kwaye yabonelela ngokhuseleko lwempilo yoluntu kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa yahlengahlengiswa kwaye yabeka emgangathweni imvume yeendawo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, imithetho yomdibaniso idla ngokumiselwa kwangaphambili kunye nemimandla ekunyanzeliseni imimiselo engqongqo ngakumbi kunaleyo iphambili kwinqanaba likazwelonke; lo mgaqo-siseko we-federal pre-emption uphinde wavusa intloko kwingxoxo yeCongressional yanamhlanje malunga nomthetho wemozulu.
Kwisithuba nje seshumi leminyaka emva koko, uRonald Reagan wapakisha abasebenzi bee-arhente ezilawulayo ezintsha ngee-hacks zamashishini ezazichasene ngokuphandle nemishini yee-arhente zabo. (UGeorge W. Bush waphinda esi sicwangciso ngempindezelo kwi-2000s yokuqala.) Umlawuli wokuqala we-EPA kaReagan warhoxa emva kweminyaka emibini e-ofisini, ejongene nezityholo zokudelela iCongress, emva kokutshintsha abasebenzi abaphezulu be-arhente kunye namagosa avela kwiinkampani ezifana neGeneral Motors kunye ne-Exxon. , kwaye ngokungenalusini ukucutha uqingqo-mali. Unobhala wezangaphakathi weReagan, uJames Watt, wathetha esidlangalaleni ngeArmagedon kunye nesidingo sokuxhaphaza umhlaba omninzi kangangoko ngaphambi kokufika kwayo. Iipolisi zeWatt, ngokutsho kwangaphambili ENew York Times intatheli uPhilip Shabecoff, โwazisa imigaqo-nkqubo ejoliswe ekudluliseleni ulawulo lwemihlaba karhulumente nobuncwane koosomashishini babucala ngomlinganiselo ongazange ubonwe ukususela kwizipho ezinkulu zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.โ
Imo yokusiNgqongileyo-quo
Ngeli xesha, kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1970 kunye namashumi asibhozo, abameli bawona maqela makhulu endalo esingqongileyo baba yinxalenye ebonakalayo nemiliselweyo yezopolitiko eWashington. Njengoko ukubonakala kwempumelelo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo kwakukhula, imibutho esuka kwi-National Wildlife Federation ukuya kwi-Natural Resources Defense Council yahlengahlengisa kwaye yatshintsha abasebenzi ukuze badlale ngokufanelekileyo umdlalo wangaphakathi. Intshukumo yokusingqongileyo yaba lilitye lokunyathela kwimisebenzi yesizukulwana esitsha samagqwetha aseWashington kunye namagqwetha, kwaye imo yendalo esingqongileyo esemthethweni yayamkela indima ekudala yamiselwa abanye abameli bolawulo: leyo yokunceda ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo. Imekobume iye yachazwa ngokutsha, ngokwamazwi ombhali nombhali-mbali uRobert Gottlieb โnjengohlobo lweqela lezopolitiko elinomdla elibotshelelwe kugcino lwenkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo wendalo esingqongileyo.โ
Olu tshintsho kubume bawona maqela abonakalayo endalo esingqongileyo achaza isiphelo samanyathelo omgaqo-nkqubo amatsha anesibindi egameni lemo engqongileyo. Ummandla oqhelekileyo wokusingqongileyo olungelelaniswe nezopolitiko "zangaphakathi" ubonakalise ukungakwazi ukugcina imvumelwano ye-Congressional ephakathi ngokubhekiselele kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni yanceda ukulungiselela iqonga lokuchasana nokusingqongileyo kwi-1980s nangaphezulu. Awona maqela makhulu okusingqongileyo aphehlelele izibheno zeposi ezithe ngqo ezizise imali eninzi entsha, ebonisa ingqumbo yabantu ngokuchasene nolawulo lweReagan oluchasene nokusingqongileyo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ukuphumelela kwezi zibheno kutyhalele amaqela amaninzi ukuba aye kulwakhiwo olubonakalayo olusuka phezulu lusezantsi, lwendlela yoshishino. Abo bakhuthaza isitayile seshishini ngakumbi ngokungaguquguqukiyo baphumelela amadabi angaphakathi ngaphakathi kweSierra Club, Friends of the Earth kunye neGreenpeace. Baye beyiphepha ngakumbi imiba kunye namaqhinga anokuthi angqineke engathandeki kubaxhasi abazizityebi.
I-Sierra Club ikhule ukusuka kwi-80,000 ukuya kumalungu angama-630,000 ngexesha le-1980, kwaye i-National Wildlife Federation ibike iinzuzo zobulungu ukuya kwi-8,000 ngenyanga, iphelele malunga nesigidi. Imodeli yase-US e-Afrika naseLatin America, ikhule phantse kalishumi. Isimbuku sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwamaqela alishumi makhulu emekobume sakhula ukusuka ngaphantsi kwe-10 lezigidi zeedola ngowe-1965, ukuya kutsho kwii-$218 ezigidi ngowe-1985 nakwi-$514 yezigidi ngowe-1990. I-Audubon beliya kukhala ngelithi โizazi ngendalo ziye zathatyathelwโ indawo ngabantu abaphila ubomi obutofotofo eCapitol Hill kunasemahlathini, emadlelweni, emadlelweni, ezintabeni nakwimigxobhozo.โ
Amaqela okusingqongileyo nawo aqala ukudlala ngothando ngenkxaso-mali yenkampani, ngoko ishwankathelwa ngokufanelekileyo nguJohann Hari Wesizwe. Kwithuba lokuya kwisikhumbuzo seminyaka engamashumi amabini yoMhla woMhlaba ngo-1990, amatsha-ntliziyo (kubandakanywa nalo mbhali) aqala ukuphanda ngocoselelo loo maqhina, kwaye atyhila amakhonkco phakathi kwamaqela anje ngeNational Wildlife Federation, iSierra Club, kunye neWilderness Society, kunye neqela elikhohlakeleyo. igalari yeoyile enkulu, iikhemikhali, eziluncedo, kunye neenkampani zebhanki. I Monitor yezizwe ngezizwe iphonononge amakhonkco phakathi kwabalawuli bemibutho yokusingqongileyo kunye neebhodi zeshishini, abaphandi beyunivesithi baphonononga iipotfoliyo zezabelo zamaqela amakhulu okusingqongileyo, kwaye abanye baphonononga amaqhina abi nangakumbi angcolise ihlabathi leziseko โeziqhubekayoโ.
Ukusuka kwiNdawo yoBume beNdawo ukuya kwi-Green Consumerism
Ngowe-1990, wonke umntu wabonakala efuna ukuba yingcali yemekobume. UMongameli uGeorge Bush, Sr. wazibhengeza njengomkhuseli wendalo, kwaye ngokufutshane ujolise ukuziqhelanisa nokugqithisela okuchasene nokusingqongileyo kwiminyaka yeReagan ngokwamkela inkqubo yokuqala yesizwe ye-cap-and-trade ukujongana nengxaki yemvula yeasidi. USenator u-Al Gore, umongameli we-1988 ophambili kwiphulo lokukhokela imfazwe yeDemokhrasi, waqala ukuthetha malunga nokufudumala kwehlabathi kunye nezinye izoyikiso zokusingqongileyo. Inkulumbuso yaseBritane ephendulayo uMargaret Thatcher wazibiza ngokuba "uluhlaza." Nkqu nomongameli weBhanki yeHlabathi uzuze udumo kwiincwadi ezipapasha indalo esingqongileyo ngokuvakalisa inkxalabo ngendima yeBhanki ekutshabalaliseni indalo. INgxowa-mali yoKhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo ikhokele indlela yokuqhubela phambili ngendlela engqongqo โejolise kwintengisoโ kumgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo.
Ngoko akuzange kube yinto emangalisayo xa imibhiyozo yeminyaka engamashumi amabini yoMhla woMhlaba ngo-1990 yaba lipati eliphumayo kwi-brand ecacileyo yenkampani yokusingqongileyo. Imibhiyozo yoMhla woMhlaba yaba yinto eyongezelelekileyo ye-hype yenkampani, kwaye "umthengi oluhlaza" yayingumyalelo wosuku. Umyalezo ophambili osemthethweni wawulula nje, โtshintsha indlela ophila ngayo,โ ngokurisayikilisha, ukuqhuba kancinane, nokuthenga iimveliso eziluhlaza. Kwaye ngelixa umbutho wesizwe woSuku loMhlaba uye wakhaba ezinye zeedola ezi-4 zezigidi kwiminikelo yenkampani engazange ifikelele kwiindlela zabo ezibhetyebhetye, imibhiyozo kwizixeko ezininzi zase-US yaxhaswa ngabangcolisi abadumileyo abafana neMonsanto, Peabody Coal kunye neGeorgia Power. Wonke umntu ukusuka kwishishini lamandla enyukliya ukuya kwi-Chemical Manufacturer's Association uthenge izibhengezo ezipheleleyo kumaphephandaba kunye namaphephancwadi ebhengeza ukuba, kubo, "Yonke imihla yiMini yoMhlaba." Ukuhlanjwa okuluhlaza okuqhelekileyo koMhla woMhlaba kwakuqalile.
Abanye abaphembeleli baphendule ngokuququzelela imiceli mngeni yezopolitiko yasekhaya yoSuku loMhlaba, begxile kwimizabalazo yokusingqongileyo yendawo, imiba yasezidolophini, ubunjani bamandla equmrhu kunye nenkitha yezinye iingxaki ezikhutshelwe ngaphandle ngokucwangcisiweyo kwimisitho emininzi esemthethweni yoMhla woMhlaba. Uhlaza olusekhohlo kunye noLutsha oluHlaza kuMntla-mpuma luqalise umnxeba wokuvala iWall Street ngoMvulo olandela uSuku loMhlaba, kwaye badityaniswa ngabavukeli bobulungisa bokusingqongileyo, Umhlaba wokuqala! abaququzeleli, i-ecofeminists, ii-squatters zeSixeko saseNew York kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ngentsasa ye-23 ka-Epreli, emva nje kokuba izigidi zithathe inxaxheba kwimibhiyozo yoMhla woMhlaba ohloniphekileyo, wokuziva ulungile kulo lonke ilizwe, amakhulu adibana kwiNew York Stock Exchange, ngenjongo yokuthintela ukuvulwa korhwebo ngolo suku.
UJuan Gonzalez, kwincwadi yakhe Iindaba zeNew York Daily ikholamu, igxeke โukuqholwa kwesidumbu kunye nokuthengiswa komlilo kwimpelaveki yoMhla woMhlaba,โ kwaye uxelele abafundi bakhe abazizigidi ezisisi-1.2, โNgokuqinisekileyo, abo bafuna ukudibanisa uSuku loMhlaba kwimithombo yeendaba kunye nentengiso ye-extravaganza, ukwenza uluntu luzive lulungile ngelixa lufihla ingcambu yequmrhu longcoliseko loMhlaba phantse iphumelele. Kwathatha abantu baseMelika abanomsindo abasuka kwiindawo ezinje ngeMaine naseVermont ukuba beze eWall Street ngosuku lomsebenzi baze babeke ityala apho kufanele khona.
I-Earth Day ye-1990 ye-Wall Street Action ibonise intyatyambo ye-grassroots yendalo engqongileyo eye yavela kuyo yonke i-1980s, ngokuyinxenye ekuphenduleni ukulungelelaniswa kwamaqela amakhulu okusingqongileyo. Impendulo ethandwayo kungcoliseko lwekhemikhali eyityhefu - eyasungulwa ngoomama babantwana abagulayo abahlala kufutshane ne-Love Canal engcoliseke kakhulu kumantla eNew York - ikhule yaba yintshukumo yelizwe lonke yezobulungisa kokusingqongileyo ebhentsise ukuvezwa okungafaniyo koluntu lombala kwiingozi eziyityhefu. Umhlaba Kuqala! lwakhula njengothungelwano olunatyisiweyo lwabakhuseli bamahlathi aphantsi, kusetyenziswa intshukumo ethe ngqo yemidlalo yeqonga, edityaniswa nezenzo zokonakalisa kwemizi-mveliso, ukunqanda umsinga wokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi. Abanye bazimanya nemibutho yabantu bomthonyama kwihlabathi jikelele ethe yavela ekukhuseleni imihlaba yemveli, besabela kuhlaselo olutsha lwemigaqo-nkqubo yophuhliso lweniyoliberal. Ebudeni bomhla womhla wowe-1990, abalweli bobulungisa bemekobume abalikhulu batyikitya ileta eya kwimibutho esibhozo emikhulu yemekobume becelโ umngeni ukunqongophala kwabantu bebala kwiintonga neebhodi zaloo maqela, kunye nokuthembela kwawo okwandayo kwinkxaso-mali yequmrhu.
Ulawulo lukaClinton-Gore lweminyaka yee-1990s lufezekise ubugcisa bokuhambisa intetho yokusingqongileyo ngelixa kwangaxeshanye ikhuthaza ukonyuka kwemithombo yobutyebi - ifanekisela uBarack Obama wamva nje kushishino lwenyukliya, ioyile kunye namalahle.
Njengoko ishumi leminyaka liphelile, abagqugquzeli bendalo benza umboniso onamandla e-Seattle, njengenxalenye ephambili yokubambisana okubanzi kobulungisa bentlalo, abasebenzi kunye namaqela aluhlaza aphumelele umngeni kwi-World Trade Organization. Kodwa iminyaka yaseBush eyalandelayo yayilixesha lamadabi okuzikhusela ayekhula. Ngelixa uninzi lwamanyathelo asezantsi ngeminyaka yoo-1980 kunye neyamashumi alithoba aqhubeka (jonga incwadi entsha kaDouglas Bevington, Ukuzalwa ngokutsha kokuSingqongileyo), abanye baziva bedangele ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwamaqela amakhulu okusingqongileyo. Oku kukhokelele ekuqhubekeni kwenguquko ye-Earth First! kunye nolunye ulwakhiwo olukhulu. Ngasekupheleni koo-1990, amaqela afana ne-Earth Liberation Front atshintshela kwiintlobo ezifihlakeleyo nezinobundlongondlongo zokutshatyalaliswa kwepropathi kunye nokonakalisa ukukhusela indalo. Ngo-2006, i-FBI yabhengeza "abanqolobi bendalo" njengeyona isoyikiso yokhuseleko lwasekhaya, nangona kungekho mntu wenzakalayo kuyo nayiphi na imisebenzi yabo. Oko kubizwa ngokuba "kukoyikisa okuluhlaza" kwiminyaka yaseBush ekugqibeleni kwafika ubuncinci i-16 eco-militants kunye nabalwela amalungelo ezilwanyana kwintolongo yomdibaniso, begcwele "uphuculo lobunqolobi" kwizigwebo zabo, njengesiphumo somthetho odumileyo "wePatriot." Kwakhona ekuqaleni kwee-2000s, amaphulo ahlaziywayo ahlaziywe ngokutsha ajolise ekubuyiseleni iindawo zasezidolophini kunye nomngeni wobunjineli bofuzo bokutya, phakathi kweminye imiba emininzi emitsha.
Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, kwabonakala ngathi ingxaki yemozulu isenokuzisa inyathelo elitsha lokusingqongileyo e-United States. Inkomfa yabafundi yokusingqongileyo ka-2009 yatsala abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-3000 eWashington, DC, kwaye umsitho walandelwa sisithintelo esingokomfuziselo somzi-mveliso omkhulu wombane obaswa ngamalahle esixeko. Ngomhla weshumi woqhanqalazo lwe-WTO eSeattle nge-30 kaNovemba ka-2009, izenzo zobulungisa bemozulu kulo lonke elase-US zibandakanya ukuvalwa kwendlela yokuhlangana ngaphandle kweChicago Climate Exchange (ikhaya lentengiso yekhabhoni โyokuzithandelaโ eqhutywa lushishino), a. Ukuvalwa kwecandelo eliphambili kwiziko elitsha lombane elibaswe ngamalahle eSouth Carolina, uqhanqalazo lweebhanki ezinkulu ezixhasa ishishini lamalahle kunye nabanye abangcolisi bezinto ezinkulu, kunye nendibano ngaphandle kweeofisi ze-Natural Resources Defense Council ukuqhankqalaza ukuxhasa kwabo iimarike zekhabhoni. . Abantu baseWest Virginia nangaphaya kweAppalachia esemazantsi baye bonyuka ukuchasana nomonakalo wokumbiwa kwemigodi yamalahle encotsheni yentaba, ngelixa abanye kwilizwe liphela - ukusuka eVermont ukuya kwiNavajo Reservation - bayiphindaphinde imizamo yabo ngokuchasene nokwandiswa okucwangcisiweyo kuka-Obama kwishishini lenyukliya.
Uninzi lwezenzo zemozulu zika-2009, nangona kunjalo, zijolise ekuzameni ukunyanzela oorhulumente belizwe ukuba bafikelele kwisivumelwano esipheleleyo kwinkomfa yemozulu ye-UN kaDisemba eCopenhagen. Ukungaphumeleli kwediplomacy e-Copenhagen kwanciphisa amandla amatsha-ntliziyo amaninzi, kwaye ukuphindaphinda kweCopenhagen kwezenzo zemozulu akukabikho. Okwangoku, nangona uMhla woMhlaba uye waba sisithethe sonyaka kwiindawo ezithile zoluntu, kunye nakwiikholeji ezininzi zeekholeji, isikhumbuzo seminyaka engamashumi amane kwazisa ukunqongophala okuphawulekayo.
Esinye isiganeko kulo nyaka, nangona kunjalo, sibalaselisa indlela ekhawulezileyo yokuvela kwemekobume yeshishini ukusuka kwintlekele ukuya kwelinye. Lo mnyhadala wegala, owawubanjwe nge-21 ka-Epreli eWashington, DC, wawusindlekwe liqela elibizwa ngokuba yiCarbon War Room, umfelandawonye okhethekileyo wabagcisa bokusingqongileyo kunye nabaxhasi bezimali, ekhokelwa ngusozigidi wezigidigidi uRichard Branson weQela leVirgin. I-Branson ibhiyozelwa kakhulu kwezi ntsuku ngeenqwelomoya zakhe zovavanyo lwe-biofueled, kunye nephulo lokukhuthaza ukhenketho lwangaphandle kunye nokwazisa uluntu ngobunjineli bemozulu. I-$ 450 kuphela (i-third ngaphantsi kwe-nonprofits), abathathi-nxaxheba banokudla isidlo kunye no-Branson, uMlawuli we-EPA uLisa Jackson, kunye nomququzeleli woMhla woMhlaba u-Denis Hayes kwiziko elitsha le-Ronald Reagan yoRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, malunga nekona ukusuka kwi-White House.
Ngeli xesha, ukuthengiswa okuluhlaza kweemveliso kuyaphila kwaye kulungile, ukusuka kwimpahla, ukuya kwi-Prius, ukuya kwi-ecotourism enqabileyo. I-UK's Guardian Kwinkomfa โyamashishini aluhlazaโ eyayiseLondon kulo nyaka uphelileyo, iphephandaba lanikela ingxelo yokuba โmalunga nama-70 ekhulwini ezibhengezo zexesha elizayo ziya kunikela ingqalelo kwimekobume.โ Bacaphula umphathi ophambili wevenkile enkulu yaseBritani ethandabuza imida yemekobume kwiminqweno yabathengi, esithi indlela enjalo โayiboni amandla amakhulu abathengi.โ Elinye ibali le-Guardian linike ingxelo ngophononongo lwamaDatshi lokuziphatha kwabathengi, libonisa ukuba ukhetho lomthengi olusesikweni lwenziwa ikakhulu ngenxa yesimo esongezelelweyo sentlalo abasinika sona. "Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba abathengi bazimisele ukuncama ubunewunewu kunye nokusebenza," umzekelo ngokuthenga i-Prius endaweni ye-Hummer, "ukuze bazuze kwimeko yentlalo ebonwayo evela ekuthengeni imveliso enefuthe elincitshisiweyo lokusingqongileyo," babika.
Namhlanje, iipundits ze-right-wing zibonisa ukusingqongileyo njengento yokuzonwabisa e-elite esongela imisebenzi, ngelixa abaninzi abaqhubela phambili bezendalo bekhankanya amandla "emisebenzi eluhlaza" ukunceda ukulawula ukukhula koqoqosho. Zombini ezi zimvo zisilela kakhulu undoqo wento eyenze imo yendalo esingqongileyo yaba yimbono yehlabathi enyanzelisayo ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970s: isithembiso sokuba uhlengahlengiso eluntwini kwimvisiswano ehlaziyiweyo nendalo kunokunceda ukukhuthaza inguqu yenguqu yehlabathi lethu.
Lo mbono uye wanceda amatshantliziyo achasene nenyukliya ukuba ahlale kwiindawo zokwakha iziko lombane, amatshantliziyo amahlathi ukuba agcine ukuhlaliswa kwemithi ixesha elide, kunye nabalweli bobulungisa bokusingqongileyo ukuba beme beqinile ukukhusela uluntu lwabo. Abantu kwihlabathi liphela basebenza ngokubambisana nabantu bomthonyama abalwela ukutsalwa kwemithombo kwimihlaba yabo. Ngesiphithiphithi semozulu esisondela elundini, inguqu enjalo ayisenanto yokuzikhethela. Ukusinda kwethu ngoku kuxhomekeke ekukwazini kwethu ukulahla imeko-quo kwaye sidale ubomi obunobuntu kunye nolungelelwaniso lwendalo.
UBrian Tokar ungumlawuli we-Vermont-based Institute for Social Ecology (social-ecology.org) kunye nomthathi-nxaxheba kuthungelwano lobulungisa bemozulu ye-SOS yeMozulu kunye nokuHlanganisa ubuLungisa beMozulu. Ungumbhali weencwadi ezininzi, kuquka Umhlaba othengiswayo: Ukubuyisela kwakhona i-Ecology kwiXesha leGreenwash yoShishino (South End Press, 1997), engumthombo weengcaphuno ezininzi kweli nqaku. Inguqulelo etshintshiweyo yeli nqaku yavela kwinkupho ka-Aprili 21, 2010 I-Indypendent Iphephandaba kwiSixeko saseNew York (indypendent.org).