Ebudeni beminyaka yee-1950 ndakhulela kusapho olwalusekelwe kwimpumelelo yabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kumzabalazo wabo wokulwela amalungelo oluntu kunye nokulingana okusemthethweni okugcweleyo. Ke ngo-1962 yayiluloyiko lwembubhiso yam yenyukliya esondele ngexesha leNgxaki yeCuban Missile Crisis eyaqala yavuselela umdla wam wokufunda ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US njengenkwenkwana eneminyaka eyi-12: "Ndingenza umsebenzi ongcono kunalo!"
Yathi yaqatsela iMfazwe yaseVietnam ngowe-1964 yaye umkhosi womkhosi wawundijongile kanye ebusweni, ndayihlolisisa ngokucokisekileyo. Ekugqibeleni ndagqiba kwelokuba ngokungafaniyo neMfazwe Yehlabathi II xa uTata wayesilwa waza wawoyisa uMkhosi Wasebukhosini WaseJapan njengoMkhosi Waselwandle oselula kwiPasifiki, le mfazwe intsha yayingekho mthethweni, yayingekho mthethweni, yayingekho mthethweni, yaye iUnited States yayiza koyiswa yiyo. IMelika yayisanda kuqalisa apho iFransi yayiyeke khona eDien Bien Phu. Ngoko ndagqiba kwelokuba ndenze oko ndinako ukuchasa imfazwe yaseVietnam.
Ngowe-1965 uMongameli uLyndon Johnson wahlasela iDominican Republic ngesisa, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba ndiqalise ukuhlolisisa ngokucokisekileyo ukungenelela komkhosi wase-US kuMbindi Merika ukususela kwiMfazwe yaseSpain-American yowe-1898 ukuya kutsho kumgaqo-nkqubo kaMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt owawubizwa ngokuba “ngummelwane olungileyo”. Ekupheleni kolu phononongo, ndagqiba kwelokuba iMfazwe yaseVietnam yayingeyonto iphambili, kodwa yayiyinkqubo: Ugonyamelo, imfazwe, uphalazo-gazi, kunye nogonyamelo yayiyindlela i-United States Power Elite eyayiqhuba ngayo ishishini layo kwihlabathi jikelele. Ke, njengoko ndayibonayo njengomfana oneminyaka eyi-17, kuya kubakho iiVietnam ezininzi kwixesha elizayo kwaye mhlawumbi ngenye imini ndingenza okuthile malunga noku kunye nokukhuthaza amalungelo abantu base-Afrika baseMelika. La mawele amaxhala obutsha bam aya kuthi ngokuthe ngcembe avuthwe abe ngumsebenzi ozinikele kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye namalungelo oluntu.
Ngoko ke ndaqalisa izifundo zam ezisesikweni zoBudlelwane baMazwe ngaMazwe nongasekhoyo, uHans Morgenthau ongasekhoyo kwiveki yokuqala kaJanuwari 1970 njengomfundi wesibini wekholeji oneminyaka eli-19 kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago ngokuthatha izifundo zakhe ezisisiseko zentshayelelo kweso sifundo. Ngelo xesha, uMorgenthau wayekhokela imikhosi yabafundi ababechasa iMfazwe yaseVietnam eyayicekisekile, yiyo loo nto ndakhetha ukufunda naye. Ebudeni beminyaka elishumi yemfundo ephakamileyo kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago naseHarvard, ndala ukufunda noonjingalwazi baseVietnam-War ekuhleni njengombandela womgaqo kwaye kwanangesizathu sokuba babengenanto yokundifundisa.
Ngehlobo lowe-1975, yayinguMorgenthau owandikhuthaza ngokungqongqo ukuba ndibe ngunjingalwazi kunokuba ndenze ezinye izinto ezithembisayo ngobomi bam: “Ukuba uMorgenthau ucinga ukuba ndifanele ndibe ngunjingalwazi, ngoko ndiya kuba ngunjingalwazi!” Emva kweshumi leminyaka ndisebenza naye ngokobuqu, uMorgenthau undinike inkuthazo eyaneleyo, isikhokelo, kunye nolwazi lokuba ndihlale ngoku phantse isiqingatha sobomi bam.
Ngokwembali, olu gqabhuko-dubulo lwamva nje lomkhosi waseMelika ekuqaleni kweNkulungwane yama-21 lufana nolo lwaseMelika luvula iNkulungwane yama-20 ngeMfazwe yaseSpain neyaseMelika eyayiphenjelelwa yi-US ngo-1898. Emva koko ulawulo lweRiphabhlikhi lukaMongameli uWilliam McKinley lweba ubukoloniyali babo. ubukhosi obuvela eSpeyin eCuba, ePuerto Rico, eGuam nakwiiPhilippines; wadala imfazwe ephantse yabulala abantu bakwiiPhilippines; ngelixa kwangaxeshanye ibamba ngokungekho mthethweni uBukumkani baseHawaii kwaye ibeka abantu bomthonyama baseHawaii (abazibiza ngokuba yiKanaka Maoli) kufutshane neemeko zokubulawa kwabantu. Ukongeza, ukwandiswa komkhosi kunye nekoloniyali kaMcKinley kwiPasifiki kwakukwayilelwe ukukhusela ukuxhaphazwa kweMelika kwezoqoqosho eTshayina ngokulandela irubrikhi ye-euphemistic yomgaqo-nkqubo "womnyango ovulekileyo". Kodwa kumashumi amane eminyaka alandelayo ubukho obundlongondlongo baseMelika, imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nezenzo “kwiPasifiki” ngokungathandabuzekiyo buya kuvula indlela yohlaselo lweJapan ePearl Harbour ngomhla we-7 kaDis. Namhlanje kwinkulungwane kamva uhlaselo lwasebukhosini olwaqaliswa lwaza loyikiswa lulawulo lweRiphabhlikhi Bush Omnci. kwaye ngoku ulawulo lweDemocratic Obama lugrogrisa ngokuqalisa iMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiThathu.
Ngokusebenzisa ngokungenazintloni intlekele eyoyikekayo yomhla we-11 kuSeptemba 2001, abalawuli bakaBush Jr. baqalisa ukuba i-hydrocarbon emphaya kumazwe amaSilamsi kunye nabantu abahlala kuMbindi we-Asiya kunye nePersian Gulf phantsi kweengqikelelo zobuxoki (1) zokulwa imfazwe nezizwe ngezizwe. ubunqolobi; kunye/okanye (2) nokuphelisa izixhobo ezitshabalalisayo; kunye/okanye (3) nokukhuthazwa kwedemokhrasi; kunye/okanye (4) oku kuzibiza ngokuba “kukungenelela ngoncedo loluntu.” Kuleli xesha kuphela imiba yezelizwe ibe nkulu ngokungenasiphelo kunokuba yayinjalo kwinkulungwane edlulileyo: ulawulo kunye nolawulo lwesibini kwisithathu semithombo ye-hydrocarbon yehlabathi kwaye ngaloo ndlela eyona siseko kunye neyomeleza inkqubo yoqoqosho lwehlabathi - i-oyile negesi. Ulawulo lukaBush Jr./Obama sele lujolise kugcino lwehydrocarbon eseleyo yase-Afrika, iLatin America, kunye ne-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia ukoyisa ngakumbi okanye ukongamela, kunye neendawo zokuminxa elwandle kunye nasemhlabeni ofunekayo ukuze zihambe. Ngokuphathelene noku, ulawulo lukaBush Jr. lubhengeze ukusekwa kwe-US Pentagon's Africa Command (AFRICOM) ukuze kulawulwe ngcono, kulawulwe, kwaye kuxhaphazwe ubutyebi bendalo kunye nabantu abahlukeneyo belizwekazi laseAfrika, eyona mvelaphi yelizwe lethu. iintlobo zabantu.
Le ngqungquthela yangoku ye-impiriyali yase-US yinto uHans Morgenthau athi "i-imperialism engenamkhawulo" kumsebenzi wakhe we-Politics Among Nations (4th ed. 1968, kwi-52-53):
Imizekelo ebalaseleyo yembali ye-impiriyalizim engenamkhawulo yimigaqo-nkqubo yokwandisa kuka-Alexander Omkhulu, iRoma, ama-Arabhu kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe neyesibhozo, uNapoleon I, kunye noHitler. Bonke bafana nomnqweno wokwandisa ongaziyo imida yengqiqo, ezondlayo kwiimpumelelo zabo kwaye, ukuba ayinqandwa ngamandla aphezulu, iya kudlulela kwimida yelizwe lezopolitiko. Lo mnqweno awusayi kwaneliswa ukuba kusekho naphina into enokubakho yokulawulwa-iqela lamadoda alungelelaniswe ngokwezopolitiko athi ngokukhululeka kwawo acele umngeni kumnqweno wamandla womoyisi. Kuko, njengoko siza kubona, kanye ukunqongophala kokumodareyitha, ulangazelelo lokoyisa konke okukhokelela ekoyiseni, uphawu lwama impiriyali angenasiphelo, nto leyo kwixesha elidlulileyo eyayikukupheliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yama impiriyali yolu hlobo….
Ngomhla we-10 kuNovemba ka-1979 ndandwendwela noHans Morgenthau ekhayeni lakhe eManhattan. Yaba yincoko yethu yokugqibela ngaphambi kokuba asweleke ngowe-19 kaJulayi 1980. Ngenxa yemeko yakhe ebuthathaka emzimbeni kodwa kungekhona ngokwasengqondweni nengxaki yakhe enzulu yentliziyo, ekupheleni kwentlanganiso yethu efinyeziweyo yeyure enye ndambuza ngenjongo ukuba ucinga ntoni ngekamva. yobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe. Lo mphengululi uhlonitshwayo, iingcali zobudlelwane bezizwe ngezizwe ngokubanzi zimjonga njengomseki wesayensi yezopolitiko yanamhlanje emva kwexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, uphendule wathi:
Ikamva, liliphi ikamva? Ndiphelelwe lithemba kakhulu. Ngokombono wam ihlabathi lihamba ngokungenamdla ukuya kwimfazwe yehlabathi yesithathu-imfazwe yenyukliya enobuchule. Andikholelwa ukuba nantoni na enokwenziwa ukunqanda oko. Inkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe ayizinzanga kakhulu ukuba ingaphila ixesha elide. ISivumelwano se-SALT II sibalulekile okwangoku, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha asikwazi ukumisa umfutho. Ngethamsanqa, andikholelwa ukuba ndiya kuphila de ndiyibone loo mini. Kodwa ndiyoyika ukuba ungenza njalo.
Iimeko eziyinyani ezijikeleze ukuqhambuka kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala kunye neMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi ngoku zijikeleza njengekrele leDamocles phezu kweentloko zoluntu lonke. Kunyanzelekile ukuba senze umzamo ozinikeleyo nohlangeneyo wokuphelisa uqikelelo lokugqibela lukaHans Morgenthau malunga nentlekele yokubhubha koluntu.
Francis A. Boyle, Champlaign, IL.
UNjingalwazi woMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe
Umcebisi wezoMthetho kwiGqiza lasePalestina kwi
Iingxoxo zoXolo kuMbindi Mpuma (1991-93)