Ndiqinisekile ukuba uninzi lwabafundi bale bhlog bayazi malunga nomba ocinezelayo wokunyuka kweendleko zokufunda kwikholeji eMelika. Yingxaki enkulu. Ibali elide elifutshane: izigidi ezininzi zolutsha lwaseMelika kunye nabasebenzi baseMelika ngokukodwa bakhutshwa ngexabiso kwimarike yemfundo ephakamileyo ngexesha apho isidanga sasemva kwesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo sibaluleke kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili ekufumaneni ukhuseleko olusisiseko lwezoqoqosho, kubandakanya izinto ezincinci ezifana ne-inshurensi yezempilo. (yenziwe ifumaneke ngokuyintloko ngokuqeshwa ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-65 e-U.S.), kwi-post-industrial kunye ne-post-union yase-United States eyandayoโฆ.ctd.
Njengoko kuye kwaxelwa ngokubanzi, umkhosi wase-US utsala uninzi lwabaqeshwa kulutsha olusebenzayo olunethemba lokuhlawula iindleko ezinyukayo zasekholejini ngoncedo lwe-federal olwenzelwe imbuyekezo "yenkonzo" phesheya.
Njengomncedisi kunye nonjingalwazi wexesha elizeleyo kutshanje (undwendwela) ofundisa abafundi abangengobafundi abakumgangatho ophezulu kule minyaka ili-15 idlulileyo okanye iminyaka engaphaya, esinye isibambiso endiye ndasiqaphela linani elihlala linyuka labafundi abasokolayo ukudibanisa umsebenzi wesikolo kunye nexesha lethutyana. kwaye rhoqo-ingqesho yexesha elizeleyo eyaneleyo kunye nezibophelelo ezinxulumene nokuhamba. Uninzi lwaba bafundi babanjwe ngexesha elinzima lokunyanzeliswa ngokungekho ncinane yimfuno yokuba basebenze ngelixa bebhalisele ikholeji. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kukho ixesha elincinci lomsebenzi wekhosi eyongezelelweyo okanye ukufunda kwiindawo ezifana nesiNgesi okanye ifilosofi okanye imbali (intsimi yam) kuba yonke into malunga nokuphumelela ngokukhawuleza kwe-ASAP kumsebenzi ohlawula kakuhle (ongafumaneki kwisiNgesi, ifilosofi, kunye nembali enkulu) oko kuya kubavumela ukuba bahlawule imali-mboleko yabafundi enkulu efunekayo ukuhlangabezana neendleko zokurhwaphiliza zasekholejini.
Amatyala asemva kwemfundo ephakamileyo aquka iindleko eziphezulu zolawulo, iindleko zokhathalelo lwempilo oluqhelekileyo, ukuhla kwenkxaso yoluntu kwimfundo ephakamileyo kunye nokuthotywa kwerhafu karhulumente kunye norhulumente. Eminye yemivuzo yabafundi (i-100,000 yeedola ukuya phezulu kwiminyaka yokufundisa ephakathi kunye noshicilelo olungenamsebenzi) endiyaziyo iphumile emgceni, kodwa andiboni ukuba ukuba sisifundiswa kuninzi "kwendlela eya kubutyebi": umvuzo uyafunxa xa kuthelekiswa nomzamo woninzi wobuprofessor. Yeyiphi inxalenye, ngendlela, ye-ahy kukho abambalwa baseRiphabhlikhi kubugcisa obukhululekile kunye nesayensi yezentlalo.
Kodwa kuthekani ngale nto njengomxube owongeziweyo embizeni yokunyuka kweendleko zemfundo - imfuno karhulumente wobumbano ukuba iiyunivesithi kunye neekholeji ziphucule kwaye ziphucule uthungelwano lwekhompyuter yazo ye-Intanethi ukuququzelela isakhono sikaBig Brother UKUHLOLA I-imeyile kunye nolunye UNXIBELELWANO KWI-Intanethi? Ngokutsho kwenqaku elihlabโ umxhelo kwiNew York Times yangeCawa edluleyo, le mfuneko (ephuma kwiFCC kaGeorge Orwell Bush ngokwesicelo seSebe โLobulungisaโ) iya, โngokomlinganiselo, yandise imfundo yaminyaka le kwiiyunivesithi ezininzi zaseMerika ngeedola ezingama-450, ngexabiso eliphantsi. ixesha apho ukunyuka kweendleko zemfundo sele kuyinto ebuhlungu kubazali kunye namalungu eCongress. " Ngaphaya koko: โKwiDyunivesithi yaseNew York, โฆumyalelo ungafuna ukufakela amawaka ezixhobo ezitsha kwizakhiwo ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezingqonge iManhattan, nokuba zizitshixo ezincinci kwigunjana leecingo okanye iirotha ezinkulu ezidityanisiweyo ezitsala idatha kunye kwiindawo ezininzi kwaye ziyithumele. kwi-Intanethi, utshilo uDoug Carlson, umalathisi olawulayo weyunivesithi wezonxibelelwano neenkonzo zekhompyutha.โ
โโNgasemva kwimvulophu, oku kuya kusidla izigidi ezininzi zeedola,โ utshilo uMnu.
Iiprojekthi zeYunivesithi yase-Illinois zixabisa i-13 yezigidi zeedola.
Konke ke ilizwe leproto-fascist linokunyusa amandla alo olawulo lwengcinga egameni lemfazwe echasene "nezaphuli-mthetho, abanqolobi kunye neentlola."
Iiyunivesithi kunye nezinye zilungiselela impendulo esemthethweni.
Nali inqaku elipheleleyo leXesha:
IiKholeji ziqhankqalaza umnxeba wokuphucula iiNkqubo ze-Intanethi
Ngu-SAM DILLON kunye noSTEPHEN LABATON
NGOKU
10/23/2005
Urhulumente wobumbano, ekwandisa kakhulu ukufikelela kumthetho oneminyaka eli-11 ubudala, ufuna amakhulu eedyunivesithi, iinkampani zonxibelelwano lwe-intanethi kunye nezixeko ukuba zilungise uthungelwano lwekhompyutha ye-Intanethi ukuze kube lula ukuba abasemagunyeni babeke iliso kwi-imeyile kunye nezinye i-intanethi. unxibelelwano.
Eli nyathelo urhulumente athi lenzelwe ukunceda ukubamba abanqolobi nezinye izaphuli-mthetho, liye lavelisa uqhankqalazo kunye nesigrogriso sokumangalelwa ezidyunivesiti, esithi siza kuxabisa ubuncinane iibhiliyoni ezisixhenxe zeerandi ngoxa zingenzi nto ingako ukubamba abo baphula umthetho. Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente kuya kufuneka aphumelele umyalelo wenkundla ngaphambi kokuba abeke iliso, iiyunivesithi aziyiphakamisi imiba yenkululeko.
Umyalelo, okhutshwe yi-Federal Communications Commission ngo-Agasti kwaye wapapashwa okokuqala kwiRejista ye-Federal kwiveki ephelileyo, wandisa amalungiselelo omthetho we-wiretap we-1994 kungekhona kuphela kwiiyunivesithi, kodwa nakwiilayibrari, izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ezibonelela ngenkonzo engenazintambo kunye nababoneleli bokufikelela kwi-Intanethi.
Ikwasebenza koomasipala ababonelela nge-Intanethi kubahlali, nokuba ziidolophu zasemaphandleni okanye izixeko ezinjengePhiladelphia kunye neSan Francisco, ezinezicwangciso zokwakha uthungelwano lwabo lokufikelela kwiNet.
Noko ke, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iiyunivesiti ziye zavakalisa ukuchasa kwazo.
Umthetho we-1994, i-Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, ufuna abathwali bemfonomfono ukuba benze injineli yeenkqubo zabo zokutshintsha ngeendleko zabo ukuze ii-arhente ze-federal zikwazi ukufumana ukufikelela lula ekucupheni.
Ukuqonda ukukhula komnxeba osekwe kwi-Intanethi kunye nolunye unxibelelwano, lo myalelo ufuna ukuba imibutho efana neeyunivesithi ezibonelela ngofikelelo lwe-Intanethi ithobele umthetho ngentwasahlobo ka-2007.
ISebe lezoBulungisa lacela lo myalelo kulo nyaka uphelileyo, lisithi itekhnoloji entsha efana nenkonzo yomnxeba kwi-Intanethi ibeka emngciphekweni amandla onyanzeliso-mthetho okuqhuba umnxeba โkumlo wabo ngokuchasene nabaphuli-mthetho, abanqolobi kunye neentlola.โ
Amagosa eSebe lezoBulungisa, anqabile ukuphawula ngeli nqaku, athi kwiinkcazo zabo ezibhaliweyo ezifakwe kwi-Federal Communications Commission ukuba iimfuno ezitsha zaziyimfuneko ukugcina umthetho we-1994 "usebenza xa ujongene nokutshintsha okukhulu kweshishini lezonxibelelwano" kunye vumela abomthetho ukuba "baphumeze umsebenzi wabo phezu kobuchwephesha obuhambela phambili ngokukhawuleza."
I-F.C.C. ithi iqwalasela ukuba amaziko emfundo angawakhulula kusini na kweminye imiqathango yomthetho, kodwa ayikaluniki ixesha lokwandiswa kokuthotyelwa.
Amagqwetha eBhunga lezeMfundo laseMelika, umbutho omkhulu wesizwe weeyunivesithi neekholeji, alungiselela ukubhena lo myalelo phambi kweNkundla yeziBheno yaseUnited States yeSithili saseColumbia Circuit, uTerry W. Hartle, usekela mongameli omkhulu webhunga, watsho uLwesihlanu.
Iziko leDemokhrasi kunye neTekhnoloji, iqela elingenzi nzuzo lenkululeko yoluntu, liye lafaka abamangali kumceli mngeni wezomthetho owahlukileyo, kugxilwe kwinkcaso kulawulo lukarhulumente malunga nendlela imibutho, kuquka amakhulu eenkampani zeteknoloji zabucala, iinkqubo zokuyila i-Intanethi, uJames X. Dempsey, iziko. umlawuli olawulayo, utshilo uLwesihlanu.
Iiyunivesithi azilithandabuzi ilungelo likarhulumente lokusebenzisa i-wiretaps ukujonga ubunqolobi okanye abarhanelwa bolwaphulo-mthetho kwiikholeji zekholeji, uMnumzana Hartle uthe, kuphela ixesha lomyalelo okhawulezayo wokuthotyelwa kunye neendleko ezingaqhelekanga.
Iingcali zetekhnoloji ezigcinwe zizikolo ziqikelela ukuba zinokubiza iidyunivesithi ubuncinci i-7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuthenga nje iiswitshi ze-Intanethi kunye neerutha eziyimfuneko ukuze zithotyelwe. Elo nani alibandakanyi ukufakwa okanye iindleko zokuqesha kunye nokuqeqesha abasebenzi ukuba bajonge ukujikeleza okucokisekileyo ubusuku nemini, njengoko umthetho ufuna, iingcali zathi.
โLo ngumama wawo onke amagunya angaxhaswanga ngemali,โ utshilo uMnu. Hartle.
Nolona qikelelo lusezantsi lweendleko zokuthotyelwa lunokuthi, ngokomyinge, lunyuse izifundo zonyaka kwiiyunivesithi ezininzi zaseMelika nge-450 yeedola, ngexesha apho iindleko zemfundo ezikhulayo sele zibuhlungu kubazali kunye namalungu eCongress, uMnu. Hartle uthe.
KwiYunivesithi yaseNew York, umzekelo, lo myalelo ungafuna ukufakela amawaka ezixhobo ezitsha kwizakhiwo ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezingqonge iManhattan, nokuba zizitshixo ezincinci kwigunjana leecingo okanye iirutha ezinkulu ezidibanisa idatha kunye kwiindawo ezininzi kwaye ziyithumele ngaphezulu. I-Intanethi, utshilo uDoug Carlson, umlawuli olawulayo weyunivesithi wezonxibelelwano kunye neenkonzo zekhompyuter.
โNgasemva kwimvulophu, oku kuya kusixabisa izigidi ezininzi zeerandi,โ utshilo uMnu. Carlson.
F.C.C. amagosa ala ukuphawula esidlangalaleni, ecaphula uphononongo lwabo oluqhubekayo lokuxolelwa kunokwenzeka kumyalelo.
Amanye amagosa karhulumente athi abajonganga ukuthotyelwa njengeendleko ezigqithisileyo kwiikholeji kuba lo myalelo awufuni kujongwa kuthungelwano oluvumela abafundi kunye nabafundisi ukuba banxibelelane kuphela phakathi kwabo, njengeenkonzo ze-intranet. Bakwathe izikolo ziya kufuneka ukuba zenze uthungelwano lwazo lufikeleleke kunyanzeliso lomthetho kuphela kwindawo apho olo nxibelelwano lunxibelelana nelizwe langaphandle.
I-Educause, umbutho ongenzi ngeniso weeyunivesithi namanye amaqela aqeshe amagqwetha ukuba alungiselele owawo ucelomngeni lomthetho, yazisa amalungu awo ngalo myalelo kwileta kaSeptemba 29 eyatyobelwa nguMark A. Luker, usekela-mongameli we-Educause.
UMnu Luker ucebise iiyunivesithi ukuba ziqalise ukucwangcisa indlela yokuthobela lo myalelo, apho amagosa eyunivesithi achaza njengomngeni ongaqhelekanga wezobuchwepheshe.
Ngokungafaniyo nenkonzo yefowuni, ethumela ilizwi le-elektroniki elizinzileyo phezu kocingo, ukuhanjiswa kwe-imeyile kunye nolunye ulwazi kwi-Intanethi luthumela iipakethi zedatha ezidityanisiweyo kwelinye icala lencoko kwaye ziphinde zihlanganiswe kwelinye.
Iidyunivesiti zibonelela ngamakhulu eendawo zokufikelela kwi-Intanethi, kubandakanywa amagumbi okuphumla kunye nezinye iindawo ezibonelela ngenkonzo engenazingcingo kunye neejekhi ze-Intanethi kumathala eencwadi, kwiindawo zokulala, kumagumbi okufundela nakwiilabhoratri, ezihlala zisasazwa kuninzi lwezakhiwo.
Ukuba amagosa ogcino-mthetho afumana umyalelo wenkundla wokubekโ esweni unxibelelwano lwe-Intanethi lomntu othile eyunivesithi, indlela esetyenziswayo ngoku kukusebenza ngokuzolileyo namagosa ekhampasi ukuze akhethe iindawo ezithile aze afakele izixhobo ezifunekayo ukwenza ucupho. Le ndlela yobugcisa obuphantsi isebenze kakuhle kwixesha elidlulileyo, amagosa kwiikhampasi ezininzi athi.
Kodwa umthetho wobumbano uya kusebenzisa indlela yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, evumela ukuthotyelwa komthetho ukubeka iliso kunxibelelwano kwiikhampasi ukusuka kwiindawo ezikude ekujikeni.
Kuya kufuna ukuba iiyunivesithi ziphinde zenze ubunjineli bothungelwano lwazo ukuze yonke indawo yofikelelo kwi-Net ithumele lonke unxibelelwano hayi ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Intanethi, kodwa kuqala kwiziko lemisebenzi yenethiwekhi apho iipakethi zedatha zinokudityaniswa zibe yiphakheji enye yokuhanjiswa kunyanzeliso lomthetho. , amagosa eyunivesithi athi.
UAlbert Gidari Jr., igqwetha laseSeattle kwifem iPerkins Coie emele i-Educause, uthe yena kunye nabanye abameli beeyunivesithi bebethethathethana namagqwetha kunye namagosa etekhnoloji avela kwiFederal Bureau of Investigation, iSebe lezoKhuseleko lwaseKhaya kunye nezinye iiarhente ukusukela oko. kwintwasahlobo malunga nemiba equka ukuba zeziphi iimfuno zobugcisa iiyunivesiti ezinokufuna ukuhlangabezana nazo ukuze zithobele umthetho.
โLo ngumlo wokuba iBuick ilungile ngokwaneleyo, okanye ufuna iLexus?โ Watsho uMnumzana Gidari. "I-F.B.I. liziko elikhokelayo, kwaye banyanzelisa iLexus.โ
Unyanzeliso lomthetho alufane lucele ukuba lubeke iliso kunxibelelwano lwe-Intanethi naphi na, kuncinci kwiikhampasi zaseyunivesithi okanye kumathala eencwadi, ngokweZiko leDemokhrasi neTekhnoloji. Ngo-2003, yi-12 kuphela kwi-1,442 imiyalelo ye-wiretap karhulumente kunye ne-federal eyakhutshelwa unxibelelwano lwekhompyutha, kunye ne-F.B.I. khange iphikise ukuba ibinobunzima bokusebenzisa ezo fowuni zili-12, latsho iziko.
"Sihlala sibuza i-FBI, Yintoni ingxaki ozama ukuyicombulula?" UMnu Dempsey watsho. โKwaye abakhange babonise nayiphi na ingxaki kuyo nayiphi na iyunivesithi okanye nawuphi na umboneleli wokufikelela kwi-Intanethi owenza inzuzo. I-F.B.I. kufuneka ibonise ngokuthe ngqo ukuba kutheni ifuna ukubeka umthwalo ophazamisayo nobiza imali eninzi kangaka.โ
ULarry D. Conrad, igosa eliyintloko lolwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseFlorida State, apho izakhiwo ezingaphezu kwe-140 zixhotyiswe ukufikelela kwi-Intanethi, wathi kukho iindlela ezilula zokumisela i-wiretaps ye-Intanethi.
โKodwa uloyiko endinalo,โ utshilo uMnu. Conrad, โkukuba urhulumente uya kulawula ukuba yonke le nto kufuneka izenzekele, nangaliphi na ixesha, oko kuya kuthetha ukuba kuya kufuneka ndiyilwe ngokutsha uthungelwano lwethu lwekhampasi.โ
Uqhube wathi, "Kubonakala ngathi kukugqwesa ukwenza onke la maziko achithe le mali ingako kwimeko yemeko."
IYunivesithi yase-Illinois ithi ixhalabile malunga nomyalelo kuba ikunyaka wesibini wokuphuculwa kwe-20 yezigidi zeerandi kuthungelwano lwekhampasi. UPeter Siegel, igosa eliyintloko lolwazi kule yunivesithi, uqikelele ukuba le mithetho mitsha iya kufuna ukuba iyunivesiti ithenge izixhobo ezitsha ezingama-2,100, ngexabiso le-13 yezigidi zeerandi ezongezelelweyo, ukuze zithathe indawo yezixhobo ezitsha kraca.
โKufana nokuba uthenga imoto entsha, emva koko
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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