Ukwenza Inzuzo Ngaphandle Kokuvelisa: Indlela Izimali Ezisixhaphaza Ngayo Sonke
Udliwanondlebe kunye Aaron Leonard
Incwadi entsha kanjingalwazi wezoqoqosho uCostas Lapavitsas Ukwenza Inzuzo Ngaphandle Kokuvelisa: Indlela Izimali Ezisixhaphaza Ngayo Sonke, Ukuphonononga kwihlabathi elinzima lezemali, indawo apho ubutyebi bubonakala buyinto engekhoyo, kodwa enefuthe elimangalisayo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. ILapavitsas ijongana nenye yezona ngcamango zintsha kwaye mhlawumbi ziphikisana kakhulu kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko: ukufakwa kwemali. UAaron Leonard kutshanje ubhalele unjingalwazi uLapavitsas nge-imeyile ukumbuza malunga nencwadi yakhe entsha kunye neziphumo zayo ezibanzi.
Ubhala, "Ukhathalelo olubonakalayo luyafuneka ukuba ungaphelelwa kukuphatha imali njenge-parasitical okanye iseti yentelekelelo yemisebenzi, ngaloo ndlela yabela ukuxhasa ngemali umlinganiswa onokuthi alahlekise." Yintoni kanye kanye ukufakwa kwemali kwaye yintoni ingozi yokuyigxotha ngokulula?
Akukho ntsingiselo ekuvunyelwene ngayo ngokubanzi malunga nokwenza imali. Ndiyiqonda njengenguqu yembali yoqoqosho longxowankulu - inguqu ye-epochal eyenzeka kwiminyaka engamashumi amane edlulileyo.
Kuya kuba yimpazamo ukucinga ngokwenziwa kwemali njengokunyuka okumangalisayo kwezemali, okanye ukukhula kweengeniso ezicingelwayo. Ukwenziwa kwemali ngokusisiseko malunga nokuguqulwa kwamashishini kunye nezoshishino, ukufuna inzuzo kwimisebenzi yezemali; ukuguqulwa kweebhanki, ukufuna inzuzo kwiintengiselwano zemali kunye nokujongana nemizi; inguqu, ekugqibeleni, yemizi, ifunxwa kwimisebenzi yemali ukuze iboleke kodwa nokulawula umhlalaphantsi kunye ne-inshorensi. Imele inguqu enzulu kwezoqoqosho kodwa kwanentlalontle, echaphazela nkqu nemigaqo yokuziphatha.
Yintoni eyenziwa yimali enxulumene nengxaki yezoqoqosho ye-2007-2008 - okanye ukubeka enye indlela - kutheni sifanele sikhathazeke malunga nokuxhaswa kwemali namhlanje?
Ingxubakaxaka ka-2007-2009 yingxaki yenkqubo yobungxowankulu obunemali. Cinga ngako: intlekele enkulu yehlabathi yaqhambuka ngenxa yokuba amashishini ezezimali ase-US abolekise ngemali embi kwelona candelo lihlwempuzekileyo labasebenzi base-US. Uphuhliso olunjalo lwalungenakucingelwa ukuba ngenkulungwane ye-19.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ukuqokelelwa kongxowankulu bokwenyani bekusebunzimeni obunzima ixesha elide kunye nenzuzo, nangona sele ibuyile, ihlala ibuthathaka ngokwemigangatho yee-1960s. Le yimvelaphi apho ukuxhaswa ngemali kuvelise ulandelelwano lwamaqamza oluchaphazela kakhulu uqoqosho lokwenyani xa luqhambuka.
Kukho isicatshulwa esiye satsala ingqalelo yam ngokukhethekileyo: โUkwindla lolawulo lwase-US, nokuba kungenxa yemali okanye akunjalo, luye lwangqamana nokungena okuninzi okuya e-U.S., kuquka ngokuphawulekayo, okuvela kwamanye awona mazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ehlabathini.โ Oku kubonakala kuyindida. Ungakwazi ukwandisa?
Ngenene le yenye yeempixano ezinkulu zokwenziwa kwemali. Ukukhula kwezemali kwehlabathi kuxelwe kwangaphambili kwindima yedola njengemali yogcino lwehlabathi-ezona zinto zikufutshane ezikhoyo kwimali yehlabathi namhlanje. Amazwe asakhasayo, ingakumbi iTshayina, kodwa kwanamanye amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ehlabathini ebeqokelela iidola ukuze akwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimarike yehlabathi. Iidola zigcinwa ngokuthenga iibhondi zorhulumente wase-US, oko kukuthi, ngokuthumela inkunzi e-US Isiphumo kukuba, ngokwenetha, i-US ifumene inkunzi kwihlabathi liphela, ingayithumeli ngaphandle.
Eli lilungelo elikhulu elivumela i-US ukuba ixhase ngemali urhulumente wayo. Amazwe asaphuhlayo, okwangoku, akhokelelwa ekubeni enze imali kuqoqosho lwawo njengoko efumana ii-asethi zase-U.S.
Kwisiphelo obhalayo, "Ukujongana nokwenziwa kwezemali sisimo esikhokelela kwiimbono ezichasene nongxowankulu, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezenzo." Kutheni le nto kunjalo, kunokuba ngumzekelo, imodeli yokulawula imali, ngokubhekiselele kwibhalansi engaphezulu, oko kukuthi ihlabathi laseKeynesian apho uqoqosho lulawulwa ngokubhekiselele kwiminqweno yengqesho epheleleyo kunye nazo zonke ezizisayo?
Ukwenziwa kwemali yinguqu eyimbali, inguqu enzulu yoqoqosho longxowankulu olukhulileyo noluphuhlayo. Ayisosiphumo nje sotshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo, olufana nokukhululwa kwemali, nangona ngokuqinisekileyo babe negalelo kuyo. Oku kulandela ukuba ukuxhaswa ngemali akunakujongwa nje ngokulawula imali, okanye ukwenza utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo kwinqanaba loqoqosho olukhulu. Ngokwendalo, ezi kufuneka zenzeke ukunqanda imali kodwa kuninzi okufunekayo ukubuyisela umva ukwenziwa kwemali.
Ukucacisa ngakumbi, ukusebenza kwemizi-mveliso kunye neshishini lorhwebo kuya kufuneka ukuba kude nezimali; kuya kufuneka kubekho ubunini boluntu kunye nolawulo kwiibhanki; kwakhona kuya kufuneka ukuba kubuyiselwe ubonelelo lukawonke-wonke lwezindlu, imfundo, impilo kunye nomhlalaphantsi ukuze kuthathelwe imali kubomi bomsebenzi ngamnye. Olu lutshintsho olunzulu kuqoqosho noluntu oluya kuhambisa ulungelelwaniso lwamandla ngokuchasene nenkunzi kwaye luthande abasebenzi.
Ngokunxulumene naloo nto, kutheni, ngokombono wakho, isoshiyali - ukuba ndiyayiqonda into oyibhala ngokuchanekileyo - ke eyona ndlela yokwenyani?
Umzabalazo wokubuyisela umva inkqubo yezemali yinxalenye yomzabalazo wokufikelela kubusoshiyali. Akuyomfuneko ukufezekisa isoshiyali ukuze kubuyiselwe umva inkqubo yezemali, eneneni ukufikelela kwisocialism ngumba onzima kakhulu. Kodwa ukulwela ukubamba imali kunye nokususa impembelelo yayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomlo wobusoshiyali. Olu luhlobo kanye lobusoshiyali esiludingayo kule nkulungwane yama-21 - imibutho, intsebenziswano, idemokhrasi kunye nentshayelelo yokujongana neengxaki zentlalo ngobukhapitali obunemali.
U-Costas Lapavitsas nguNjingalwazi wezoQoqosho kwiSikolo se-Oriental and African Studies, kwiYunivesithi yaseLondon. Ulilungu loPhando lweMali kunye neMali (RMF). Ungumbhali ophambili wengxelo entsha ye-RMF โUkuqhawulwa? Indlela yokuphuma kwiNgxaki ye-Eurozone.โ Iimpapasho zakhe zangaphambili zibandakanya Iziseko zeNtlalo yeeMarike, imali kunye neTyala kwaye UQoqosho lwezoPolitiko lweMali kunye nezeMali.
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