Eyokuqala: Esi sincoko sicinga kwakhona ngezinye iinzame zangaphambili zokuqonda ngokubanzi utshintsho lwentlalo, ngakumbi kwisincoko sika-2005, Ukukhangela iRadicalism yeNkolo, kunye nebhlog yam yangaphambiliUtopian Longings. Le yeyokuqala kuthotho olucetywayo.
Intshayelelo:
Ixesha elisusela ku-1955-1975, elibizwa ngokubanzi ngokuba โngama-60s,โ liphawula elona xesha lamva nje lotshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwentlalo-ntle yoluntu kuluntu lwale mihla, kuquka i-USA neYurophu. Nangona isenokungabi yinguquko ngokwenkcazo engqongqo, utshintsho oluqhubekayo lwexesha elizayo luya kuchazwa ngokwenqanaba elikhulu ngelo xesha.
Ngaphambi kweminyaka yee-1960, iipolitiki ezibukhali zazilawulwa ziingcamango ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo, i-anarchism kunye ne-Marxism. I-Anarchism yafikelela kwincopho yayo kwiMvukelo yaseSpain yowe-1936, kunye neentshukumo ezibalulekileyo ze-anarchist kumazwe amaninzi ngelo xesha. Olona loyiso ludumileyo lukaMarx yaba yiMvukelo yamaBolshevik yaseRashiya ngowe-1917, eyathi ekugqibeleni yaseka iqela lezobupolitika lesibini elinamandla ehlabathini emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini.
Ngeminyaka yee-1960 kwavela oko kubizwa ngokuba โyimibutho emitsha yentlalontleโ eyayichaza ngokutsha iipolitiki ezineengcwangu. Ngoxa i-Marxism yayigxininise kubukhapitali obuchasayo, yaye i-anarchism yajolisa inkcaso yayo kuRhulumente, imibutho emitsha yasekuhlaleni yaphawula iinkqubo ezahlukahlukeneyo zolawulo nengcinezelo entlalweni ezinjengokulawula kwamadoda, ubuhlanga, ukulwa, nokuxhaphaza indalo.
I-Anarchism kunye ne-Marxism nganye yabanga ukuba umzabalazo wabo ocacileyo owahlukileyo wawungundoqo kunye nomzabalazo wehlabathi jikelele owawuchaza inkululeko yomntu. Ngokunjalo, imibutho emitsha yentlalontle iya kuyiphakamisela phezulu imizabalazo yayo kwindawo esembindini. Isiphumo ekuhambeni kwexesha yaba kukuwohloka kwayo nayiphi na imvisiswano yombutho kunye nokuphila ixesha elide, kwakunye namandla enguquko angazange aphunyezwe. Ngamanye amazwi, ngaphandle kombono omanyanisayo wezentlalo, akukho revolution yokwenene eyaphunyezwa ngeminyaka yee-1960, phezu kwawo nje amandla anamandla awayehlanganiswa ngeli xesha.
Iinzame ezininzi zenziwe ukusukela kwiminyaka yama-60s ukumanyanisa, ngokwethiyori, imibutho eyahlukeneyo yezentlalo, ngethemba lokuba oku kuya kunceda ukuzaliseka kwesithembiso esiqatha seminyaka yee-1960s. Indlela ethathwa apha kweli phulo lokumanyanisa iya kuba ntlantlu-mbini. Okokuqala, ukuchonga imibutho esisiseko yentlalontle ekufuneka idityaniswe kwiparadigm entsha. Okwesibini, ukuphonononga ukuhambelana okusisiseko kweentshukumo eziphambili zentlalo, oko kukuthi, ukuchonga ukuba yintoni na, ukuba kukho nantoni na, ebadibanisayo.
Kuluhlu olunikiweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kunokucetyiswa ukuba ubuncinane imibutho emithandathu yentlalontle ngabagqatswa bepaladigm entsha, eyile, iMarxism, i-anarchism, i-feminism, inkcaso yobuhlanga, i-pacifism, kunye nemekobume. Ekubeni iMarxism kunye ne-anarchism zichazwa njengeethiyori ezikhethekileyo ezinamabango amanyanisayo aza kuvavanywa kwinxalenye yesibini yesi sincoko, ziinkcazo zabo eziqhelekileyo - ukuchasana nongxowankulu kunye nedemokhrasi ebukhali, ngokulandelelanayo - iya kuqwalaselwa.
Nangona abagqatswa abathandathu bemibutho yentlalontle bebonakala bengaphezu kokwaneleyo, iingxoxo zingenziwa ukuba uluhlu alukaphelelanga. Ingakumbi ukusukela kwiminyaka yama-60s ibe ziintshukumo zesazisi ngokwesondo, ezinje nge-gay, i-lesbian, i-bisexual, i-transgender, i-polyamory, kunye ne-queer movements. Omnye umgqatswa oza kuqwalaselwa udla ngokuchongwa kunye neLungelo, oko kukuthi imibutho yezenkolo yezentlalo. Ukuquka iintshukumo zenkolo kolu phononongo kubonakala kuthetheleleka kwimbali yokuchasana nobuhlanga kunye neentshukumo ezichasene nemfazwe zombini ezinobudlelwane obuqinileyo nenkolo elungelelanisiweyo. Uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwentlangano yonqulo oluza kuhlolwa apha lunokubizwa ngokuba โlunqulo olunenkqubela.โ
Inyathelo elilandelayo liya kuba kukuqwalasela aba baviwa kwiintshukumo eziphambili zentlalo-ukuchasa ubungxowankulu, idemokhrasi engqongqo, ubufazi, ukuchasana nobuhlanga, i-pacifism, indalo esingqongileyo, isazisi ngokwesondo, kunye nenkolo eqhubela phambili - kwaye bacebise ukumanyana kwabo ngokuzidibanisa zibe ziindawo ezinkulu okanye nokuba yimbumba enye emanyeneyo.
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Nikela