Itekhnoloji kunye neParecon

Luluphi unxibelelwano phakathi kwetekhnoloji kunye nezoqoqosho kunye ne-parecon?

Itekhnoloji iyafana nesayensi, kunjalo, kwiindlela zayo zokusukela kunye nengqiqo yophuhliso. Abo basebenzela ukuyivelisa kwi-parecon, ngoku masiyibize ngokuba yi-applied science, bafana nabo basebenza kuyo nayiphi na enye into ephathelele impembelelo, iimeko nomvuzo. Utshintsho olubalulekileyo kukuzimisela kobuphi ubuchwephesha obufanele ukulandelwa kwaye buphunyezwe. Kubungxowankulu oku kumiselwa ngamathuba okwenza inzuzo kunye nesidingo sokugcina okanye nokwandiswa kwamalungelo anxulumene nabaphezulu okubandakanya ukongamela kongxowankulu kunye nodidi lwabaququzeleli kunye noluhlu lwemigangatho malunga nobuhlanga, isini, ipolitiki, njl.

Ngenxa yoko isalathiso sokuyila kobuchwepheshe sibonisa iimfuno zamacandelo acutheneyo oluntu, hayi impilo yoluntu ngokubanzi kunye nophuhliso.

E-US, umzekelo, amaphupha amabi kwezobuchwepheshe ayanda. Ngokwenene yonke imbono yetekhnoloji ephezulu kunye neteknoloji ephantsi iyaveza. Bubuchwephesha obuphezulu ukuba bubandakanya izixhobo ezinkulu kunye nokuchithwa okukhulu kwexesha kunye namandla ukuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa (amathuba amaninzi enzuzo). Yitekhnoloji ephantsi ukuba ilula, icocekile, kwaye iyaqondakala (amathuba engeniso ambalwa). Kutheni ingeyiyo itekhnoloji ephezulu ukuba iphucula kakhulu impilo yoluntu kunye nophuhliso, kunye netekhnoloji ephantsi ukuba ithande ukuba nesiphumo esichaseneyo?

Iibhombu ze-Smart zezona ziphezulu zobuchwephesha obuphezulu, kubukhulu bazo obubulalayo. Inkqubo yogutyulo lwelindle, ngokuchaseneyo, yinto eqhelekileyo, eyona nto ingcono. Ukanti eyangaphambili ibulala kuphela kwaye kamva iyasindisa.

Ukufuna amachiza amatsha aneenzuzo ezithandabuzekayo okanye ezingenazo iinzuzo zempilo ezinzulu bubuchwephesha obuphezulu. Ukusebenzela ukuba izibhedlele zicoceke kwaye zingabinazintsholongwane kubuchwephesha obuphantsi – kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwizithethe zezempilo. Eyokuqala inenzuzo kwizityebi kwaye inamandla ekuqokeleleni ubutyebi obungakumbi. Le yokugqibela iluncedo kuluntu lonke ekwandiseni ubomi obude kunye nomgangatho wobomi, kodwa ngenene inokuthi icuthe kancinci inzuzo, ubuncinci ixesha elifutshane. I-Capitalism ilandela eyokuqala kwaye iyayikhaba le yokugqibela.

E-US ukufuna ubuchwepheshe bemizi-mveliso kuninzi malunga nenzuzo. Oku kuneempembelelo ezahlukeneyo. Itekhnoloji yase-US ifuna ukusungula izinto ezintsha ukuze kuthotywe iindleko zentengiso ezimiselwe yimarike ezithi kuyo nayiphi na imeko ilahlekise yonke into, ingathomalalisanga iziphumo ezibi zemveliso kokusingqongileyo nakubasebenzi. Ngaloo ndlela ubugcisa obusebenzisa izinto ezincinci ezimele ukuthengwa buyafunwa, kodwa ubugcisa obukhupha ungcoliseko oluncinane okanye obubangela uxinezeleko oluncinane kubasebenzi abuyonto iphambili ngaphandle kokuba abanini banyanzelwa yimibutho yasekuhlaleni ukuba basukele.

Itekhnoloji yase-US ifuna ukwandisa isabelo semakethi ngokukholisa abaphulaphuli ukuba bathenge iimveliso kungakhathaliseki ixabiso le-innovation ehlanganisiweyo (okanye iindleko zayo zentlalo kwiimveliso eziphumayo) okanye ukuguqulwa koyilo olubandakanyiweyo kunye neempawu zokubonisa. Yiyo ke loo nto imithombo yobutyebi kunye namandla oluntu aye ekuyileni ukupakishwa kunye nokuqikelelwa kunye nokuvelisa intengiso, ehlala isetyenziselwa ukutshintshana ngokupheleleyo kunye nemveliso engafunekiyo okanye eyingozi. Wonke umntu uyayazi. Yakhelwe ngaphakathi. Kwinkqubo yethu, ukuthatha loo nkqubo njengenikiweyo, sesinye isibakala esicaphukisayo sobomi.

Itekhnoloji yase-US ngokunjalo ifuna ukwandisa udidi lwabalungelelanisi kunye nolawulo longxowankulu lwezithethe zasemsebenzini nokuba zithini na iimpembelelo kubasebenzi abangezantsi, okanye enyanisweni kuquka ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo lokucalula kunye nokwahlulwa. Njengobungqina beli bango elicace kakhulu, qwalasela uhlobo lomatshini owaziswa ngexesha le-Industrial Revolution ngamagqabaza ka-Andrew Ure, umcebisi wabaninimzi-mveliso, “[i]nemizi-mveliso yokusonta imisonto erhabaxa. . .abasonta iimeyile [abasebenzi abanobuchule] baye bawasebenzisa kakubi amagunya abo ngokungaphaya kokunyamezela, belawula ngeyona ndlela yokukhukhumala. . . phezu kweenkosi zabo. Imivuzo ephezulu. . . kwiimeko ezininzi, baye baxabisa ibhongo kwaye banikezela ngemali yokuxhasa imimoya ephikisayo kugwayimbo. . . . Ngexesha lesiphithiphithi esibi solu hlobo. . . oongxowankulu abaliqela. . . baye babhenela koomatshini abadumileyo. . . yaseManchester. . . [ukwakha] imeyile ezibambayo. . . . Oku kuyilwayo kungqina imfundiso ebalaseleyo esele ichaziwe, yokuba xa inkunzi ifaka inzululwazi enkonzweni yayo, umsebenzi ongavumiyo uya kusoloko ufundiswa ukuthobeka.” [Andrew Ure, Intanda-bulumko Yokuvelisa, iphepha 336-368]

Okanye kutshanje, ngokubhekisele kwiimeko zale mihla, qwalasela isishwankathelo sikaDavid Noble esithi “Ingxowankulu ityale imali koomatshini ababeza komeleza inkqubo yolawulo [kwindawo yokusebenza], yaye esi sigqibo sotyalo-mali, esinokuthi ekuhambeni kwexesha sinike ubuchule obukhethiweyo ukuba bube noqoqosho, Yayingesosigqibo sezoqoqosho kodwa sezobupolitika, esinesohlwayo senkcubeko.”

Ingongoma kukuba phantsi kwemithetho yobungxowankulu akusayi kubakho mali yokuphanda ngentlangano entsha yendawo yokusebenza kunye nokuyila okanye izixhobo ezitsha ngenjongo yokuba impilo nesidima, singasathethi ke ngolwazi namandla abasebenzi kufuneka baphuculwe, kodwa kanye ngokuchaseneyo.

Itekhnoloji yase-US ikwafuna ukugxotha iindlela ezintsha ezinokunciphisa amathuba okwenza inzuzo kwabo basele bezizityebi, nokuba kuphulukene nentlalontle yoluntu kunye nentlalontle yoluntu lonke. Ungaze ucinge ngokutshintshela ioyile njengesithambiso sentlalo kunye nepetroli okoko nje kukho iingeniso eziza kutsalwa ekusebenziseni kwayo, njengomzekelo omnye. Uqoqosho luza kutyhalela ekwenzeni oko kwaye ziintshukumo zentlalo kuphela ezinokukhuthaza ukufuna ngamandla umoya, amanzi, i-geothermal kunye nezinye iindlela, ngakumbi ezo zinokubeka ulawulo lwamagunya, zicuthe ubuchwephesha obuxhamlayo kumacandelo akhethekileyo, kunye nomngeni kumaziko amakhulu olawulo malunga nee-ajenda zabo zangoku.

Kwaye itekhnoloji yase-US ifuna ukuphumeza intando yabenzi bemfazwe ye-geopolitical kunye nabathethathethwano ngokubonelelwa kwezixhobo zobuchwephesha - iibhombu ezikrelekrele, iibhombu ezinkulu, iibhombu ezibulalayo, kunye neenqwelo zokuzisa, ewe. Ke ukuba ungumntu oselula onokuthi aqalise ukwenza izinto ezintsha, uxinzelelo lwento ekufuneka uyifundile, bubuphi ubuchule omawuphuhlise, kwaye bubuphi ubuntu omawubukhulise, ukuba ufuna “ukuphumelela,” lukhulu kakhulu. Akukho mntu uthandabuzayo ngokunyanisekileyo nayiphi na kwezi. Kuyabonakala nakwinkcubeko edumileyo ukuba ithathwa njengento engakanani. Into abantu abathandabuzayo, kuphela, kukuba kukho enye indlela.

Kuthekani ngobudlelwane be-parecon kwitekhnoloji?

Njengoko uDavid Noble wabongoza kudliwano-ndlebe neThe Chronicle of Higher Education, “Akukho mntu ucebisa ukutyeshela itekhnoloji ngokupheleleyo. Sisiphakamiso esingenangqiqo. Umntu uzalwa ze; asinakuphila ngaphandle kokuveliswa kwethu. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa okuluncedo kufuna ukucingisiswa ngokubanzi kunye nokuqhubekayo. Inyathelo lokuqala ekusetyenzisweni ngobulumko kwezinto esiziyileyo iya kuba kukudala indawo yentlalo apho oku kunokuphononongwa ngokucokisekileyo.” Ukongeza, esi sithuba akufuneki silungiselele abantu kuphela ukuba bavavanye ngokufanelekileyo ukhetho, kwaye singabamkeli nje kuphela ukwenza oko, kufuneka sisuse inkuthazo kunye noxinzelelo oluchasene nokusebenzisa kwabo njengezithethe kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni ezivela ngokwenene kwaye zixhasa abantu. intlalontle kunye nophuhliso. Ngaba i-parecon iyayenza yonke loo nto kwaye ke ixhasa uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe olunqwenelekayo?

Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni womgodi wamalahle, isibhedlele, kunye nendlu yokupapasha iincwadi kuluntu olunoqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba. Ngaphakathi kwindawo nganye kukho abantu abajongene nokuvavanya umsebenzi kunye neemeko kunye nokucebisa utyalo-mali olunokwenzeka ukutshintsha ubudlelwane bemveliso kunye nezinto ezinokwenzeka, kungekhona ukufuna inzuzo enkulu - udidi olungekhoyo kwi-parecon - kodwa kusukelo lokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi kunye noluntu. igalelo lemathiriyeli ukubonelela ngeendlela zokwaneliseka okukhulu kunye nophuhliso lwabo batya imveliso yasemsebenzini kunye neyabasebenzi abayivelisayo.

Emgodini wamalahle kukho isiphakamiso sobuchule obutsha, obunokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ulwazi olutsha lwesayensi okanye lobugcisa, oluya kunciphisa ubunzima bomsebenzi kunye nokwandisa ukhuseleko lwawo, okanye, ukuba ufuna, oko kuya kunciphisa imiphumo yongcoliseko lomsebenzi.

Esibhedlele kukho isiphakamiso somatshini omtsha oya kwandisa ukusebenza kokuphilisa kwiimeko ezithile, okanye kwakhona, ukunciphisa ubunzima bemisebenzi ethile yesibhedlele.

Kwindlu yokushicilela incwadi kukho isiphakamiso sokutshintsha kwezobuchwepheshe okanye izixhobo ezitsha eziza kwenza umsebenzi wokulungiselela iincwadi ube lula.

Kwaye makhe songeze iperi enye ecetywayo yezinto ezintsha, ngokunjalo, okokuqala utyalo-mali lwentlalo oluhambisa amandla oluntu kunye nemithombo yovavanyo oluthile lomkhosi kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yezixhobo ezitsha kwelinye icala, okanye okwesibini ulwabiwo lwamandla kunye nezibonelelo kwintsha entsha. isethi yoomatshini kunye namalungiselelo omsebenzi ukuvelisa izindlu ezisemgangathweni ngexabiso eliphantsi labasebenzi kunye nokuthotywa kokuthotywa kokusingqongileyo.

Uthini umahluko kwindlela uqoqosho longxowankulu kunye neendawo zokusebenza zongxowankulu kunye nabathengi abajongana nezi zinto zinokwenzeka, xa kuthelekiswa nendlela uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba kunye neendawo zokusebenza kunye nabathengi abajongana nale miba?

Kubungxowankulu, njengoko sesibonile, amaqela ahlukeneyo achaphazelekayo aya kuthi, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba azaziyo ukuba izigqibo ezenziwayo, azinike ingqwalasela. Oongxowankulu nabaququzeleli baya kuba ngasese kwaye baya kuba nokufikelela kwiimpawu zokuthetha. Baza kuthathela ingqalelo iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo kubo - ubukhulu becala ngenzuzo enokwenzeka kodwa ngokuyinxenye, kubaququzeleli, ngokuchaphazela iimeko zabo kunye nobume babo - kwaye banokuthathela ingqalelo iimpembelelo zokuqhuba ixesha elide kulungelelwaniso olupheleleyo lodidi kunye nemikhosi yentlalo.

Iinguqulelo ezintsha eziphucula imeko yabasebenzi okanye abathengi aziyi kuhoywa ngaphandle kokuba kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba zinengeniso kubanini kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba leenzuzo ngokubanzi aziphakamisi iingxaki zengeniso. Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha zobugcisa kuya kuthakazelelwa ngokuthoba iindleko ezenziweyo - mhlawumbi ngokulahla iindleko kwabanye - kunye nokwandisa ulawulo kunye nokuthotyelwa egameni lokugcinwa okuhlala njalo kweebhalansi ezifanelekileyo zamandla.

Kwindawo yokusebenzela yongxowankulu, eneneni, iinguqulelo ezixabisa ngaphezulu kwaye zivelise inzuzo encinci kwimveliso ngegalelo ngalinye kodwa ezibonelela ngolawulo olukhulu ukusuka phezulu ziya kuhlala zikhethwa kunomva, iinguqulelo ezivelisa imveliso eninzi nge-asethi nganye kodwa zixhobise abasebenzi. Isizathu sesokuba kule meko yokugqibela iinzuzo zinokusasazwa ekugqibeleni, ngenxa yamandla amakhulu eengxoxo zabasebenzi, kangangokuba isiphumo esipheleleyo kubanini yilahleko endaweni yenzuzo, nangona isiphumo semveliso sincumisayo.

Okanye thatha elinye icala elibonisayo. Kutheni kukho ulwabiwo olungalinganiyo kangako lwezibonelelo zentlalo kwinkcitho yasemkhosini kunye nophando e-US, xa kuthelekiswa nokuchitha kukhathalelo lwempilo, izindlu zomvuzo ophantsi, iindlela kunye neepaki, kunye nemfundo? Zinikelwe iingcaciso ezahlukeneyo kulo mkhethe. Abanye bathi kungenxa yokuba inkcitho yasemkhosini ibonelela ngemisebenzi emininzi kunenkcitho yezentlalo, kwaye ke ingcono kuqoqosho. Kodwa oku kuphosakele ngokucacileyo, kunjalo, kwaye eneneni i-reverse inzima kakhulu. Itekhnoloji ethwele imveliso yeebhombu kunye neenqwelomoya kunye nophando oluhambelanayo luneqhezu kuphela leemfuno zabasebenzi, ngedola nganye etyaliwe, ezivelisa izikolo kunye nezibhedlele.

Abanye bathi kungenxa yenzuzo enkulu efumaneka kwi-aerospace kunye namanye amashishini abandakanyekayo emkhosini ngokucacileyo aphembelela ngamandla inkxaso karhulumente. Kodwa nako oku kububuxoki. Kwamanye amashishini afanayo, okanye amakhulu ngokulinganayo, angenza uhlobo olufanayo lwengeniso kwinkcitho yokuya kulwakhiwo lwezindlu, ukulungiswa kweendlela kunye neminye imisebenzi yeziseko ezingundoqo abayenzileyo kwiikontraka zikarhulumente. Kunika umdla kakhulu, eneneni, ukuba emva kokubhangisa ubume bentlalo yase-Iraq kukho umdla omkhulu womdla kunye nokulandelwa yi-US kunye nezinye iintlangano ezininzi ukuba ziphinde zakhe elo lizwe, kucingelwa ukuba imeko yokhuseleko inokuqinisekiswa kubo, kodwa kukho. akukho flurry efanayo ukwakha kwakhona izixeko engaphakathi US ngokwayo. Yintoni eyenza uluntu oluqhumayo, okanye ukuqokelela nje ukwenza oko, okanye ukwakha kwakhona uluntu ngaphandle kolwethu - ubuncinane ukuya kwinqanaba - linomtsalane ngakumbi njengendlela yokuzibophelela kwentlalo kunokwakha ngokutsha kunye / okanye ngenye indlela ukuphucula kakhulu iimeko zentlalo yoluntu uluntu oluhluphekayo kunye nabasebenzi kulo lonke elase-US?

Impendulo ayiyongeniso emfutshane. Zinokufumaneka kuzo zonke izinto ezikhuphisanayo. Iinkampani ezifanayo okanye ezinkulu ngokulinganayo zinokwenza inzuzo enkulu yokwakha izikolo, iindlela, kunye nezibhedlele kwizixeko kulo lonke elase-US, njengase-Iraq.

Yintoni ebangela ukuba utyalo-mali lwasemkhosini lukhetheke kutyalo-mali lwezentlalo ayikokuba lunengeniso eninzi, okanye luqesha abantu abaninzi - zombini ezo zibubuxoki - kodwa kukuba imveliso yalo ayinangxaki kangako. Kulusizi ukucinga, into eyohlulayo kukuba utyalo-mali kwintlalontle lunceda uninzi loluntu, ngakumbi abo bafuna ukhathalelo lwempilo olungcono, imfundo, ezothutho, izindlu, njl.njl., ngelixa iziphumo zenkcitho yasemkhosini zinceda nokuba akukho mntu okanye abaphezulu kuphela ngokusetyenziswa kwabo. kwiimfazwe.

Isitshixo sokuqonda, ngamanye amazwi, kukuba ngelixa utyalo-mali lwezentlalo luphucula iimeko, uqeqesho, ukuzithemba, impilo kunye nokuthuthuzela uninzi lwabantu abasebenzayo, lukwanegalelo ekukwazini kwabo ukumelana nentswela-ngqesho kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukuphuhlisa nokukhuthaza izilangazelelo zabo. . Yandisa amandla abo othethathethwano. Kwaye ukwandiswa kwamandla abo okuxoxisana kuthetha ukuba abasebenzi baya kukwazi ukufumana imivuzo ephezulu kunye neemeko ezingcono ngeendleko zengeniso yongxowankulu - kwaye oko kukurhwaphiliza.

Asikuko nokuba abanini bantlombe bakhetha ukwakha imijukujelwa ehlala phantsi ngonaphakade kunokwakha isikolo esifundisa abantu abangathathi ntweni kuba bevuyela ukuvinjwa kwabantu ngolwazi. Kukuba abanini bafuna ukugcina iimeko zabo zamalungelo kunye namandla kwaye baqonde ukuba ukusasaza ngokugqithisileyo ulwazi okanye iimeko zokhuseleko kunye nokuba sempilweni kuchasene nokwenza njalo.

Ndisafuna ukwazi ukuba iparecon yahluke njani, ngokucacileyo?

Yahluke njani i-parecon? Kwi-parecon ecetywayo yophando lobuchwepheshe, uvavanyo, kunye nokuphunyezwa zilandelwa xa inkqubo yocwangciso ibandakanya uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kubo. Oku akubandakanyi umdla wabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu kodwa umdla wasekuhlaleni kuphela. Ukuba iindleko zomkhosi ziya kunceda lonke uluntu ngaphezu kwezikolo, izibhedlele, iipaki, njl., makube njalo. Kodwa ukuba akunjalo, njengoko sinokuqikelela ngokufanelekileyo, kunokuba izinto eziphambili zitshintshe kakhulu.

Kodwa leyo yinxalenye ecacileyo. Eyona nto ifundisa ngokwenene kukujonga olunye ukhetho olukhankanywe ngaphambilana. Ithini i-calculus ye-parecon malunga nenguqulelo entsha kwindawo yokusebenza - nokuba yindlu yopapasho, umgodi wamalahle, isibhedlele, okanye yintoni onayo?

Utshintsho lunokuba neenzuzo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendleko. Ukuba ayifuni ngeniso nenkcitho eyongeziweyo kodwa inenzuzo, ngokuqinisekileyo iya kwamkelwa ngoko nangoko. Kodwa masithi kukho iindleko eziphakamileyo zezinto, izixhobo, nokuqeshwa kwabantu. Asiyiyo yonke into enokwenziwa. Ukhetho kufuneka lwenziwe. Ukuba sivelisa enye ibhrashi yamazinyo, enye into, sisebenzisa amandla kunye nemigudu efanayo, ayiveli. Kwinqanaba elikhulu, ukuba senza into entsha enye, okanye iqela, abanye kuya kufuneka babekwe ecaleni. Yintoni icalculus?

Ibango lelokuba kwi-parecon imigaqo yovavanyo kukuzalisekiswa komntu kunye nophuhliso lubhalwe lukhulu kwaye abantu banelizwi elihambelana nenqanaba abachaphazelekayo. Ngaphandle kokuchaza ngokutsha ucwangciso lothatho-nxaxheba ngokupheleleyo, ngethemba kunokwanela ukukhomba inkalo enye eveza kakhulu.

Ukuba ndikwimgodi wamalahle wobungxowankulu ndicinga ngomsebenzi wokuguqula (ukwenza enye yawo ingabi yingozi kangako) inguqulelo entsha apho, kwaye ukwindlu yongxowankulu epapashayo ecinga ngomsebenzi wokuguqula (ukwenza enye yawo ibe mnandi ngakumbi) inguqulelo apho, uluntu olufanayo, ewe, sonke sifuna ukuqalwa ngokutsha kwindawo yethu yokusebenza ukuze sibe sempilweni. Akukho namnye kuthi onesizathu sokuxhalatyiswa ziimeko ezingaphaya kwendawo esisebenzela kuyo, yaye asinayo nayiphi na indlela yokwazi ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni na ngaphandle. Silwela utyalo-mali lwethu - eneneni, sizama ukufumana inzuzo ukuyihlawulela. Asibajongeli phantsi abanye kwaye, eneneni, ukuba siza kuzuza kakhulu, akufuneki sichithe ixesha sizixhalabele ngokungenasiqhamo ngabanye.

Ngoku cinga ukuba iindawo zokusebenza zi-parreconish kuqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba. Izinto zitshintsha kakhulu. Abasebenzi basemgodini wamalahle banomsebenzi olungeleleneyo kunye nabasebenzi bezindlu zokushicilela. Asikuko nje ukuba umntu ngamnye kumgodi wamalahle unomsebenzi ofana nawo wonke umntu olapho, okanye ukuba umntu ngamnye okwindlu yopapasho unomnye ofana naye wonke umntu olapho, koko kukuba sonke, sinikela ingqalelo kumsebenzi wethu wangaphakathi. indawo yethu yokusebenza ephambili kodwa nangaphandle kwayo, inomsebenzi omndilili wentlalo. Mna, owenza imigodi yamalahle kunye nomsebenzi omnandi noxhobisayo kwindawo endihlala kuyo (okanye nantoni na) kunye nawe, owenza umsebenzi othile wendlu yokupapasha kunye nomsebenzi onzima nodinisayo ebumelwaneni bakho (okanye nantoni na), uxhobise ngokulinganayo. kunye nomsebenzi owanelisayo.

Sizuza njani kwizinto ezitsha kwiindawo zethu zokusebenza? Kwakhona siza kuqukumbela ngomsebenzi olungeleleneyo. Izibonelelo azifumaneki kuphela kwindawo enye yokusebenza, ngamanye amazwi. Benza i-avareji kuluntu. Sonke sinomdla kutyalo-mali - izithembiso zobuchwepheshe - ezithi ziphucule kakhulu umndilili wemisebenzi yentlalontle. Simele sizixhalabise ngoko kwenzeka ngaphandle kwendawo esisebenza kuyo ukuba siza kuthanda oko, eneneni, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuthi.

Kwi-parecon nokuba ujonga umcimbi njengeyona nto ilungileyo kuluntu okanye okona kukulungeleyo, isiphumo siyafana, kwaye izithethe ezikhokelayo zokhetho phakathi kwamathuba etekhnoloji, ke ngoko, ngaphakathi kwemida yolwazi lwethu, ngokuhambelana. kunye neminqweno yabantu engathintelwanga kunye nokulawulwa kwesiqu sakho endaweni yokubonakalisa ngokugqithiseleyo ukhetho lwabambalwa ngokusekelwe kwiminqweno yabo kwiimeko eziphezulu kunye neemeko. I-Parecon iseka uhlobo lomxholo othi zombini zixhamle kwaye zixhamle kwitekhnoloji ngokuchanekileyo ngokwengqondo yomntu angayikhetha ngokwengqiqo.

Uthini malunga nomzekelo ocacileyo ongaphezulu…

Umzekelo ocacileyo ocacileyo wengqiqo edityanisiweyo yenzululwazi kunye nethekhinoloji kunye nonxibelelwano lwabo noqoqosho ngumba wezempilo eluntwini. Xa kuxoxwa ngezempilo noqoqosho, kwelinye icala kukho umba wamanqanaba ezempilo nokhathalelo lwempilo. Siluququzelela njani ukhathalelo, amayeza, uphando olunxulumeneyo, njl.? Ngaphambi koko, nokuba, lunjani unxulumano lobomi bezoqoqosho nomlinganiselo wempilo enanditshwa ngayo okanye umlinganiselo wokugula nokwenzakala kwabantu?

Kwelinye icala lengqekembe efanayo, ngakumbi ukuba siza kuba nesahluko esipheleleyo seParecon kunye neMpilo, kukho umba wokufumana ukhathalelo. Ngubani ofanelekileyo, kweliphi inqanaba, kwaye ngeliphi ixabiso lomntu kunye okanye lentlalontle? Kwenzeka ntoni ngokwezoqoqosho kubantu abangakwaziyo ukusebenza, enoba kungokwexeshana okanye ixesha elide okanye ngokusisigxina? Kwaye okokugqibela, ngaba ukuba nendlela efanelekileyo kwimiba yezempilo kubeka naluphi na uxinzelelo kubomi bezoqoqosho iparecon engakwaziyo ukuyithobela? Ingqiqo yayo yonke le nto ifana nengqiqo yezinye izahluko zethu, nangona kunjalo, ngoko sifuna ukunamathela kwizalathisi ezimbalwa ezingathwali impilo kuphela, kodwa nakwinzululwazi enkulu kunye nommandla wetekhnoloji.

Kukho ingqiqo apho imeko yongxowankulu ishwankathelwa kakuhle ngesi sicatshulwa sika-Andrew Schmookler: “Ngowuphi usomashishini oza kumvuza ngcono? Lowo uthengisa isixhobo esiya kunika iiyure ezininzi zovuyo kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili, ngexabiso elincinci, kufuneka sitshintshwe? Okanye lowo uthengisa into ekhobokisayo ekufuneka ngokoqobo “idliwe” ukuze isetyenziswe, kwaye yona ngokwayo itya ubomi bomntu ozinikeleyo?

Enoba kuyintoni na, xa siboleka kuphando lukaYves Engler, siphawula ukuba “ingxelo yeHealth Grades Inc., ifikelela kwisigqibo sokuba kukho abantu abangama-575,000 2000 abafayo ababenokuthintelwa kwizibhedlele zaseUnited States phakathi kowama-2002 nowama-75, abaninzi babulawa zizifo ezifunyanwa esibhedlele.” Ngokufanayo, “uhlolisiso lwaseMerika olukwiChicago Tribune lwagqiba kwelokuba ukuya kutsho kuma-XNUMX ekhulwini ezifo ezibulalayo ezifunyanwa ezibhedlele zinokuphetshwa ngoogqirha nabongikazi abasebenzisa iindlela ezilunge ngakumbi zokuhlamba umzimba.”

Njengoko u-Engler equkumbela, "Iibhiliyoni zeedola zichithwa minyaka le kuphuhliso lwamachiza amatsha kunye nobuchwepheshe bezonyango, kodwa kuchithwa kancinci kulawulo losulelo lwesibhedlele - nangona oku kungasindisa inani elikhulu labantu - kuba bekukho inkuthazo encinci yezoqoqosho yenza njalo. Enye inkampani yenza ingeniso xa kuthengwa umatshini omtsha weMRI, kodwa eyona nto iluncedo kubuchule bokuhlamba izandla bujongwa kuphela kubomi babantu.”

Kubungxowankulu akupheleli nje ngokubalwa kwemali kodwa eyona mpembelelo yentengiso ithanda ukuqokelelwa kunye nokwenza inzuzo. Ayizizo kuphela iinkampani ezixuba amayeza kodwa nezibhedlele zisoloko zifuna isabelo sentengiso kunye nenzuzo. Abo bangenayo imali bafumana iishifti emfutshane. Abo banemali, kufuneka bohlulwe kubo, ukuba kunokwenzeka. Abo bangabanini, nokuba ziinkampani ezixuba amayeza okanye izibhedlele okanye amayeza, bafanele baxhamle. Inzuzo ye-uber ales ivakala njengogqithiso lwe-rhetorical kodwa eneneni iphosakele kancinci. Inzuzo isoloko isebenza, isoloko inexinzelelo, kwaye into ezuzwayo engenangeniso ifunyanwa kuphela ngenxa yokulwa ngamandla noxinzelelo lokwenza inzuzo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, wonke umntu uyayazi le nto...umntu kufuneka afunde iinoveli ezidumileyo okanye abukele uthotho lweTV olungcono ukuze alubone.

Wonke umntu uyazi, ngokunjalo, umzekelo, ukuba i-AMA ikhona ubukhulu becala ukukhusela i-monopoly kwizakhono, ulwazi, kwaye ngokukodwa iziqinisekiso zoogqirha, ukugcina inqanaba loogqirha liphantsi, kunye namandla abo e-bargaining, kungekhona kubongikazi abanomdla. Wonke umntu uyazi-funda nje iimagazini zeshishini-ukuzixakekisa kakhulu ngokuphuma, njl.

Kwelinye icala, xa sele kukho unyango lwesifo lubalulekile, nokuba kujongwe imingcipheko emandla eyayanyaniswa nokungena esibhedlele, kodwa unyango lunokuba nobuqili ngakumbi kunokunika ipilisi kwaye ubale impumelelo. Engler, kwakhona, uthi, “Ulwazi lwakutshanje lwaseMerika, oluchazwe kwiNew Scientist kaJulayi 2003, lubonisa ukuba ngaphezu kwama-70 ekhulwini osulelo olufunyanwa esibhedlele alunyangeki ubuncinane kwisibulali-ntsholongwane esinye esiqhelekileyo. Usulelo oluxhathisayo kumayeza okubulala iintsholongwane lwandisa kakhulu amathuba okufa.” Ivela phi le nkcaso? “Ubukhulu becala, kungenxa yokusetyenziswa kwethu ngokugqithiseleyo amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, anxibelelene neyona nto iphambili yeenkampani zamachiza.” Ukuthengisa imveliso kukho uxinzelelo olukhulu lokunika amachiza naxa kunganyanzelekanga, kunye/okanye ngokungakhathali, ngoko ke i-antibiotics iqhele ukumiselwa ngaphezulu. Oku kwenza kube lula “ukukhula kwezinto eziphilayo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nezinto ezininzi.”

Okuphawuleka ngakumbi kukuba, “isiqingatha sazo zonke izibulala-ntsholongwane ezithengiswa nyaka ngamnye zisetyenziswa kwizilwanyana, ngokutsho kweNew Scientist. Amafama emizi-mveliso anika izilwanyana zawo iidosi eziphantsi rhoqo zala mayeza ukunyanga usulelo kodwa njengehomoni yokukhula. Ukulawulwa kweedosi eziphantsi kuyingxaki ngakumbi kuba iba yindawo yokondla izinto eziphilayo ukuze ziguquke. Idatha ibonisa ulungelelwaniso olomeleleyo phakathi kokusetyenziswa okwandisiweyo kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kwizilwanyana kunye nokuvela kweentlobo ezixhathisayo kwizilwanyana ezinokwanda okubonakalayo phakathi kwabantu. ” Inzuzo yeenkampani ezinkulu zokutya ziqhuba ngokuchasene nempilo yoluntu…kwaye kubungxowankulu abokuqala bangaphumelela.

Le ngxoxo yokuphulwa kwempilo ngokhetho lwangoku lwentlalo inokuqhubeka phantse ubude obungenasiphelo, kodwa makhe siphonononge ubuncinane ibala elinye lamava kunye nobungqina obuvezayo.

Kufumaniseka ukuba njengoko uSteven Bezrucha enikela ingxelo, “malunga nama-55 ekhulwini amadoda aseJapan ayatshaya, xa kuthelekiswa nama-26 ekhulwini amadoda aseMerika.” Nangona kunjalo iJapan inobomi obude kakhulu kubemi bayo emhlabeni, kwaye i-US iza malunga ne-30. UBezrucha uyabuza, “Kwenzeka njani ukuba [amaJapani] aphumelele zombini iiMbasa zeGolide? Yintoni elayishwe kumpu wecuba waseJapan?”

Enye ingcaciso iya kuba ngelixa ukutshaya kubi ebantwini, ezinye iimeko zempilo ezixhaphakileyo apho iJapan ifumana amanqaku angcono kunokuba mabi kune-US zimbi kakhulu.

UBezrucha unikela ingxelo yokuba “uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu usenokuba ngowona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wempilo yabemi. Okukhona usiba mncinci umsantsa [kwisimo] kokukhona uphakama ixesha lokuphila. Ukunyamekela kunye nokwabelana kuluntu oluququzelelwe yimigaqo yobulungisa bezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho kuvelisa impilo efanelekileyo. ICEO yaseJapan iphinda-phinda kalishumi kunoko umntu awenzayo, kungekhona izihlandlo ezingama-531 eUnited States ekuye kwanikelwa ingxelo ngazo ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka.”

Inqaku apha kukuba impembelelo yenkqubo yezoqoqosho kwimpilo yenzeke ngeendlela ezininzi, kwaye mhlawumbi okona kubaluleke kakhulu ngokusingqongileyo esimisela ukuba sihlale kuyo, sinyamezele uxinzelelo kunye neentlungu, okanye siphumelele.

Ngokuchaseneyo nokuqonda impembelelo enkulu yezoqoqosho abantu "ngokuqhelekileyo balinganisa impilo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo." Kodwa i-US ichitha "phantse isiqingatha sayo yonke imali echithwe kwihlabathi liphela kukhathalelo lwempilo ukunceda ngaphantsi kwe-5% yabantu beplanethi." Ngaphandle koku, impilo yayo ayikho phezulu, ingcono kakhulu ngokulinganayo kunakwamanye amazwe. Ngokuyinxenye oku kungenxa yeenkcitho ezixhamlisa abambalwa kunabo bonke abemi. Ngokuyinxenye kungenxa yobuninzi benkcitho ekhokelwa yinzuzo endaweni yokukhokelwa kwezempilo, kwaye ibe neempembelelo zempilo ezinyiniweyo. Kwaye ngokuyinxenye kungenxa yezinye iimpembelelo zoqoqosho – ungcoliseko, uxinzelelo, ukungalingani, njalo njalo – ziyingozi kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, iUnited States yeyokuqala ehlabathini “kwiiOlimpiki ezingabavoti, kwiiOlimpiki Zokubulala, kwiiOlimpiki Zokubanjwa, iiOlimpiki Zokuzalwa Kwabaselula, iiOlimpiki Zokufa Kwabantwana Kakubi, nakwiMidlalo Yentlupheko yaBantwana,” kwakunye nokuba "awona mazinga aphezulu okugula ngengqondo," kunye, ewe, ukubamba "inkokeli ekhokelayo kwiiOlimpiki zeBillionaire, kunye namanqaku aphindwe kahlanu kunawo wonke umntu ophumelele imbasa yesilivere."

Yintoni yonke le nto inento yokwenza nesayensi kunye neteknoloji kukuba ibonisa, kwakhona, indlela enokuthi iqondiswe ngayo, ikhethe, kwaye igqwethwe yinzuzo kunye noxinzelelo lwemarike. Yintoni eyahlukileyo kwi-parecon?

Yonke yahlukile. Iifemu azisebenzi kwimarike kwaye azinayo inkuthazo yokuthengisa ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana neemfuno nokuphuhlisa okunokwenzeka. Ukukhotyokiswa akuyongeniso kodwa konakalisa nje intlalontle.

Ukufa okuthintelekayo kufuneka kuthintelwe kungahoywa ngenxa yokuba benengeniso, okanye nokubathintela ukuba kubize kakhulu. Uphando kunye nobugcisa bujoliswe apho bunokwenza okuninzi okulungileyo, bungabi yinzuzo kakhulu kwabambalwa. Ukunciphisa nje ukufa kwizibhedlele ngenxa yokunganyamekeli ngokwaneleyo kwi-hygene, okanye abasebenzi abafutshane, kodwa ukufa ngenxa yongcoliseko, iindlela eziyingozi zothutho, ukungahoywa ngokwaneleyo kwimpilo yendawo yokusebenza kunye nokhuseleko, singasathethi ke ukusetyenziswa komlutha njengecuba okanye utywala, njl. Akukho sithintelo kuphela ekusombululeni imimandla yokwenyani yenzuzo, kungekuphela nje ukuba akukho tyekelo lokutyeshela imimandla enjalo, kodwa kukho inkuthazo yonke yokusombulula ubugwenxa basentlalweni ngokomlinganiselo weenzuzo ezinokuthi ngaloo ndlela zifumaneke, kungekhona kubantu abaqwebela ipropati, kodwa kulo lonke uluntu. .

Sinenani loogqirha abagunyaziswa yimpilo. Akukho gqirha unayo nayiphi na inkuthazo yokuzama ukuthintela amanani afumana uqeqesho lwezonyango kwaye akwazi ukubonelela ngoncedo lwezonyango. Akukho mdla wodidi lomnxibelelanisi wokukhusela ngeendleko zoluntu oluphulukana namandla okuvelisa abantu balo.

Ngokufanayo akukho kuqhubela phambili ekukhawuleziseni kunye nokuncitshiswa kweendleko ukuvelisa uxinzelelo olutshabalalisa impilo kwi-parecon. Abantu bakhetha ukusebenza ixesha elide okanye ngaphantsi ixesha elide lokuphendula ngokuchanekileyo umgangatho kunye nobutyebi bobomi babo ababonelelwayo. Kwaye ngokufanayo umsantsa kwingeniso ovelisa impilo enkenenkene kakhulu kwi-capitalism kwi-parecon ayikho amaxesha angama-500 okanye amaxesha ali-10 phakathi kwabasebenzi abakumgangatho ophezulu nabaphantsi ngenxa yokuba akukho basebenzi baphezulu nabaphantsi, nokuba ngaba kumvuzo okanye amandla, kodwa ngabantu kuphela abanezakhiwo zemisebenzi ezilungeleleneyo nabasebenzisa impembelelo yokuzenzela izigqibo. Kwaye akukho zigidi-gidi kunye namahlwempu ngenxa yeyantlukwano yobunini…kuba akukho mntu uphethe iindlela zokuvelisa kwi-parecon.

Kwi-parecon, nokuba sithetha malunga nolwalathiso okanye umlinganiselo wophando olusisiseko okanye malunga neteknoloji yokubonelela ngezempilo, okanye malunga nezakhiwo zentlalo ezenza ukuba zibe luncedo okanye ziyingozi, imiyalelo ekhokelayo ifana nalo lonke uqoqosho, ukuzilawula ngokuchaphazelekayo. amaqela ekufuneni impilo entle kunye nophuhliso kwaye ngokuhambelana nokulingana, ubumbano kunye neyantlukwano.

  Ungeniso Olulandelayo: Iintshukumo