Olona thotho lweTV oludume ngokubanzi malunga nokuhlala kwamaNazi eFransi luyi-epic engayekeleliyo enokusetyenziselwa kancinane imifanekiso eqhelekileyo yabadibanisi abanqwenelayo kunye nabaxhathisi abangazicingeliyo. Un ilali yaseFrançais igxile kuluntu lwasemaphandleni olungeyonyani olunyamezela ukuqiniswa kokulawulwa kweJamani iminyaka engaphezu kwemine. Abemi belali bahlala kude neendawo ezimnyama nezimhlophe. Kwanegosa lamaNazi elikhohlakeleyo liyayibaleka imonochrome eqhelekileyo. Bonke abantu bangabantu kakhulu. 

Un ilali i-avareji malunga ne-3.4 yezigidi zababukeli baseFransi ngexesha le-72 iziqephu phakathi kwe-2009 kunye ne-2017. Uchungechunge olumangalisayo luye lwasasazwa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-40, ngokutsho kwabavelisi. Ngoku ukufumana abaphulaphuli eUnited States ngamaqonga e-intanethi (phantsi kwesihloko sayo sesiNgesi Idolophana yaseFransi), Un ilali ikude kwiingqikelelo zesiqhelo zase-US malunga nemigca eqaqambileyo phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi.

Ukususela ekuqaleni kolu chungechunge, xa imikhosi yaseJamani ifika ngequbuliso phakathi kuJuni 1940, ukhetho lwabahlali lubi kwaye luqhubeka lusiba lubi. Un ilali uzaliswe ziingxaki ezidla ngokusuka kubuhlungu ziye kutsho ekunganyibilikiyo. Abadali bedrama bajonge "ukuzisa i-shades engwevu kwinkumbulo yoluntu yeMfazwe Yehlabathi yesi-2 eFransi," umbhali-mbali uMarjolaine Boutet wabhala; "Babenomnqweno wokuvuselela impendulo yovelwano kubaphulaphuli ngakuye wonke umlinganiswa" - ngelixa bedlula kwifomula ehlala ixesha "yabalingane njengabenzi bobubi kunye nabalweli beResistance njengamaqhawe." Ngokusekwe kuphando lwembali oluluqilima, iskripthi esichukumisayo nesihlala sibuhlungu siphila kunye nendibano ebalaseleyo ephoswe ngaphezu kweendima eziphambili ezingama-20. Isiphumo sisenzo sokhenketho esimangalisayo esijongela phantsi iimbono zeManichean zehlabathi.

Emva kokubukela iiyure ezingama-63 ze Un ilali yaseFrançais, ndandilangazelela ukwenza udliwano-ndlebe nombhali wayo oyintloko, uFrédéric Krivine. Sadibana ngentsasa yaseParis eyayinetha kwivenkile yokutyela engekude ePlace de la République. Umbuzo wam wokuqala: "Njani kwaye kutheni ufuna ukwenza umntu wamaNazi?"

UKrivine, ongumYuda, waphendula ngomzuzwana nje esithi—“Libali elimnandi lamaYuda”—waza wakhawuleza wazimisela. "Umboniso olungileyo, ngakumbi umboniso oza kuhlala ixesha elithile, kufuneka ube nabalinganiswa abamele ngokwenene ubunzima bendalo yomntu," watsho. Ngaphandle koko, akufuneki uzisebenzise. AmaNazi, wahlabela mgama esithi, “ayengabantu, abaneminqweno neengxaki,” kwangaxeshanye “kwenye imbono, ayengabantu abanjengezilo ezikhulu.”

Umlinganiswa ophambili wamaNazi kwi Un ilali ligosa lezobuntlola elinamandla elinomtsalane wothando kunye nobuchwephesha obuhlala buhlala ngokuzimisela ukungcungcuthekisa nokwenza ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuze kwenziwe umsebenzi. Ndibuze uKrivine ukuba kukho umyalezo kulo mxube.

“Abantu abenza izinto ezimasikizi ngabantu,” utshilo. “Kufuneka sifune indlela yokuthetha ngabo ngaphandle kokuyifihla into abayenzayo kwaye singabaphathi njengabantu abangengobantu, abantu abangengobantu. Bona are abantu; njengathi bangabo, sikubo, uhlobo olufanayo, uhlobo lwabantu…. Ngabantu ababulala ngoku kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni apho abantu babulawa khona. Yiyo kuba bangabantu kangangokuba sineengxaki—kuba ukuba bezivele nje zasemhlabeni okanye izilo besiya kuzicima.”

Un ilali yindawo entsonkothileyo echaseneyo nembali yembali kaMarcel Ophüls ka-1969 Usizi kunye nosizi, eyashiya ababukeli abaninzi benoluvo oluphangaleleyo olwaluhlala iFransi yayililizwe labantu abasebenzisanayo, ngaphandle kwamagorha ambalwa. U-Krivine uyathandabuza kwezo ndidi zitshayelweyo. Kwiskripthi sakhe, abanye babachasi abakwazi ukuxhathisa ukuzicingela kwabo, ithuba, inkolelo, okanye ingqumbo yokufuduka. Injongo yamanqaku eploti kukuphembelela kungekuko ukugxeka kodwa ukwenzeka ngokwenene.

Lilonke, uKrivine ugqabaze, uninzi lwabantu lukulungele ukuhlala lubukele. Kwimeko yexesha lemfazwe eFransi, uninzi lwabemi lwalungengobaxhathisi okanye badibanisi kwaye lwalungenzi nto, “embi okanye elungileyo.” (Kwangaxeshanye, abemi abaninzi baseFransi babesebenzisana nabahlali kunokuba bebaxhathise.) Xa ndabuza ngotyekelo lwabantu lokuhambisana nobungendawo, uKrivine waphendula wathi “ngumbandela ontsonkothe ​​gqitha,” waza waphinda wawulungisa ngokukhawuleza lo mbuzo wam ngolu hlobo: “Kuba yintoni eyenziwa kukungakhathali, yaye iba yintoni imiphumo yokungakhathali?”

UKrivine uze nemizekelo emibini yangoku. Wabonisa ukuba izigidi eziliqela zabantu ziye zabulawa nguGawulayo kwi-Afrika esemazantsi eSahara kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo—sekunjalo amayeza asindisa ubomi akhona yaye anokuhanjiswa ukuze asetyenziswe kwinkqubo efikelela kude. "Kodwa asiyenzi." UKrivine emva koko wathetha ngendlela abahlaseli emkhosini wakwa-Israel besanda kubulala abantu basePalestine kumda weGaza. Kodwa inkcaso encinci yavela kuluntu lwakwaSirayeli.

Xa ndaye ndaphawula ukuba iimeko ezinjalo ziindlela zentsebenziswano sisininzi, uKrivine uye wavuma. “Andiyiboni njengentsebenziswano,” utshilo. "Kodwa akukho nto." Xa ndacebisa igama elithi “intsebenziswano,” waphinda wahluka, waza wathi: “Abantu abasabeli xa bengenalo uloyiko emehlweni abo.

Ngethuba lonyaka wokuqala wokuhlala, ukunyanzeliswa kwengcinezelo yamaYuda kubangele impendulo encinci kuluntu lwaseFransi, watsho. Kuphela kuxa amapolisa aqalisa ukwahlula abazali abangamaYuda nabantwana babo ngowe-1942 ekwathi kwavela intsabelo engathandekiyo ebantwini. Abasemagunyeni baseJamani baqaphela baza baqalisa ukusebenzisa imigaqo efanayo ngobulumko; inkxalabo yoluntu yabhanga.

Kufutshane nokuvalwa kwe Un ilali yaseFrançais, imiboniso emibini izisa ixesha elidlulileyo kwixesha langoku.

Emva kokubaleka kancinane kwiminatha yeVichy nemikhosi yaseJamani, uRita noEzechiel babalekela ePalestina. Kodwa, ngokuchaseneyo nemigca yamabali, isibini esingamaYuda asifumani siphelo esonwabisayo kwiLizwe Ledinga. Kwindlela eyintlango ngenye imini ngowe-1948, bahlaselwa ngabantu basePalestina; xa uRita evakalisa ukubhideka kwabo babelalele, u-Ezechiel umxelela ukuba abahlali abangamaYuda basandul' ukubulala iintsapho zamaPalestina kwilali ebizwa ngokuba yiDeir Yassin. Iintlekele ezingaphezu kwesinye zijinga emoyeni.

Umzila wasemva kwemfazwe womlinganiswa osembindini wamaNazi—uHeinrich Müller, iSD ephezulu (Sicherheitsdienst, okanye iNkonzo yoKhuseleko) igosa lezobuntlola edolophini—likwachasene noko kuqhelekileyo. Njengoko imikhosi yamaJamani yayirhoxa ekuqhubeleni phambili Amazwe Amanyeneyo ngasekupheleni kwehlobo lowe-1944, uMüller wemka nesithandwa sakhe saseFransi kwimigudu engazange iphumelele yokufikelela eSwitzerland. Kungekudala umkhosi waseMelika uthimba uMüller kwaye ufumanise ukuba ungubani. Kamva, xa ephinda ephuma kolu ngcelele, unyaka ngowe-1960, eli lizwe yiParaguay, yaye—njengomsebenzi weCIA—uMüller wongamela iseshoni yokuthuthumbisa. Injongo kukufumana ulwazi kowasetyhini oyinxalenye yabavukeli ngokuchasene norhulumente wobuFasi oxhaswa ngurhulumente wase-US.

Ngazo zombini iinguqulelo ezibalisayo, zahluke kakhulu kunoko sikubona kulonwabo olukhulu lwase-US, ndibuze uKrivine: Yeyiphi imbono enkulu?

Wathi: “Umbono yayikukuba, kufuneka sibonise imiphumo yomgama omde wesiganeko esifana nomsebenzi. Kwaye kwakunomdla ukubonisa umfana omnye eParaguay kwiminyaka engamashumi amathandathu. Yaye amaYuda asindileyo—kwaba njalo ngenxa kaRita noHezekiya basindileyo, aba basindileyo, baza bakwenye indawo, kwelinye ibali. Umbono yayikukuthi: akukho siphelo kolo hlobo lwebali. "

*****

Ngosuku olulandelayo, ndawela ibhulorho enqumla kumlambo iSeine ndaza ndaqhubeka ndisiya kwidinga legosa lezobuntlola lamaNazi uHeinrich Müller—okanye kwabonakala ngathi, ngokuchasene nazo zonke iingcamango ezisengqiqweni, ngenxa yokuba umfanekiso okhwankqisayo waloo mlinganiswa Un ilali yaseFrançais ufuna ukunqunyanyiswa kokungakholelwa, ukuthanda okanye ngenye indlela. Njengoko ndandikhawuleza ukuya kwindawo esasidibanela kuyo, kwabakho amaxesha apho ndandingakwazi ukuzibamba ndizibuza enoba ukujongwa nguMüller kobufasi kwakunokujamelana nam kusini na kwivenkile yokutyela esasiza kuhlanganisana kuyo.

URichard Sammel uye wandibulisa ngoncumo kunye namazaza njengoko wayengena emnyango, ephethe isigcina-ntloko sesithuthuthu kwelinye icala. Ndifunde ukuba (njengoKrivine) wazalwa malunga neminyaka eli-15 emva kokuphela kweMfazwe yesiBini yeHlabathi, ukuba uthetha iilwimi ezininzi ngokutyibilikayo ukongeza kwisiJamani sakhe somthonyama, kwaye usebenze ngokubanzi ukusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990. Ukugxininisa kwindima yakhe enkulu kwi Un ilali ixesha elininzi leshumi leminyaka kufuneka ukuba lifunxe amandla amaninzi ngokwasengqondweni. Ndazibuza ukuba yeyiphi ingqiqo anokuthi abelane ngayo emva kokuba "ebe" ngumNazi ixesha elide.

Ekuqaleni kwencoko yethu, ndakhankanya ingcamango yokuba akukho nto iphosakeleyo ngabantu ngabantu abangendawo njengamagosa amaNazi.

“Le yeyona mpazamo inkulu onokuyenza,” utshilo uSammel. Kwimizuzwana kamva wayecaphula incwadi kaHannah Arendt Eichmann eYerusalem: Ingxelo ngoBanality of Evil, "apho uye wafumanisa ukuba u-Eichmann wayeyindoda eqhelekileyo." Amagosa amaNazi akwizikhundla eziphezulu “ayengootata ababalaseleyo nabayeni ababalaseleyo kwaye eneneni ethantamisa kakhulu,” wongezelela ngelithi, “eyayingafanelanga kwaphela nale ngcamango iqhelekileyo yokuba bonke bangabantu abakhohlakeleyo abakhohlakeleyo.” AmaNazi “ayengabantu abaqhelekileyo abajika baba ngoomatshini bokubulala.”

Kungekudala uSammel weza nolingo oludumileyo olwaqalwa yingcali yengqondo yeYunivesithi yaseYale uStanley Milgram ngo-1961 (kwangaloo nyaka mnye netyala lika-Adolf Eichmann lokongamela ulwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu lwamaNazi oluchasene noluntu). Unjingalwazi wakufumanisa kulula “ukwenza abantu bangcungcuthekise abanye abantu, ukuze kungenelwe inzululwazi. Kwaye bahamba de kube kathathu befaka intlawulo enokubulala yombane komnye umntu, ongumdlali weqonga olinganisa intlungu, kodwa sekunjalo-abo bantu abayazi loo nto. "

Kuthekani ngolonwabo olukhulu oluthi, njengentetha yobuzwe eUnited States, echulumancisayo ekuchazeni abantu njengabalungileyo okanye ababi? "Ndicinga ukuba ngokwe-catharsis, ndifumana iresiphi yaseHollywood," utshilo uSammel. “Kububudenge obupheleleyo. Kodwa yingcinga esimpompayo. Ayizukunceda ukukhula koluntu.”

Ndathi: “Ukuba siyaqonda ukuba abantu ‘ababi’ baneempawu ezintle, mhlawumbi besiya kudibana nokuba abantu esibaziyo ‘bangathi’ yaye abalungileyo basenokuba neempawu ezimbi ngokwenene.”

“Ewe, yiloo nto kanye,” waphendula. “Akunjalo na eMelika? Nguwe kuphela uluntu emhlabeni olunabantu abalungileyo kuphela. Kumangalisa kangakanani kuwe. Kodwa ke khanindicacisele ukuba kwenzeka njani ukuba nibe sesona sizwe sinelona nani likhulu labantu abavalelwayo. Ndixelele ngoko—ukuba ulunge kangaka, kwenzeka njani? Ndixelele. Uyakholelwa kuyo shit. Uxolo, ukuyithetha loo nto.

Wahlabela mgama esithi: “Kwenzeka njani ukuba ningaqondi—ndithetha ukuthi, ayinguwe [kuphela], yiYurophu—uqhushumbisa uMbindi Mpuma kwiminyaka engama-30 emva koko wothuswa kukuba kukho ibutho leembacu, abantu bayahamba. ngaphandle, okanye intshukumo yabanqolobi nokuba. Wonke umbutho wabanqolobi owazalelwa kuMbindi Mpuma wawuxhaswa ngemali kuqala ekuqaleni uvela kuthi. Banezixhobo zethu kuba sabanika zona. Ke sidlala umdlalo we-fucking kwaye emva koko uyaphuma kulawulo. Ngoko ke umdlalo ombi awuqalwanga ngabo, uqalwe sithi. Kwaye ngoku sibeka ityala kubo. ”

USammel wakhulela eNtshona Jamani, kufutshane neHeidelberg. Ebudeni bobuntwana bakhe, wabona imifanekiso eyoyikekayo evela kwiinkampu zoxinaniso. "Ndaye ndawazi onke la maxwebhu afotwa ngamajoni aseMelika xa afumanisa iinkampu…. Yandikhathaza ubomi bam bonke. Kodwa ndikuxelela into-ufumana isifundo sakho…. Soze ndiphinde. Ufunda ngolo hlobo ke kwimbali.”

Okubalulekileyo "kukuqonda ukuziphatha komntu," utshilo uSammel. “Inokwenzeka njani loo nto? Kwaye aniyi kuqonda ukuba kwenzeke njani oku ukuba nithi, 'Bonke babi, sababulala bonke, masibabulale bonke ngokukhawuleza, kwenziwe, umsebenzi olungileyo.' … Kuhlalutyo lwembali, kufuneka ungene nzulu eluntwini ukuze ufumanise ukuba yaqala phi na, yayinjani inkqubo yokufundisa, ukuba isizwe siphela sajika njani sakholelwa kwingcinga ehlulwe ngokupheleleyo kwinto eyinyani, kwanokuba lo msindo uhlangeneyo okanye umdla unokuba nawo njani na. yenzeka—ukuze ndiyithintele.”

Igosa laseJamani elachazwa nguSammel kangangeminyaka esibhozo “lathabatha ingcamango yamaNazi kuba yeyona inamandla, yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwenza umsebenzi nobomi obufanelekileyo. Kwaye yiloo nto awayenzayo. Ke, akanguye umNazi oqinisekileyo, ungumfundi kaDarwin oqinisekileyo.” Xa ukubanjwa kwakhe ngumkhosi wase-US kukhokelela kumsebenzi omtsha wobukrelekrele base-US, "uyavuya kakhulu ukuba amaMelika amthathele kuye. Ndonwabe kakhulu—igqibelele—ikhuselekile.”

Indawo yokutyela yayivaliwe, ngoko safumana indawo ezolileyo kwibhari ekufutshane. “Yazi olona tshaba lwakho lukhulu,” watsho uSammel njengoko sasihlala phantsi. "Lonke uhlobo lwecaricature alukuncedi ukuba uqonde elinye icala."

Wongezelela wathi: “Ungawabeki amaNazi kwindawo ocinga ukuba ayinanto yakwenza nawe. Le yeyona ngozi inkulu, ingozi yembali, ndicinga ukuba singayenza. ”

*****

Ungcelele lwembali, njengencwadi yembali, luthetha ngexesha ethetha ngalo nangexesha lokwenziwa kwalo,” uFrédéric Krivine wandixelela. Kwixesha langoku, iscripting yakhe enzulu ye Un ilali yaseFrançais ayivisisani nentaphane yamabali okulunga ngokupheleleyo ekulweni nabenzi bobubi—iingxelo eziye zagcina amandla amakhulu phezu kwako nje ukuthenjwa okungathenjwa. Ukushenxisa imbono yehlabathi esasazwayo kufuna ukubona kungekuphela nje oko sikucekisayo kwabanye kodwa noko abanye bakwenyanyayo kuthi—ukuphambuka kabukhali kwimbono eye yalawula inkcubeko yezopolitiko yase-US. Izityholo ezilula malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho lwabanye zibangela imibuzo malunga nolwethu. Ngokukhanya okunjalo, Un ilali yaseFrançais inokujongwa (enemibhalo engezantsi yesiNgesi) ebaluleke ngakumbi kubantu baseMelika, ilizwe labo—nangona lingazange lifumane uhlaselo olunempumelelo ligunya lasemzini—lisoloko lihlala kwamanye amazwe.

UNorman Solomon ungumseki kunye nomnxibelelanisi weqela lamatshantliziyo kwi-intanethi RootsAction.org. Iincwadi zakhe zibandakanya "Imfazwe Yenziwe Yalula: Indlela Abaongameli kunye neePundits abasigcina ngayo Ukusibulala." Ungumlawuli olawulayo weZiko lokuChaneka koLuntu.

---