Litefiso tsa pejana: karolo 1, karolo 2

 

 

Qetellong ea 2003, sehlopha sa Motheo oa Bill le Melinda Gates e ile ea nyatsoa ka matla ke "mekhatlo ea machaba ea liphallelo, lihlopha tsa lihoai le barutehi" ka lebaka la thuso ea liranta tse limilione tse 25 eo e e fileng "GM [e fetotsoe ka liphatsa tsa lefutso] liphuputso tsa ho hlahisa peo e nang le vithamine le protheine bakeng sa mafutsana a lefats'e ". Chelete ena e tšehelitse lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ke lihlopha tse peli, Setsi sa Machaba sa Temo ea Tropike le Setsi sa Machaba sa Patlisiso ea Pholisi ea Lijo, lihlopha tse peli tse ileng tsa phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho Ford le Rockefeller Foundation (eo ho thoeng ke) Green Revolution e tšehelitsoeng ka lichelete (sheba hamorao ). Mekhatlo ena ka bobeli le eona ke karolo ea Sehlopha sa Boeletsi mabapi le Lipatlisiso tsa Temo tsa Machaba (CGIAR), a group of global public institutes that is “widely accused of being a creature of its two major funders – the US and the World Bank”. However, although linked to the World Bank what most critical commentators fail to comment on is the fact that CGIAR was formed as a result of a “series of private conferences held at the Rockefeller Foundation’s conference center in Bellagio, Italy” and it’s work has been tshehetswa ka matla ka mefuta eohle ea metheo e lokolohileng. Kahoo leha ho ka etsoa nyeoe e ntle ea hore Gates Foundation e susumelitsoe haholo ke metheo e meng ea tokoloho, joalo ka Rockefeller Foundation, John Vidal (2003) e bontša hore ho boetse ho na le "mabaka a ho lumela hore lenaneo la lijo la Gates le se le bōptjoa ke lithahasello tsa mekhatlo ea US le tsa 'muso". Sena ke hobane mabapi le tšehetso ea bona ho CGIAR Gates Foundation e khethile ho sebelisana le Lefapha la Temo la Amerika le USAID - "mekhatlo e 'meli e sebetsang ka ho fetesisa ea GM lefatšeng." (Brian Tokar bukeng ea hae ea 2004, Bahoebi ba Liphatsa tsa lefutso: Biotechnology, Khoebo ea Lefatše, le Khokahano ea Lefatše ea Tlala, provides a critical overview of the US involvements in GM developments.)

 

Ha ho nahanoa ka qoso ena ea tšusumetso ea khoebo ho bohloko ho nahana ka palo e kholo ea maqhama ao boetapele ba hajoale ba Gates Foundation bo nang le likhoebo tse fapaneng tsa biotechnology. Kahoo Melinda Gates o sebelitse ho boto ea batsamaisi ea drugstore.com; mopresidente oa mananeo a lefats'e a bophelo bo botle a Gates Foundations, Tachi Yamada, ea kileng a sebetsa e le molula-setulo oa lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele k'hamphaning ea lefats'e ea lithethefatsi, GlaxoSmithKline (2001-6); mopresidente oa lenaneo la ntlafatso la lefatše la Gates Foundations, Sylvia Burwell, ke motsamaisi oa Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (e tšohliloeng hamorao); mookameli oa bona oa lichelete, Alexander Friedman, e ne e le mothehi le mopresidente oa Accelerated Clinical, "k'hamphani ea litšebeletso tsa biotechnology e ikemiselitseng ho potlakisa ts'ebetso ea liteko tsa bongaka bakeng sa lifeme tsa biotechnology"; molaoli ea ka sehloohong oa Gates Foundations oa maano a sechaba, Konyana ea Geoffrey, ea kileng a tšoara maemo a 'maloa a phahameng a ntlafatso Banka ea Lefatše, hape ke molula-setulo oa Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Vaccine Initiative ea AIDS; ha qetellong, Jack Faris eo pele a neng a sebetsa e le motsamaisi oa Gates Foundations oa maano a sechaba, ho tloha ka Hlakola 2005, esale e le mopresidente oa sehlopha sa boemeli sa Washington Biotechnology and Biomedical Association.

 

Ho feta moo, ho fanoe ka karolo ea bohlokoa e bapaloang ke liphallelo tsa liberal, haholo-holo Rockefeller Foundation, ho nts'etsopele ea pele ea Green Revolution, hoa hlokomeleha hore batho ba bangata ba bohlokoa Gates Foundation ba amana ka ho toba le Rockefeller philanthropies: Tachi Yamada ke mookameli oa pele oa Rockefeller Brothers Fund; litulo tse peli tsa liphanele tsa likeletso tsa Gates Foundations bakeng sa lenaneo la bona la U.S. le lenaneo la bona la nts'etsopele ea lefats'e ka bobeli li sebetsa joalo ka bahlokomeli ba Rockefeller Foundation (tsena ke Ann Fudge 'me Rajat gupta ka ho latellana); nakong eo Henry Cisneros, mohlokomeli oa mehleng oa Rockefeller Foundation o lutse holim'a phanele ea boeletsi ea mananeo a Gates Foundations U.S..

 

Karolo ea 2 ea sengoloa sena e se e bonts'itse li-Gates philanthropies (joalo ka metheo e mengata ea tokoloho) e na le kamano ea lichelete bakeng sa mananeo a taolo ea baahi, kahoo likhokahano tse boletsoeng ka holimo ho liphatlalatso tsa Rockefeller le indasteri ea theknoloji ea baeloji li ile tsa baka moriti o tšosang mesebetsing ea Gates Foundation sebakeng sena. Ho utloisisa polelo ena ka botlalo motho o tlameha ho sheba ka ho hlaka nalane ea Phetohelo ea Botala ea pele, kaha mohopolo o felletseng oa Phetohelo ea Botala e na le bothata hobane le hoja "maikutlo a ka sehloohong a sechaba" bakeng sa eona e ne e le thuso ea botho, ho ka etsoa nyeoe e ntle ea hore logic e neng e thehile phetohelo ena e ne e le Malthusian eseng botho (bakeng sa lintlha tse ling tlanya mona). [1] Ho feta moo, joalo ka ha litsebi tse nyatsang joalo ka Eric Ross li bontšitse, Phetohelo ea Botala e lokela ho nkuoa e le "karolo ea bohlokoa of the constellation of strategies including limited and carefully managed land reform, counterinsurgency, CIA-backed coups, and international birth control programs that aimed to ensure the security of U.S. interests.”[2] This little-heard of critique of the Green Revolution is supported by the work of other writers (e.g. Susan George 'me vandana shiva), ba bontšitseng hore liphetoho tseo ho thoeng ke tsa phetohelo tse khothaletsoang ke Phetohelo ea Botala ha e le hantle li ile tsa eketsa ho se lekane, ’me maemong a mang le tlala ka boeona.

 

Mopresidente oa mehleng oa Rockefeller Foundation, George Harrar, o tlotloa e le "moetsi oa meralo ea the Foundation’s agricultural programs, beginning in Mexico during the 1940s, and was in large part responsible for the so-called Green Revolution”. Harrar also played a key role in the founding of the aforementioned Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, thus it is fitting to note that Eric Ross wrote in 1996 that:

 

"Tšoso ea tlokotsi ea Malthus e ile ea lokafatsa ntlha e bohareng ea Phetohelo ea Botala,  hore, haeba ho ne ho se na mobu o lekaneng oa ho potoloha, temo ea lihoai e ne e ke ke ea fana ka keketseho e lekaneng ea lijo. Ha e ntse e tsoela pele, e ile ea ema ka lehlakoreng le leng potso ea bohlokoa ea hore na mobu o hlile o haella kapa o ne o ajoa ka tsela e sa lekanang. E boetse e patile morero o mong. J. George Harrar… e hlokometse ka 1975 hore ‘temo ke … khoebo, 'me hore e atlehe, e tlameha ho laoloa ka mokhoa o tšoanang le oa khoebo.Kahoo o ne a lumela hore Phetohelo ea Botala e ne e se feela ho hlahisa lijo tse ngata, empa ho thusa ho theha tsamaiso e ncha ea lijo ea lefats'e e ikemiselitseng ho kenya chelete e ngata indastering ea tlhahiso ea temo. Lefats'eng lohle, monahano oa Malthusian, o tsamaisana le theknoloji e ncha ea Phetohelo ea Botala, e thusitse ho emisa phetoho ea mobu. ”

 

Ross o phethela ka hore tšehetso bakeng sa Phetohelo e ncha ea Green Revolution - eo hajoale e tsebahalang haholo ho Gates Foundation - e thusa feela "ho potlakisa ho hlaha ha tsamaiso ea lijo tse kopaneng" eo qetellong e tla "ntlafatsa moruo oa lefats'e moo mafutsana a mahaeng. ba se ba ntse ba e-na le lentsoe kapa matla a manyenyane haholo.”

 

Ha re ntse re hopola nalane ena, hoa tšoana - empa hoa tšosa - hore mopresidente oa lenaneo la nts'etsopele la Gates Foundations, Sylvia Burwell, ke motsamaisi oa sehlopha se bitsoang Alliance bakeng sa Phetoho ea Green ho Afrika – an Alliance that was founded in 2006 by the Rockefeller and Gates Foundations’. Using similar humanitarian rhetoric to that initially used to promote the original Green Revolution, the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (whose offices are based in Kenya and Ghana) describes itself as a “dynamic, African-led partnership working across the African continent to help millions of small-scale farmers and their families lift themselves out of poverty and hunger.” Yet in a manner eerily reminiscent of critiques of the initial Green Revolution, in 2006 Lijo Pele hlokomela hore: “Hobane sena boiteko bo bocha ba ho fana ka liphallelo bo iphapanyetsa, bo hlalosa hampe, 'me bo hlahisa lithuto tse mpe tsa liphoso tse ngata tsa Phetohelo ea Botala ea pele, e ka mpefatsa bothata ”ho nahanoang hore e leka ho rarolla bothata.

 

Other than Burwell, another Gates Foundation representative serves on the Alliance’s board of directors is Rajiv Shah, eo e leng motlatsi oa motsamaisi oa maano le lichelete bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba lefats'e ho Motheo. Ho feta moo, batsamaisi ba bang ba amanang le Rockefeller ba Alliance ba kenyelletsa li-trustee tsa Rockefeller Foundation Leka Masiyiwa 'me Mamphela Ramphele (eo hape e leng motsamaisi oa k’hamphani ea merafo ea bobeli e khōlō ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, Anglo American); Nadya Shmavonian eo e leng motlatsi oa mopresidente bakeng sa matsapa a motheo ho Rockefeller Foundation, mme a kile a sebetsa lilemo tse leshome le metso e 'meli ho Pew Charitable Trusts e boletsoeng ka holimo; Monty Jones ea qalileng mosebetsi oa hae (ka 1975) Mokhatlong oa Rockefeller o tšehetsoeng ke lichelete tsa West Africa Rice Development Association; le Moise Mensah, who is a member of the 2020 Vision international advisory committee for the International Food Policy Research Institute – a Rockefeller funded group that was involved with promoting the original Green Revolution. Like many of the other groups involved in the Alliance, the latter group is a member of the aforementioned Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research.

 

Kaha joale re hlalositse likamano lipakeng tsa lik'hamphani tsa biotech, lipatlisiso tsa taolo ea baahi, le Phetohelo e ncha ea Green, ho bohlokoa ho lumela hore karolo e kholo, mokhatlo oa mehleng ea kajeno oa tikoloho o ile oa tsoa mokhatlong o atlehileng haholo oa taolo ea baahi bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1960, joalo-joalo. mekhatlo ea tikoloho le eona e kenelletse ka har'a tepo ena ea lisosa tsa liphallelo le baqhekelli ba demokrasi.[3] Lihokelo tsena li emeloa hantle ka motho oa Walter Falcon. Ho tloha 1979 ho fihlela 1983 Falcon e ne e le molulasetulo oa bLekhotla la Ntlafatso ea Temo - sehlopha se thehiloeng ka 1953 ke moitseki ea nang le tšusumetso ea taolo ea baahi. John D. Rockefeller 3^rd - 'me ha sehlopha sena se kopana le mananeo a mang a mabeli a temo a amanang le Rockefeller ho theha se tsejoang e le Winrock International, Falcon e ile ea tsoela pele ho sebetsa lekhotleng la bona la batsamaisi.[4] Ka 1987 Falcon le eena e ile ea e-ba trustee ea International Rice Research Institute, 'me ka mor'a moo a tsoela pele ho sebetsa e le molula-setulo oa boto ea bona. Khokahano ea Falcon-tikoloho, leha ho le joalo, e tla ka boteng ba hae ho boto ea li-trustee (ho tloha 2001 ho fihlela 2007) ea Center for International Forestry (CIFOR), mokhatlo oa litho tsa CGIAR oo morero oa bona o fanang ka maikutlo a hore "ba ikemiselitse ho baballa meru le ho ntlafatsa. mekhoa ea boipheliso ea batho ba libakeng tse chesang tse mongobo.” Ka 2006, sehlopha sena se ne se e-na le tekanyetso ea feela ho feta $ 14 limilione, eo karolo e ka holimonyana ho tse robong ea eona e neng e tsoa Banka ea Lefatše (e leng mofani oa bona e moholo ka ho fetisisa a le mong), athe selemong sona seo Ford Foundation e ile ea ba fa chelete e ka tlaasenyana ho $0.4 milione ea lichelete tse thibetsoeng.

 

Ha ho nahanoa ka likhokahano tsena ho bonahala ho nepahetse hore ho tloha ka 2006 mookameli oa CIFOR o bile Frances Seymour, motho eo e leng setho sa sehlopha sa batho ba phahameng sechabeng sa thero, the Lekhotla la Likamano tsa Linaha, 'me pele ho sehlooho CIFOR e ne e ikarabella bakeng sa ho fana ka boetapele bakeng sa ho sebelisana ha World Resources Institute le mekhatlo ea lichelete ea machaba (joaloka Banka ea Lefatše).[5] Pejana, Frances o ne a qetile lilemo tse hlano a sebetsa Indonesia le Ford Foundation, hape o ne a sebelitse USAID- merero ea temo ea meru e tšehelitsoeng ka lichelete Philippines. Ho feta moo, trustee e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea CIFOR ke Eugene Terry, who was formerly the director general of the West Africa Rice Development Association (for nine years) before going on to work at the World Bank – see earlier, for details of Monty Jones link to this World Bank/CGIAR/Rockefeller funded group. Terry is also chair of another CGIAR member organization called the World Agroforestry Centre that was founded in 1978 and obtains funding from the World Bank/Ford/Rockefeller/USAID/World Resources Institute funding consortium. Moreover, Terry is now the implementing director of the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF), a Nairobi-based group that was formed in 2002 with Rockefeller and USAID funding to lobby for greater uptake of GM crops in Africa. Although not advertised on their website the Foundation e fumana tshehetso ho tsoa lik'hamphaning tse 'ne tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa temo lefatšeng - Monsanto, Syngenta, Dow AgroSciences, 'me Dupont. Molula-setulo oa AATC, Jennifer Thomson, ea hatisitseng buka e bitsoang ka nepo Liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa Afrika (2002) o boetse o lula letlapeng la Sehlopha sa GM lobby AfricaBio. Ho feta moo, William Niebur, eo e leng motlatsi oa mopresidente oa lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lijalo DuPont o sebeletsa komiting ea boeletsi ea meralo ea AATF, le komiting ea lekala la poraefete la CGIAR.

 

Ntle le ka Eugene Terry, ea Setsi sa Meru ea Machabeng se ka hokahana le setsi sa khoebo sa agribusiness Syngenta ka CIFOR trustee Andrew Bennett eo e leng motsamaisi oa mehleng (eo hona joale e leng setho sa boto) ea Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture. Terry o ikopanya le Bennett ho boto ea batsamaisi ea Syngenta Foundation; ha Motheo o ntse o etelletsoe pele ke Marco Ferroni, eo e kileng ea e-ba moeletsi oa Banka ea Lefatše, hape e le molaoli oa mehleng oa Banka ea Ntlafatso ea Inter-American. Motsamaisi e mong ea hlahelletseng oa Syngenta Foundation ke mopresidente le CEO oa Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Klaus Leisinger. Sena se thahasellisa haholo hobane Novartis Foundation e ikopanya le Gates Foundation le mefuta ea Banka ea Lefatše / Ford / USAID ho tšehetsa mosebetsi oa sehlopha sa bohlokoa sa taolo ea baahi, Population Reference Bureau; sehlopha se thehiloeng United States se thehiloeng ka 1929 (nakong ea histori e ileng ea amohela ka botlalo tlhokahalo ea eugenics) 'me hona joale e etelletsoe pele ke William Butz, ea kileng a sebetsa e le setsebi se seholo sa moruo setsing sa tanka ea ho nahana ea borena, Mokhatlo oa RAND.

 

Qetellong, Syngenta, le bona Mokhatlo oa Syngenta, mmoho le USAID, Dupont, le Gates and Rockefeller Foundations’ di tshehetsa projeke ya lefatshe ka bophara e bitswang Global Crop Diversity Trust e reretsweng ho “netefatsa paballo le ho ba teng ha mefuta ya dijalo bakeng sa polokeho ya dijo lefatsheng ka bophara.” Maikemisetso a morero ona a batla a hanyetsana, hobane liteko tsa lihlopha tse boletsoeng ka holimo tsa ho ts'ehetsa temo e le 'ngoe ea GM lefatšeng li se li ntse li sebetsa ho beha kotsing phepelo ea kamehla ea lijo tse lekaneng nakong e tlang, ’me li sokela mekhoa ea boipheliso ea lichaba tse ngata tsa lefatše tsa temo. Kahoo ho hlakile hore lebaka le ka sehloohong leo morero ona o ikemiselitseng ho sireletsa mefuta-futa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso - ka ho sireletsa lipeo sebakeng se ka tlas'a lefatše se patiloeng ka tlas'a thaba sehlekehlekeng sa Svalbard (Norway) - ke la pele le ka sehloohong ho sireletsa phaello ea likhoebo tsa temo tse ho qobella lijalo tsa GM lefatšeng.

 

Motho eo hajoale molulasetulo oa boto ea batsamaisi ea Global Crop Diversity Trust ha se e mong haese mopresidente oa mehleng oa Lekhotla la Baahi la Ford le Rockefeller Foundations, Margaret Catley-Carlson;[6] empa batsamaisi ba bang ba khahlisang ba kenyelletsa Lewis Coleman (eo ho tloha 2001 esale e le motsamaisi oa e mong oa likonteraka tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa sesole lefatšeng, Northrop Grumman, hape e le motlatsi oa molula-setulo oa likhang tse amanang le GM sehlopha sa tikoloho Tlhokomelo ea Machabeng); Moemeli Jorio Dauster eo eleng molulasetulo oa boto ea Brasil Ecodiesel; Adel El-Beltagy ya sebeletsang lekgotleng la phethahatso la CGIAR; le Mangala Rai (eo e leng trustee ea International Rice Research Institute, eo e kileng ea e-ba setho sa lekhotla la tsamaiso ea CGIAR, le motšehetsi oa mehleng oa Setsi sa Machaba sa Ntlafatso ea Poone le Koro); ha molaoli e moholo oa Global Crop Diversity Trusts, Cary Fowler, hape ke setho sa pele sa boto ea Setsi sa Machaba sa Ntlafatso ea Poone le Koro.

 

Mona hoa thahasellisa ho bontša hore Setsi sa Machaba sa Ntlafatso ea Poone le Koro ke sehlopha se seng sa bohlokoa se ileng sa sutumelletsa Phetohelo ea Botala ea ho qetela kaha e thehiloe ka bo-1940 ka tšebelisano 'moho le mmuso oa Mexico ke Rockefeller le Ford Foundations'. Haholo-holo e mong oa batho ba bohareng ba Green Revolution, Norman Borlaug, e ne e le motsamaisi oa Lenaneo lena la Ntlafatso ea Koro ea Centers International, ’me e le moputso oa mosebetsi oa hae oa ‘phetoho’ Borlaug o ile a amohela Moputso oa Khotso oa Nobel ka 1970.[7] Lilemo tse tharo feela hamorao Henry Kissinger - motho ea tummeng hampe liketsahalong tsa boemphera ba Amerika - o ile a fumana moputso o tšoanang. Sena ke sa bohlokoa hobane bohareng ba 1970, ha a ntse a sebetsa e le Moeletsi oa Naha oa Tšireletso ea Mopresidente Nixon, Kissinger o ne a fane ka memorandamo ea Lekhotla la Sechaba ea Tšireletso e ileng ea “phahamisa taolo ea baahi hore e be ‘ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa’ lenaneong la lichaba tse ngata.” Ha a khutlela Borlaug, ntle le ho kenya letsoho ha hae ho ba e mong oa batšehetsi ba ka sehloohong ba Phetohelo ea Botala, ke khale a hokahantsoe le phalliso ea baahi kaha ho tloha ka 1971 ho ea pele a sebelitse e le Motsamaisi oa Komiti ea Mathata a Baahi ea United States (eo hona joale e tsejoang e le Population Action). International),[8] 'me hajoale o sebetsa komiting ea boeletsi ea machaba ea Setsi sa Baahi. Ho khahlisang hape, nakong ena ea bohlokoa bakeng sa litaba tsa baahi, Joe Speidel, o sebelitse e le mookameli oa lefapha la lipatlisiso la Ofisi ea Baahi ea USAID (1969-83), eaba o tsoela pele ho ba motlatsi oa mopresidente oa Population Action International (o ile a tlohela mosebetsi oa hae feela e le mopresidente oa bona ka 1994). Ka mor'a moo, Spiedel o ile a etsa phetoho e bonolo ho etella pele lenaneo la Baahi ho William and Flora Hewlett Foundation moo a ileng a lula lilemo tse ka bang leshome. [9]

 

fihlela qeto e

 

Boenjineri ba boiketlo ba sechaba ka batho ba phahameng ba fanang ka liphallelo - ebang ba na le mekhoa e metle kapa ba lokolohileng - ha se ketsahalo e tsamaellanang le demokrasi, haholo mefuta e mengata e nkang karolo ea demokrasi e khothalletsoang ke baitseki ba tsoelang pele lefatšeng ka bophara. Ha e le hantle, ho ka etsoa nyeoe e ntle ea hore bokolone bo ntseng bo tsoela pele, le bo ntseng bo eketseha, bo fanang ka liphallelo sechabeng ka bafani ba liphallelo bo hlahisa kotsi e hlakileng le e teng ho ts'ebetsong ea mefuta ea puso ea demokrasi. Ka bomalimabe, Gates Foundation e emela feela tlhōrō ea lefats'e la philanthropy ea bolokolohi, 'me likete tsa metheo e meng e phehella merero e ts'oanang lefats'eng ka bophara, leha e le ka tekanyo e nyane. Mohlala ka 2006, U.S. feela, ho bile le metheo e fetang 71,000 ea lithuso tse ileng tsa ajoa. ka tlase ho $41 limilione tse likete: palo ena e khōlōhali e boetse e emela chelete e ngata ka ho fetisisa e kileng ea ajoa ke metheo, e leng palo e ’nileng ea eketseha butle-butle ho theosa le lilemo, ’me e ne e le lilemo tse leshome feela pejana e ne e le liranta tse libilione tse 14 feela.

 

Ka lebaka leo, ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea nako e telele eo metheo eohle ea liphallelo e bileng le eona lipolotiking tsa lefats'e, ke mabapi le hore bo-rasaense ba bangata ba lipolotiki ba nyenyefatsa bohlokoa ba bona ho bopeng lipolotiki tsa lefats'e, ha ba bang ka linako tse ling ba lumela matla ao ba a sebelisang empa ba nka hore ke ona. ntho e ntle. Ka ho hlahloba semelo sa batho ba bangata ba amehang ho Bill le Melinda Gates Foundation, le ka ho bontša ho kenya letsoho ha Motheo ho khothalletsang Phetohelo e ncha ea Green, pampiri ena e bontšitse ka ho hlaka kamoo motheo oa lefatše o matla ka ho fetisisa oa tokoloho ha o ntse o ipolela hore o khothalletsa tharollo bofutsaneng ba lefats'e. e ntse e tsoela pele ka morero o tla mpefatsa mathata a joalo a tsamaiso.

 

Litharollo tsa mathata a hlahisitsoeng bakeng sa lipuisano sengolong li teng, 'me boenjiniere ba sechaba ba batho ba maemo a phahameng ha se kamehla bo atileng. Ka sebele, tsela e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa eo baahi ba amehileng ba ka qalang ho loantša tšusumetso e bolotsana ea batho ba nang le bolokolohi ba ho lokoloha holim'a mekhatlo ea sechaba ke ho sebetsa ho arola ts'ebetso ea bona e tsoelang pele ho tloha metheong ea tokoloho. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho bohlokoa hape hore ba sebetse ho theha mekhoa e tsitsitseng ea lekeno la demokrasi ho etsa hore mosebetsi oa bona o tsoele pele. Ke 'nete hore ena e tla ba karolo e thata ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa baitseki ba tsoelang pele bao e leng khale ba itšetlehile ka bongata ba batho ba fanang ka liphallelo, empa ke mohato o hlokahalang haeba ba ka kenya letsoho morerong oa tokollo o arohaneng le boenjiniere ba sechaba bo senyehileng. ea batho ba phahameng sechabeng.

 

 

 

Michael o sa tsoa fana ka thesis ea hae ea bongaka, 'me hajoale o ntse a hlophisa buka hammoho le Daniel Faber le Joan Roelofs e tla lekola ka botebo tšusumetso ea metheo ea philanthropic lefapheng la sechaba. Hae mesebetsi e meng e ka fumanoa mona. Sengoliloeng sena se hlahisitsoe e le a pampiri e fetisitsoeng kopanong ea 2008 Australasian Political Science Association.

 

Bakeng sa sengoloa se seng se amanang, bona "Liberal Philanthropy le 'Tsohelo' ea Taolo ea Baahi ea Tikoloho” e hatisitsoeng ke MRSINE ka July 23, 2008.

 

Bakeng sa ntlha e 'ngoe ea pono sheba tsa morao-rao BBC documentary, Lenaneo la Chelete le Khethehileng Bill Gates: Kamoo Geek e Fetotseng Lefatše (e phatlalalitsoe ka lekhetlo la pele ka Labohlano, Phuptjane 20, 2008, ho BBC Two). PR bakeng sa motheo oa hae e bontšoa ho tloha 51 min ho ea ho 55 min.

 

 

 

Notes

 

[1] Michael Barker, 2008. 'The Liberal Foundations of Environmentalism: Revisiting the Rockefeller-Ford Connection.' Capitalism Nature Socialism, 19, 2, 15-42.

 

[2] Eric Ross, 1998. The Malthus Factor: Palo ea Baahi, Bofuma, le Lipolotiki ho Tsoelopele ea Bokapitale. London: Zed Books, p.448.

 

[3] Michael Barker, 'The Liberal Foundations of Environmentalism'.

 

[4] Ho tloha 1991 ho fihlela 1998, Falcon o ile a laela Setsi sa Freeman Spogli sa Univesithi ea Stanford bakeng sa Lithuto tsa Machaba, 'me le hoja hona joale a sebeletsa komiting ea bona e kholo, motlatsi oa motsamaisi oa Setsi, LITABA TSA MOLIMO: Michael McFaul, hajoale e ameha mekhatlong e 'meli e tsebahalang e laolang demokrasi, lumelle tokoloho ea House (moo eleng trustee), le National Endowment for Democracy’s International Forum for Democratic Studies (moo e leng setho sa boto).

 

[5] The World Resources Institute ke sehlopha sa tikoloho se entsoeng ka mokhoa oa khoebo, eo bathehi ba eona ba neng ba akarelletsa Jessica Tuchman Mathews ba sebelitseng joalo ka motlatsi oa mopresidente oa bona ho tloha 1982 ho fihlela 1993, mme joale e se e le mopresidente oa Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, mme ke setho sa bobeli Lekhotla la Likamano tsa Linaha le Khomishene ya Dinaha tse tharo. Jessica o ile a boela a sebeletsa lekhotleng la bahlophisi la The Washington Post li-1980 tsa pele.

 

[6] Bakeng sa lintlha tse mabapi le mosebetsi oa maemo a phahameng oa Lekhotla la Baahi, bona Michael Barker, 'The Liberal Foundations of Environmentalism'.

 

[7] Norman Borlaug e hokahane le lihlopha tse ling tse fapaneng ho kenyeletsoa Setsi sa Patlisiso sa Leano la Machaba (moo a sebelitseng e le trustee lipakeng tsa 1976 le 1982), Winrock International (moo e neng e le trustee lipakeng tsa 1982 le 1990), le Population Communications International (moo a neng a le motsamaisi pakeng tsa 1984 le 1994).

 

[8] Norman Borlaug hajoale o sebetsa lekhotleng la Population Action International haufi le Robert McNamara, motho eo ka 1968, ha a ntse a sebeletsa e le mohlokomeli oa Ford Foundation Robert S. McNamara ‘‘a ileng a hatisa bohlokoa bo boholo ba ho thibela keketseho ea baahi’ puong ea hae ea ho qala e le mopresidente e mocha oa Banka ea Lefatše.

 

[9] Batho ba bangata hona joale ba ikopantseng le Population Action International (PAI) e ka hokahana le sechaba se qhekellang demokrasi: mohlala, setho sa boto ea PAI. Moises Naim hape ke molaodi wa Letlotlo la Naha la Demokerasi.

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