Ntlafatso ea Bofuma le Boiketlo: Mathata a Boitšoaro
Sekhetho:
Hangata bofuma bo nkoa e le ho ba le chelete e tlaase le ho se khone ho fumana litšebeletso tse tloaelehileng bakeng sa ho iphelisa. Leha ho le joalo, mehato ea bofuma e hlotsoe ho lekanya likhaello tse kotsi haholo ho fihlelleng tokoloho ea batho le boiketlo ba bona. Ka hona, sepheo sa nts'etsopele se reretsoe ho fihlela molemo o lekaneng le ho hlokomoloha lisebelisoa tseo e leng tsa bohlokoa. Bokhoni ba motho ka mong hangata bo nyenyefatsa ts'ebetso eo molemong oa bophelo ba bona ka kakaretso. Joale mathata ke ho eketsa bokhoni ba batho ba nang le tokoloho e lekaneng le likhetho tse ba nolofalletsang ho natefeloa ke boemo bo botle ba bophelo boo ba bohlokoa.
Bofuma le Tsoelopele
Kamano e teng lipakeng tsa bofuma le nts'etsopele ke e rarahaneng. Ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba bofuma ho latela bofokoli bo itseng bo bakang bofuma bo felletseng. Bofutsana bo bakoa ke ho hloka lintho tse ngata tse matlafatsang (Allen le Thomas, 2000). Tsoelo-pele e fetoha bokooa ka ho haelloa ke lintho tse ngata, 'me ka hona kamano pakeng tsa bofuma le tsoelo-pele e ke ke ea bonoa feela ka tsoelo-pele ea lintho tse bonahalang. Haholo-holo mehleng ena ea litsebi tsa theknoloji, tsoelo-pele e atisa ho nkoa e le tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le ho hasa liphello tsa eona lefatšeng ka bophara ho kenyeletsa le libakeng tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le maikutlo a bontšang hore kotsi e kholo ho mafutsana e bonahala e le ho bokellana ha matla a lipolotiki (Attwood, Bruneau, le Galaty, 1988). Hangata tsoelo-pele ea moruo e tla pele ho toka ea sechaba le tekano. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahiso ea moruo ha se kamehla e bolelang esale pele ts'ebetso ea sechaba. Mohlala, ha u bapisa linaha tse futsanehileng tse nang le GNP e lekanang le motho ka mong, mohlala.
Le hoja ho bonahala hore ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho tlatsetsa haholo ntlafatsong, katleho ea eona e lekanngoa haholo hore na e fokotsa bofuma kapa ho se lekane. Lipakane tsa nts'etsopele ea millennium (MDGs) tse behiloeng ke kopano e akaretsang ea Machaba a Kopaneng le khomishene ea Lefatše le tsona li behile moeli oa bonnete ba ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše ho fokotsa bofuma le ho se lekane le ho eketsa tšireletso ea moruo oa sechaba linaheng tse futsanehileng (Vayrynen, 2005).
Bofutsana e le khopolo ea motho ka mong e hlalosoa e le motho ea phelang ka tlaase ho dolara ka letsatsi. Leha ho le joalo, boikemelo bo joalo ba bofutsana bo na le moelelo o fokolang, ntle le haeba bo sebetsana le ho se lekane ho atileng (joalo ka likamano tsa matla pakeng tsa tekano le sehlopha) tse phehellang haholo sechabeng se seng le se seng se tlatsetsang bofutsaneng bo feletseng (e boletsoeng ho Vayrynen, 2005). O ile a tsoela pele ho fana ka maikutlo a hore "bofutsana hase boemo ba tlhaho ba litaba empa ke mosebetsi oa ho se lekane ho tebileng tsamaisong ea naha le ea lefats'e" (Vayrynen, 2005: 11). Sahlins (1997) o re “bofutsana ha se thepa e itseng e nyane ebile ha se kamano feela lipakeng tsa mekhoa le lipheletso. Bofutsana ke boemo sechabeng. Ke tlhamo ya tlhabologo mme e godile ka tlhabologo” (1997:19).
Bofutsana bo lebisa ho se sireletsehe ho lebisang likhohlanong tse ling tse kang liphephetso tsa palo ea batho le tikoloho, e leng se etsang hore ho be thata ho matla a lipolotiki le a mekhatlo bakeng sa ho khothaletsa tsoelo-pele ea batho (Brainard, Chollet le Lafleur, 2007). Mohlala, tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea matlotlo a tlhaho, ho senyeha ha tikoloho le maemo a leholimo a feteletseng a kang likhohola, komello le maholiotsoana li eketsa tlokotsing ea batho, ’me li ama mekhoa ea boipheliso le bophelo bo botle ba batho. Bakeng sa mafutsana a sa foleng, bofutsana bo feta ho ba le chelete e tlaase: e mabapi le ho hloka lintho tse ngata - tlala, khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng, metsi a nooang a litšila, ho hloka thuto, ho se khone ho fumana litšebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle, ho itšehla thajana le ho hlekefetsoa (IFAD, 2001). IFAD (2001) e tlaleha hore bofutsana le bofutsana bo sa feleng e bile likarolo tse bohloko tsa mokhatlo oa batho.
Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ke Chambers (1997) nts'etsopele e mabapi le phetoho e ntle 'me e tlameha ho tlisa liphetoho tse ntle tse kang ho eketsa maemo a bophelo, ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle le boiketlo ba bohle, le katleho e ntle ea sechaba ka kakaretso. Tsoelopele mehleng ea sejoale-joale e ntse e shebane le nts'etsopele ea batho e shebileng bophelo bo botle ba batho (UNDP, 1997). Nts'etsopele ea batho ke mokhoa oa ho ntlafatsa boleng ba bophelo ba motho ka mong le bo kopanetsoeng ka mokhoa o khotsofatsang bonyane litlhoko tsa mantlha, tse tšoarellang moruong, tikolohong le sechabeng. 'Me batho ba tlameha ho ba le taolo e kholo holim'a ts'ebetso ka ho fumana mekhoa ea ho bokella matla a sechaba (Simon, 1999). Ka hona, mekhatlo ea lithuso e entse phetoho ea bona ho nts'etsopele ea mananeo e shebaneng le karolo ea ntlafatso ea batho, joalo ka thuto, bophelo bo botle le lits'ebeletso tse ling (Mosse, 2005). Leha ho le joalo, lithuso li matlafalitse ba boholong ho e-na le batho ba linaheng tse ngata tsa lefatše la boraro. Ke hobane boholo ba nako ba boholong ba ikarotse libakeng tsa mahaeng tse lutseng bohareng 'me litšenyehelo tsa tsamaiso li holimo haholo boemong bo bohareng ho siea bonyane bakeng sa mesebetsi ea mananeo metseng e meholo.
Bophelo bo botle le Ntlafatso
Sehlahisoa sa Kakaretso sa Naha (GDP) hangata ke tekanyo ea boiketlo ba linaha tse ipapisitseng le leruo la lintho tse bonahalang. Leha ho le joalo, chelete e sa lekaneng ke karolo e le 'ngoe feela ea tsoelo-pele (Berenger, 2006). Lipontšo tse ling tsa moruo oa kahisano nakong e fetileng li hlolehile ho kenyelletsa maemo a ntlafatso a sechaba le a batho. Morao tjena ka 1990, tlaleho ea nts'etsopele ea batho e ile ea ananela likarolo tse ngata tsa nts'etsopele tse tlohang ho nts'etsopele ea kholo ho ea ho tsa bophelo bo botle. HDI 1990 e ne e ipapisitse le mokhoa oa Sen oa bokhoni, o neng o hatisa mohopolong o pharaletseng oa nts'etsopele ea batho e kenyelletsang matšoao a seng a lichelete. Banka ea Lefatše (2006) e boetse e amohetse maikutlo a "boleng ba kholo" le "kholo e futsanehileng" e bonts'ang litekanyo tseo e seng tsa lichelete tsa bophelo bo botle.
Sen (1985) o tsepamisa maikutlo hodima dikarolo tse nne: commodities kapa mehlodi le tshebetso kapa bokgoni. Lisebelisoa li kenyelletsa botle bohle le lits'ebeletso le bokhoni li emela botho le liketso tse sebetsang ho tsoa mehloling. Ka kutloisiso ena, hape ke bolokolohi ba ho ikhethela boo motho a ka ntšang bophelo ba bona ho tsoa menyetla eo ba nang le eona. Ka hona bokgoni ke metswako ya tshebetso eo motho a ka e finyellang. Ho sebetsa ho amana ka kotloloho le phihlello ha bokgoni e le bokgoni ba ho e hlahisa mme ka hoo bo itshetlehile hodima mohopolo wa tokoloho (Sen, 1999). Ho latela mokhoa oa Sen oa UNDP (1997) o hlalosa tsoelo-pele ea batho e le ho eketsa khetho ea batho ho latela bokhoni ba batho le menyetla. Ka hona, nts'etsopele e tlase ha se ho ba sieo ha litlhoko tsa mantlha empa ke ho amohuoa bokhoni kapa bolokolohi bo thibelang menyetla ea motho ea ho thabela boemo bo botle ba bophelo (Sen, 1992). Ho ea ka Sen, sepheo sa nts'etsopele ke ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba motho ho phela bophelo bo felletseng, bo hlahisang litholoana le bo khotsofatsang. Sen (1999) o re bophelo bo botle ha bo emeloe ke maruo empa ke phetoho ea bona ho "functioning" e itšetlehileng ka lintlha tsa botho, tsa sechaba le tsa tikoloho. Sen o tsoela pele ho pheha khang ea hore linaha tse nang le GDP e phahameng ka motho ka mong ha lia ka tsa bontša ho ntlafatsa bophelo ba batho, kahoo e ke ke ea e-ba tekanyo ea tsoelo-pele ea batho. Ka hona, tekanyo ea bophelo bo botle e lokela ho ipapisa le matšoao a mang a khethollang litšoaneleho tse ntlafetseng tsa bophelo ba batho, joalo ka phokotso ea mosebetsi, ho ntlafatsa boemo ba bophelo bo botle. Bophelo bo botle ba batho ke sepheo sa mantlha sa mokhoa oa Sen oa bokhoni.
Bophelo bo botle ba motho bo ka bonoa ho latela ts'ebetso ea motho le bokhoni ba hae, "seo a khonang ho se etsa kapa ho ba sona" (mohlala, bokhoni ba ho feptjoa hantle, ho qoba ho kula kapa lefu, ho bala le ho phela hantle. ngola le ho buisana, ho nka karolo bophelong ba sechaba, ho hlaha phatlalatsa ntle le lihlong) ("Sen, 1987, pg. 8). Ho sebetsa ho emela boemo ba motho haholo-holo lintho tse fapaneng tseo a khonang ho li etsa kapa tseo a li etsang bophelong. Sen (1992) o re ho se lekane ha tekano ho ka utloisisoa hantle ka mokhoa oa bokhoni, kaha bokhoni ba basali bo lekanyelitsoe le lekhalo le teng la tekano ea phihlello ea lisebelisoa. Ke bokhoni ba bona ba ka hare bo bohlokoa ho feta boteng ba lisebelisoa e le mokhoa. Taba ea ho se lekane ha tekano ke e 'ngoe ea litokoloho tse fapaneng. Bokhoni ba motho bo bonts'a motsoako o mong oa ts'ebetso eo motho a ka e fihlelang, le eo a ka khethang pokello e le 'ngoe ho eona. Sen o pheha khang ea bohlokoa ba ho atolosoa ha bokhoni ba batho boo e leng karolo ea mantlha ea tokoloho ea botho bakeng sa bophelo bo botle le boleng ba bophelo (Sen, 1997: 21). Bophelo bo botle bo ke ke ba bonahatsoa ke litšoaneleho tsa thepa eo motho a nang le eona, empa ka seo a se finyeletseng: "Botho ba hae bo botle hakae? “ . Ka hona o thoholetsa hore bophelo bo botle bo ka bonoa ka ho fetisisa e le index of the person’s functioning (1985:25).
Sen e boetse e khetholla pakeng tsa bophelo bo botle le likarolo tsa setsi, bophelo bo botle bo amana le bophelo bo botle ba motho ka mong, 'me setsi se ka amana le bophelo bo botle ba batho ba bang. Hape ke maikutlo a motho ka bophelo bo botle ba ba bang. Sen e tiisa hore motho a ka ba le lipheo le lipheo tse fapaneng, ntle le ho batla bophelo ba hae bo botle. 'Me lintho tse ling tse joalo tse amanang le tsona ke karolo ea mokhatlo oa motho. Ha e le hantle ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea bophelo bo botle ba motho ho ela hloko bophelo ba ba bang. Smith (1976) o fana ka borokho lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle le karolo ea motho. "Monna ea iketlileng a ka sebetsana hantle le mahlomola a ba bang" (Smith, 1976: leq. 153). Sen o boetse a pheha khang ea hore batho ha se "maoatla a utloahalang" feela ho susumetsoa ke tlhahiso le phapanyetsano, empa ba ka susumetsoa ka ho lekana ke litekanyetso tse ling tse nkoang tsa toka le toka kabong (Sen, 1983). Khopolo ena e kopanya setsi le bophelo bo botle ho ba ntho e le 'ngoe. Tokoloho ke naha ea pheletso, empa ntle le boitlhabollo ba batšoantšisi le litsi ho tloha tokolohong ho isa boikarabellong, ho tla ba le mehloli e fokolang e setseng ho pholosa bophelo bo botle ba batho. Ka hona bolokolohi ba ho ikhethela bo bohlokoa bophelong ba batho joalokaha Sen (1987, 1999) a tiisa.
Melao ea Boitšoaro ea Nts'etsopele
Tsoelopele joalo ka ha e totobalitsoe ho Tlaleho ea Ntlafatso ea Botho (1997) le Tlaleho ea Nts'etsopele ea Lefatše (1997) ke ho etsa lefatše sebaka se betere haholo-holo bakeng sa mafutsana ka maano le liketso tse nepahetseng (Chamber, 1997). Ha se feela ho hlahloba lenane la ntlafatso, empa ho hlahloba boitšoaro ba rona "kamoo re nahanang, kamoo re fetohang le seo re se etsang le seo re sa se etsang" (1997: 1744). Sachs (1992) o talima tsoelopele e le “ruin in intellectual landscape” (ea qotsitsoeng ho Chambers, 1997). Taba e totobatsoang ke ho aha meaho ea motheo le ho eketsa lisebelisoa: tsa batho le tsa lichelete tse ka lekanngoang, empa li nyenyefatsa “lintho tse ling” (tse ke keng tsa lekanngoa) tseo e leng tsa bohlokoa ho batho (Chambers, 1997; Sen, 1982). Likarolo tse ling ke litekanyo tsa ho hloka tse kang ho ba kotsing, bofokoli ba 'mele, ho hloka matla, ho tlotloloha, le ho behelloa ka thōko sechabeng.
Khopolo ea tsoelo-pele nakong e fetileng e 'nile ea laoloa ke maikutlo a hore mosebetsi oa mmuso kapa oa sechaba ke feela ho fana ka seo batho ba futsanehileng ba se hlokang. ke hore matlotlo a lintho tse bonahalang, leha ho le joalo, a nyenyefatsa mehloli eo ho eona "batho ba futsanehileng hangata ba ruileng: tsebo ea bona". Tsoelo-pele lekholong la ho qetela la lilemo e amohetse mafutsana e le 'batho ba futsanehileng ba lisebelisoa' - "Joalokaha eka tsebo hase mohloli, kapa joalokaha eka batho ba futsanehileng ha ba na tsebo" (Gupta, 2007).
Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ke Chambers, eo 'nete ea eona e leng bohlokoa, batho ba futsanehileng ba lokela ho tseba ho hlalosa lintho tsa bona tse rarahaneng le tse sa tšoaneng le ho ba baemeli ba mafolofolo ba nts'etsopele. Chambers ponong ea hae ea nts'etsopele e totobatsa lintho tse peli: mokhoa oa boipheliso le bokhoni e le mokhoa le qetello, 'me bophelo bo botle e le qetello e kholo (Chambers, 2005). Mekhoa ea boipheliso ke ea mantlha bakeng sa bophelo bo botle joalo ka ho ba le lijo tse lekaneng, liaparo le tse ling, 'me bokhoni ke mokhoa oa ho phela hantle. Chambers e tsoela pele ho thoholetsa hore mekhoa ea boipheliso e lokela ho ba e lekanang le e tsitsitseng. Bokhoni ke seo batho ba ka se etsang le ho ba sona, e leng se ka hare-hare eseng seo ba ka se jang (Chambers, 2005; Sen, 1999). Friedmann (1992: 32) mo katamelong ya gagwe ya tlhabololo e nngwe o ne a itebagantse le go tokafatsa maemo a matshelo a batho le boitshediso jo bo simologang mo lelapeng. Ntlafatso e amana haholo le ho matlafatsa batho ka bomong, malapa le sechaba. Ka hona ke ts'ebetso ea phetoho ea sechaba, moo mekhatlo ea ntlafatso ka bobeli le malapa a tsoelang pele ho etsa boiteko ba ho ntšetsa pele pono ea bona ea tsoelo-pele (Allen le Thomas, 2000). Ho hlokahala boetapele bo botle le ponelopele ho matlafatsa batho mme ka hona tšebelisano-'moho e kholo le ketso lia hlokahala ho tsoa ho batho ba matla le ba ruileng, bakeng sa bophelo bo botle bo ikarabellang. Ke bona ba neng ba hloka ho fetoloa hore bophelo bo botle ba be le boikarabelo. Phephetso e kholo ea nts'etsopele ke ea ba nang le leruo le matla a mangata ke ho amohela tse nyane le ho li amohela e le mokhoa oa ho phela hantle le ho ba tlisetsa bophelo bo botle (Chambers, 1997). Joalo ka ha Goulet (1995 a hlalositse) moko-taba oa melao-motheo ea nts'etsopele ke ho kopa hore ba matla ba be le boikarabello ho ba bang le ba futsanehileng. Ka mohlala, “ha ba limillione ba tsielehileffke defimafu a bakoang ke khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng, ba seng bakae ba ratoang ba oela maloetseng a sa tsejoeng ho fihlela joale a bakoang ke lijo le lino tse feteletseng" (Goulet, 1995: 56). Pitso ea melao-motheo ea nts'etsopele le menahano ea boitšoaro ke ho hlaolela boitsebahatso ba rona le mafutsana a khesoang. Goulet o tsoela pele ho pheha khang: “Joaloka batho ba haelloang ke phepo e nepahetseng, batho ba sa utloeleng bohloko ke batho ba khoalehileng . . . ‘Boleng ba botho’ bo akarelletsa ho lemoha ’nete kamoo e leng kateng le ho utloela batho ba bang qenehelo” (ibid.:59). Goulet o re phephetsa hore re elelloe: “Hobane barui ba na le boikarabelo ba ho felisa bofuma bo felletseng ba batho ba bang, ho hana ho etsa joalo ke ka theko ea ho thefula botho ba bona” (ibid.:60). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Hamelink (1997) o pheha khang ea hore "Melao ea Boitšoaro ea Nts'etsopele e lokela ho tobana le rona bao e leng ba libilione tse lehlohonolo ka phephetso ea boitšoaro boitšoarong ba rona. Ethical reflection e lokela ho senya boiketlo ba rona bo tloaelehileng le ho etsa hore re ikutloe re sa phutholoha ka ho se ikemisetse ha rona (ka bomong le ka kakaretso) ho lumella esita le litšokelo tse tloaelehileng katlehong ea rona le bokamoso ba bana ba rona "(1997: 11). Kothari (1993) o phephetsa hore, ka ntle ho maemo a sechaba, a tikoloho le a lipolotiki, ho na le tlhokahalo ea ho kopa maikutlo a batho molemong oa mafutsana maemong a mantlha. Kothari o tsoela pele ho pheha khang ea hore pitso ea boitšoaro ea bofuma ke karolo ea "tsosoloso e kholoanyane le tlhophiso ea sechaba" e kenyelletsang mehato e tiileng ea rona (ibid.: 166). Tlhokahalo e joalo e potlakile haholo-holo hona joale ha “ho bonahala eka re fihlile nakong ea nalane eo ho ipapisa le mafutsana ho ntseng ho bolela hore ho ba siea ka ntle ho naha le tšebetso ea ntlafatso e nkoa feela e le ea bohlokoa moruong le lipolotiking empa hape e le e loketseng . . .” (Bapisa le: 171). Melao ea boitšoaro ea nts'etsopele e qholotsa boitjaro ba batho ba futsanehileng le ba ruileng, ba tlamehang ho kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea liphetoho khafetsa. Phephetso ke phephetso ea ho hlaolela boikokobetso le boitelo (Wilfred, 1996) ho litsebi tsa ntlafatso tse nang le tsebo le matla. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phephetso ke ho elelloa hore "matla a sitisa ho ithuta, kahoo ba phahameng ba tlameha ho ipeha kotsing" (Chambers, 1997:32). Habermas (1994) le eena o re bokhoni ba ho ba tlokotsing le ho ikokobetsa kamanong ea motho le mafutsana ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho itlhokomela lefapheng la nts'etsopele.
fihlela qeto e
Bofutsana bo na le litlamorao tse ngata molemong oa boiketlo ba batho le nts'etsopele ea batho. Chelete e tlaase ke karolo e le 'ngoe feela ea bofuma e ka thusang ho finyella bophelo bo botle. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le lintlha tse ling tseo e leng tsa bohlokoa haholo (mohlala, ho khona ho kenya letsoho bophelong ba sechaba, ho kenya letsoho mosebetsing oa ho etsa liqeto) tse bopang bokhoni ba bophelo bo botle ba batho. Ka hona ho bohlokoa ho aha bocha bokhoni ba motho ka ho fana ka menyetla le likhetho tse lekaneng tse ba lumellang ho sebetsa molemong oa bophelo ba bona.
Ke habohlokoa ka ho khetheha ho ba meralo ea ntlafatso ho hlahloba bocha mekhoa ea bona ea ho sebetsana le mafutsana a sa amoheng feela ka chelete e tlaase empa ka mefokolo e mengata e hlahang litseleng tsa bona. Kutloelo-bohloko ea motho e hlokahala haholo ho sebetsana le mafutsana maemong a mantlha e le ho ba thusa ho eketsa bokhoni ba bona ba kahare. Rona ba lehlohonolo re lokela ho ikemisetsa ho amohela tse nyane le ho netefatsa hore lisebelisoa li teng ho thusa mafutsana ho matlafatsoa. Re lokela ho hlaolela litekanyetso tsa rona tsa ka hare ho fihlela "sepheo se tloaelehileng" sa nts'etsopele ho rarolla mathata a tlase ho feta ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho nts'etsopele ea rona "ea rona".
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