"Morero oa ho hapa sesole ke ho laola moruo oa linaha tse ling, ho laola naha ea bona le ho lefa lekhetho. Bohlale ba Banka ea Lefatše e ne e le ho hlokomela hore ha ho hlokahale ho lula naheng e le ho lefa lekhetho kapa ho inkela indasteri, temo le mobu. Ho e-na le likulo, e sebelisa mekhoa ea lichelete. Hafeela linaha tse ling li ntse li bapala papali ea moruo ea maiketsetso eo lipuisano tsa US li ka li laolang, lichelete li khona ho fihlela kajeno se neng se hloka ho phatloha le ho lahleheloa ke bophelo ke masole ”(Michael Hudson(1))
IMF le Banka ea Lefatše
Letlōle la Machaba la Lichelete (IMF) le Banka ea Lefatše li ile tsa thehoa qetellong ea Ntoa ea 2 ea Lefatše. Ka bobeli ba ameha ka ho alima chelete linaheng tse futsanehileng. Qalong merero ea bona e ne e arohane empa ha nako e ntse e ea ba ile ba atolosa mesebetsi ea bona kahoo ho na le ho kopana ho hoholo. Bathehi ba bona ba ngotse hore ba lokela ho sireletsa le ho ntlafatsa mesebetsi, meputso le maemo a bophelo linaheng tsohle; thusa linaha ho hola le ho hoeba ka mekhoa e utloahalang; le ho ntšetsa pele matlotlo a hlahisoang ke linaha tsohle tseo e leng litho.(2) Haeba li ne li tsepamisitse maikutlo mehopolong ena, lefatše le ne le ka ’na la e-ba sebaka se nang le toka haholoanyane ho batho ba libilione. Ka bomalimabe, ha ba e-so. Ka lebaka la mekhoa ea bona ea ho vouta e rarahaneng ba busoa ke linaha tse ruileng, haholo-holo US. Ba qobella litsamaiso tsa lichelete le moruo tsa US linaheng tse ling. E mong oa litsebi tse ka sehloohong tsa Imperialism ea US, Michael Hudson, o hlalositse hore morero oa bona e ne e le ho etsa hore linaha tse ling li itšetlehe ka lichelete tsa US, haholo-holo lijo-thollo le lijo, le lichelete tsa US. Khale koana ka 1959, IMF le Banka ea Lefatše li ne li hlalosoa e le:
Lipopae tsa US tse sebelisoang ho laola linaha tse ling.(3)
Barupeluoa ba pele ba ile ba tletleba ka hore US e ne e le:
ho laola likhetho, ka ho etsa hore balateli ba ikokobelitseng ba kenelle liqetong tse khahlanong le khanyetso e matla.(4)
Le Lefapha la Lichelete la US le amohetse hore Banka ea Lefatše:
"Ke setheo se busoang ka thata ke United States, se sa khothaletse feela merero ea moruo ea US, empa le merero ea nako e khuts'oane ea lipolotiki." (5)
Ha ho le ea mong oa batho ba tsamaisang litsi tsena ea khethiloeng ka puso ea sechaba ka sechaba. Ba bangata ba ka hare ho 'muso. Mopresidente oa pele oa nako e tletseng oa Banka ea Lefatše e ne e le John McCloy. E ne e bile Motlatsi oa Mongoli oa Ntoa oa US ho tloha 1941-45. bahatelli ba sehlōhō. O ile a tšehetsa Mopresidente oa Indonesia, Suharto, ea neng a bolaea batho ba likete tse makholo.(6) Eo e kileng ea e-ba setsebi se ka sehloohong sa moruo oa Banka ea Lefatše, Lawrence Summers, o hlile a ngola memo moo a ileng a fana ka maikutlo a hore liindasteri tse litšila li lokela ho fallela linaheng tse sa tsoelang pele moruong ka lebaka la ho kula. batho ba linaheng tse futsanehileng ha ba bohlokoa ho feta batho ba kulang ba linaheng tse ruileng.(7)
Ho Sebelisa Maemo ho Senya Moruo, Ho Etsa Merusu ea Lehae esita le Ntoa
Ha mekhatlo ena e alima linaha tse futsanehileng chelete, e tsitlella hore batho ba alimanang ba fetole maano a eona joalokaha ho hlalositsoe liphatlalatsong tsa pejana. Sena se tsejoa e le conditionality, e bolelang privatization, austerity (chelete e fokolang litšebeletsong tsa mmuso) le khoebo e sa lefelloeng (taolo e sa lekaneng). Leano la bohlokoa la IMF e bile ho etsa bonnete ba hore mebuso ha e khone ho laola metsamao ea chelete ho kena le ho tsoa naheng ea habo eona, ho sa tsotellehe bopaki ba hore sena se bakile mathata a lichelete ka makhetlo a mangata lefatšeng ka bophara.(9) Likalimo tsa Banka ea Lefatše li sebelisoa ka ho khetheha bakeng sa eketsa thomello ea kantle ea linaha tse futsanehileng, haholo lijalo, ha linaha tseo li tlameha ho shebana le polokeho ea lijo. Hona joale maemo ana a sebelisitsoe linaheng tse fetang 100. Re bone hore maano ana hangata a baka ho phahama ho hoholo ha litheko, kahoo batho ba tloaelehileng ha ba khone ho lefella litlhoko tsa mantlha. Li felletse ka tahlehelo e ngata ea mesebetsi hoo batho ba Korea Boroa ba ileng ba reha IMF KE A Lelekoa.(10)
Litokomane tsa ka hare tse tsoang Banka ea Lefatše li bolela ka ho hlaka hore Banka e lebeletse hore maemo a amanang le likalimo a ka baka merusu ea sechaba. lefatshe ka bophara. United Nations ‘Human Development Report, 11’ e ile ea bontša hore bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-12, linaha tse fetang 2000 li ne li e-na le chelete e tlaase ea moputso oa motho ka mong ho feta qetellong ea lilemo tsa bo-1990. (50) Bofutsana bo eketsehile haholo linaheng tse latelang maano ana. (1980) Linaha tse tsoelang pele tse atlehileng ka ho fetisisa, tse kang Chaena le Malaysia, li entse tsoelo-pele e ntle ka ho hlokomoloha litlhoko tsa IMF. Ka ho khetheha, ba ile ba boloka melao e thata ea ho tsamaisa chelete ho kena le ho tsoa ka har’a naha.(13)
Melao ena e ka ba le liphello tse bohloko tse fetang moruo. Rwanda le Yugoslavia li bile le lintoa tse kholo lilemong tsa bo-1990. Hangata mecha ea litaba e fana ka litlhaloso tse bonolo mabapi le tsitsipano ea merabe. Ke ka seoelo ba bolelang hore maemo a bophelo linaheng tseo ka bobeli a ile a mpefala le ho feta ke maemo a IMF, ’me sena se ile sa tlatsetsa haholo merusung ea lehae.(16) Linaha tse ruileng, tse etelletsoeng pele ke US, li ile tsa sebelisa monyetla oa mathata ana ho mpefatsa maemo le ho feta. Tabeng ea Yugoslavia, US e sebelisitse merusu ea lehae e le lebaka la ho ea ntoeng, e bolela hore e ne e le merero ea botho. Yugoslavia e ile ea aroloa 'me ea haptjoa ke US le lilekane tsa eona.
Batho ba ka hare ho naha baa tseba hore maano a bona a baka moferefere
IMF le Banka ea Lefatše li lula li nyatsoa ke mekhatlo ea liphutuho. Ba boetse ba nyatsoa ke basebetsi ba bona. Litlhahlobo tsa ka hare ho IMF le Banka ea Lefatše li bontša hore maano ha a sebetse, le hore basebetsi ba IMF ha ba lumellane le baokameli ba bona ka makhetlo a mangata. litsi tsena li foufalitsoe ke likhopolo tsa 'maraka oa mahala.(17) Batho ba ka hare ba bile ba itlhalosa ho hlalosa hore IMF "e phehile libuka." Ba ile ba bua leshano ka moruo oa linaha tse futsanehileng ho kholisa mebuso hore e tlameha ho fetola maano a eona.(18) Motho e mong ea ka hare o ile a akaretsa boemo ka ho re:
“Ntho e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe eo re ileng ra e etsa ho tloha ka 1983 ho ea pele e ne e theiloe boikutlong ba rōna bo bocha ba morero oa ho etsa hore linaha tse ka Boroa li be le poraefete kapa li shoe. Ho fihlela sena re thehile moruo oa Latin America le Afrika ka 1983-88. "
Ka selemo sa 2000, eo e kileng ea e-ba setsebi se ka sehloohong sa moruo oa Banka ea Lefatše, Joseph Stiglitz, o ile a ngola buka ea bohlokoa e nang le sehlooho se reng 'Globalization and its Discontents', moo a ileng a hlalosa ka botlalo kamoo maano a bakang bofuma. Sena se ile sa qobella taba ena mecheng ea litaba e tloaelehileng. Hangata IMF le Banka ea Lefatše ba bolela hore lia fetoha, empa liphuputso tsa morao-rao li bontša hore li ntse li sebelisa maano a tšoanang. o na le rona kapa o khahlanong le rona” mme a hlakisa hore karolo ea nakong e tlang ea Banka e ne e le sesebelisoa sa US sa ho qobella poraefete linaheng tse ling.(20)
Matla a maholo a Sotha Lipolotiki
Ho ’nile ha e-ba thata hore linaha tse futsanehileng li qobe ho kopana le mekhatlo ena, kaha boholo ba eona ho ’nile ha hlokahala hore e alime chelete ka nako e itseng. Lebaka leo mekhatlo ena e leng matla hakana ke hore ke libanka tse fokolang haholo tse tla alima naha haeba IMF e sa fane ka tiiso ea eona ea ho fana ka tumello litabeng tsa lichelete tsa naha eo. Matla ana ke a makatsang. Pele ho likhetho tsa mopresidente Korea Boroa, bakhethoa ba bane kaofela ba ile ba tlameha ho saena litumellano tse bolelang hore haeba ba khethoa ba tla latela maano a IMF. Haeba ba hana ho saena, IMF e ne e ke ke ea alima naha chelete leha e le efe. Brazil, Mopresidente Lula le eena o ile a saena tumellano e tšoanang pele a khethoa.(22) Mofuta ona oa ho itšunya-tšunya lipolotiking ho hlakile hore ha o na demokrasi.
Linaha Tse Lekang ho Pholoha
Linaha tse ’maloa li ’nile tsa leka ho baleha tšitiso ena. Linaha tse supileng tsa Amerika Boroa, tse etelletsoeng pele ke Venezuela, li lekile ho theha Bank of The South ea tsona, e le hore li ka alima chelete kamoso ntle le ho ea Banka ea Lefatše kapa IMF. Ho fihlela joale sena ha se so atlehe.(23)
Ka 2003 Thailand e ile ea khona ho lefa sekoloto sa eona se saletseng sa IMF. Eaba e thathamisa melao eo e e hlahisitseng ka lebaka la IMF ’me ea e hlakola kaofela, kaha e hlokometse hore melao ena e ne e reretsoe ho thusa mekhatlo ea linaha tse ling. ho qobelloa ho fetola leano.(24)
Mopresidente oa Argentina Nestor Kirchner o itse ka 2006:
"Ha ho na tsela liheleng re tla etsa tumellano hape le IMF."(26)
Ka bomalimabe, ka 2016 Argentina e bile le Mopresidente ea fapaneng, Macri, ea neng a hlalosoa e le popi ea US(27) mme a boela a etsa litokisetso tse ncha le IMF. Batho ba 'nile ba ipelaetsa khahlanong le IMF le Banka ea Lefatše ka lilemo tse mashome, empa mekhatlo ena e iponahatsa e le lisebelisoa tse sebetsang haholo tsa ho qobella maano a moruo a hlekefetsang.
Lintlha senotlolo
Linaha tse ruileng, haholo-holo US, li laola IMF le Banka ea Lefatše, 'me li li sebelisa ho qhekella linaha tse tsoelang pele e le hore likoporasi tsa tsona li ka laola khoebo.
Bo-ralipolotiki ba bang ba tsoang linaheng tse futsanehileng ba leka ho hana
Ho bala hape
Joseph Stiglitz, Ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše le ho se khotsofale ha eona, 2002
John Perkins, e Ncha Boipolelo ba Monna ea Ikonomi, 2016
Richard Peet, Boraro-bo-bong bo sa Halaleleng: Banka ea Lefatše, IMF le WTO, 2009
Eric Toussaint le Damien Millet, Sekoloto, IMF le Banka ea Lefatše, 2010
Lisebelisoa tsa Inthanete
Yves Smith, 'Michael Hudson o buisana ka IMF le Banka ea Lefatše: Balekane ho Backwardness', Naked Capitalism, 4 Phupu 2019, ho
Greg Palast, 'Coruscating Criticism of the Free Market Ideology of the IMF', 27 April 2001, ho
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/newsnight/1312942.stm
References
1) Michael Hudson, 'IMF le Banka ea Lefatše: Balekane ho Backwardness', 5 Phupu 2019, ho
https://www.counterpunch.org/2019/07/05/the-imf-and-world-bank-partners-in-backwardness/
2) Ngaire Woods, The Globalisers
Maikaelelo a a tlhamaletseng a tlhalosiwa e le “go thusa kgolo e e lekalekaneng ya kgwebisano ya boditšhabatšhaba, go rotloetsa ditiro le lotseno lwa mmatota”
3) Ngaire Woods, The Globalisers
Polelo e nepahetseng ke "US e sebeletsang lisebelisoa tsa taolo holim'a maano a moruo le a lichelete a linaha tse ling, haholo tse sa tsoelang pele"
4) Ngaire Woods, The Globalisers
Polelo e tobileng ke "ho hlophisa lihlopha tse kopanetsoeng tsa balateli ba tlaase"
5) Bello et al, Khohlano ea Nts'etsopele, p.198, e qotsitsoeng ho Ellen Augustine, 'The Phillippines, the World Bank, and The Race to the Bottom', ho Steven Hyatt, Papali ea Khale Joalo Empirets.192
6) Yves Smith, 'Michael Hudson o bua ka IMF le Banka ea Lefatše: Balekane ba Backwardness', Naked Capitalism, 4 Phupu 2019, ho
7) Noam Chomsky, 'Khopotso e Ikhethileng le Thuto e sa Tšepahalang', 22 Tšitoe 2003, ho https://chomsky.info/20031222/
8) Lawrence Summers memo, 12 December 1991, ho
http://www.whirledbank.org/ourwords/summers.html
9) 'Michael Hudson o bua ka IMF le Banka ea Lefatše: Balekane ba ho khutlela morao moruong', puisano ea Bonnie Faulkner, 4 Phupu 2019, ho
10) Ha-Joon Chang, Basamaria ba babets.156
11) Greg Palast, 'Coruscating Criticism of the Free Market Ideology of the IMF', 27 April 2001, ho
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/newsnight/1312942.stm
12) Ngaire Woods, The Globalisersts.48
Mark Curtis, Khoebo ka Bophelo
Maano ana qalong a ne a bitsoa Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs)
13) UN, 'Ntšetso-pele ea Batho: Na Glass Half Full Or Half Empty', World Chronicle, Program No.906, 25 August 2003, ho
https://www.un.org/webcast/worldchron/trans906.pdf
14) Lori Wallach le Patrick Woodall, Mokhatlo oa Khoebo oa Mangts.161
15) George Monbiot, Mongwaha wa Tumellots.148
16) Michael Chossudovsky, Kholiso ea Lefatše ea Bofutsana, leqepheng la 103-124 bakeng sa Rwanda, maq.257-278 bakeng sa Yugoslavia
17) Michael Hudson, 'IMF le Banka ea Lefatše: Balekane ho Backwardness', 5 Phupu 2019, ho
https://www.counterpunch.org/2019/07/05/the-imf-and-world-bank-partners-in-backwardness/
18) Naomi Klein, Thuto e tsosangts.273
19) Davison Budhoo, ea qotsitsoeng ho Naomi Klein, Thuto e tsosang, leqepheng la 164-165 le leqepheng la 260
21) Sena e ne e le karolo ea boikitlaetso ba PSD (ntlafatso ea lekala la poraefete) bakeng sa ho etsa poraefete ka matla, haholo litšebeletso, haholo tsa bophelo bo botle, thuto le metsi. Bona Nancy Alexander, "The US on the World Stage: Reshaping Development, Finance and Trade Initiatives," Citizens Network on Essential Services, 2002, e qotsitsoeng ho Walden Bello, 'The Capitalist Conjuncture: Overaccumulation, Financial Crises and the Retreat from Globalization', ka Achin Vanaik, Ho rekisa Lintoa tsa USts.48
22) Bakeng sa Korea bona, Jeffrey Sachs, ea qotsitsoeng ho Naomi Klein, Thuto e tsosangts.270
Bakeng sa Brazil bona, James Petras, Babusi le ho Busoa 'Musong oa USts.193
23) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_the_South
24) 'Ho Itokolla ho Letlole: Hoa khoneha ebile hoa Bohlokoa?', 5 April 2004, ho www.brettonwoodsproject.org/art.shtml?x=42237
25) 'Costa Rica e hana ka matla risepe ea IMF ea 'austericidal', 10 Tšitoe 2020, ho
26) Naomi Klein, Thuto e tsosangts.457
27) Lucho Granados Ceja, 'Lipopae tse 5 tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa United States Latin America', Telesur, 26 May 2016, ka
Mokhanni oa Rod ke morutehi oa nakoana ea thahasellang haholo ho felisa mashano a mehleng ea kajeno a US le Borithane, le ho hlalosa ntoa, bokhukhuni, moruo le bofuma, ntle le bohlanya mecheng ea litaba e tloaelehileng. Sengoliloeng sena se qalile ho kenngoa ho medium.com/elephantsintheroom
ZNetwork e tšehelitsoe ka lichelete feela ka seatla se bulehileng sa babali ba eona.
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