Mohloli: Tlhahlobo ea Journalism ea Columbia
Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, Google le Facebook li thehile li-platform tsa dijithale tse amang lefats'e tse amang karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea bophelo ba rona, mme hangata ka litsela tse kotsi. Ntle le tšebeliso ea bona ea "boiphihlelo ba capitalism" ka bongata, kapa kabo ea bona ea disinformation nakong ea likhetho tsa 2016, li-algorithms tseo Google e li sebelisang ho YouTube li kenyellelitsoe ho ho phahama ha alt-right lihlopha tse kang QAnon. Lihlopha tse ikemetseng tsa Facebook le tšebeletso ea melaetsa ea WhatsApp li 'nile tsa boleloa ke Machaba a Kopaneng e le ho thusa ho tswella pele polao ya morabe khahlanong le batho ba Rohingya ba Myanmar. Leha ho le joalo melao ea setso e khahlanong le ts'epo, kapa bonyane tsela eo e 'nileng ea hlalosoa ka eona lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, e etsa hore ho be thata ho laola li-platform tsena tse peli tse kholo-joalo ka Karolo ea 230 ea Molao oa Boitlhompho ba Lipuisano, o ba lokollang molatong oa eng kapa eng e rometsoeng ke basebelisi ba bona, le ho ba fa sebaka se pharaletseng sa litaba tse itekanetseng kamoo ba ratang kateng.
Na ho na le tsela e 'ngoe eo re ka e nkang e ka re lumellang ho sebelisa melemo ea lits'ebeletso tsee tse kholo, ha re ntse re hlakola litlamorao tsa tsona tse mpe? Dipayan Ghosh o nahana hore ho na le. Ke motsamaisi oa Digital Platforms le Demokerasi Project Setsing sa Harvard's Shorenstein, moeletsi oa mehleng oa maano oa tsamaiso ea Obama, le moeletsi oa mehleng oa Facebook. Hape ke eena sengoli-mmoho ea pampiri ea morao tjena le Joshua Simons, molekane oa Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Harvard le moeletsi oa mehleng oa UK Labor Party, hammoho le moeletsi oa mehleng oa maano ho Facebook. Pampiri ea bona e bitsoa "Lisebelisoa tsa Demokerasi: Hobaneng le Joang Algorithmic Infrastructure ea Facebook le Google e Lokela ho Laoloa.” CJR e sebelisitse sethala sa eona sa lipuisano tsa Galley ho bua le banna ka bobeli ka litlhahiso tsa bona, le tumelo ea bona ea hore li-algorithms tse sebelisoang ke lik'hamphani ka bobeli li fetohile karolo ea meralo ea motheo ea sebaka sa rona sa sechaba, le e lokela ho laolwa e le lisebelisoa tsa sechaba.
"Likhamphani tsena li laola lits'ebeletso tsa sechaba tseo kaofela re li sebelisang bakeng sa puisano le tlhophiso, polelo ea lipolotiki le ho etsa liqeto ka kopanelo," ho boletse Simons. "Taolo ea bona holim'a ts'ebetso ena ha e tsepamise matla a moruo feela, empa le matla a sechaba le a lipolotiki." Ha e le hantle, eena le Ghosh baa ngangisana, mofuta oa oligopoly oo Google le Facebook li o entseng ha o fapane le "litšepo" tse kholo tsa meloko e fetileng, e neng e laola literene kapa tlhahiso ea oli. Innovation ke ntho e ntle, Simons o rialo, empa "e theha matla a macha - literene, li-trust tsa oli, lik'hamphani tsa likhokahano - le matla ao a bohlokoa bakeng sa demokrasi ka mekhoa e fapaneng." Matla a khopolo ea ts'ebeliso ea sechaba e ileng ea ntlafatsoa nakong ea Tsoelo-pele, o re, e ne e fana ka mokhoa oa ho nahana ka hore na ke hobane'ng ha mefuta e fapaneng ea likoporasi e ka baka tšokelo demokrasi.
Potso ea pele eo re lokelang ho e botsa ke hore, Ghosh oa pheha khang, ke hore na Facebook e matla hoo e ka nkoang e le monopoly. O re: “Ke nahana hore ho joalo. "Ha e le hantle, limmarakeng tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa tse kenyeletsang mecha ea litaba ea sechaba le melaetsa ea melaetsa ea marang-rang, Facebook ke eona e laolang batho ba ikemetseng," e nang le karolo e fetang 50 lekholong ea 'maraka o amehang,' me maemong a mang e ka ba karolo ea 90 lekholong. Potso e latelang, Ghosh o re, ke hore na k'hamphani e sebelisitse matla ana a mmaraka ho baka kotsi e pharalletseng sechabeng. Karabo ea sena le eona ke e, o re. "Ke nahana hore re ka etsa nyeoe ea hore Facebook e hlile e bakile kotsi libakeng tse tharo tsa setso moo balaoli ba tlhōlisano ba shebahalang teng - e leng, ts'ebetsong ea 'maraka; boleng ba tšebeletso; le litheko tsa bareki (ke hore, palo ea data-le-tlhokomelo e entsoeng ke feme). Sebakeng se seng le se seng sa libaka tsena, ho bolela Ghosh, u ka pheha khang ea hore Facebook e bakile kotsi ea sebele eseng feela ho bareki empa ho sechaba ka kakaretso.
Haeba lipolelo tseo ka bobeli ke 'nete, Ghosh oa pheha khang, joale tsela e le ’ngoe feela e nepahetseng ea ho sebetsa ke ho li laola ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng tse bontšang mesebetsi e fapaneng eo li e sebeletsang, le ho “li tšoara joaloka lisebelisuoa tseo li leng tsona.” Ho na le nyeoe e lokelang ho etsoa, o re, lik'hamphani tsena tse peli e ka 'na ea e-ba tse bitsoang "monopolies ea tlhaho," ka kutloisiso ea hore mekoallo ea 'maraka e tlisoang ke liphello tsa marang-rang tseo ba itšetlehileng ka tsona e ka ba tse ke keng tsa hlōloa bakeng sa lik'hamphani tse nyenyane. Mme ka bobeli ba matlafalitse li-monopolies tseo ka ho fumana lifeme tse kang Instagram le Doubleclick, tse etsang hore litšitiso li be holimo. "Sena ha se sa le boqapi," Ho rialo Ghosh. Ke li-behemoth tse ntseng li nona ka ho fetesisa ka litšenyehelo tsa motho e mong le e mong.
Mona ke tse ling ho Google, Facebook le demokrasi:
- Tšoara 22: Ka puisano ea morao tjena ka Galley, mongoli le mohanyetsi oa tokoloho ea boitsebiso Cory Doctorow, eo buka ea hae ea morao-rao e bitsoang "Mokhoa oa ho Senya Boikoetliso ba Bokhaphithaliste" o itse bothata ba boholo ba taolo ea thekenoloji e ntseng e etsahala hona joale, ho kenyelletsa le melao e khahlanong le puo ea lehloeo le liketsahalo tse ling linaheng tse ngata tsa Europe, ke hore melaoana ena e hloka tekano le taolo e kholo - 'me litšenyehelo tsa litharollo tseo li bolela hore e kholo feela. liforomo tse nang le maemo a phahameng a 'maraka li ka nka karolo. "Ha se hore ke hana ho laola Big Tech - ho fapana le hoo!" o re. "Ke feela hore ke nahana hore melaoana e nang le litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa ho latela melao e sebetsa haholo-holo molemong oa bo-monopoli, ba ka khonang ho lefella litšenyehelo, le hore na ke mang ea ka nkang litšenyehelo joalo ka mokhoa o thibelang lifeme tse ncha ho kena 'marakeng."
- Lihlahisoa tse kopanetsoeng: Olivier Sylvain, moprofesa oa molao Univesithing ea Fordham le motsamaisi oa Setsi sa McGannon sa Lipatlisiso tsa Boitsebiso, ho boletse puisanong ea morao tjena ea Galley hore boholo ba kotsi ea marang-rang a marang-rang ha bo bonoe ke basebelisi ka kotloloho mme ka hona ho hlokahala taolo. O ile a re: "Balaoli le baetsi ba molao ba boemong bo botle ba ho kenella ha bareki ba sitoa ho bona habonolo kotsi le litšenyehelo tsa nako e telele." Jennifer King, motsamaisi oa boinotši Setsing sa Sekolo sa Molao sa Stanford sa Marang-rang le Mokhatlo o boletse hore boinotši ke ntho e ntle e kopanetsoeng. “Hangata ke bapisa sena le tšilafalo le ho e sebelisa hape; kaofela re utloisoa bohloko ke litlamorao tsa liketso tse mpe tseo re li nkang, ebang ke ho lahla polasetiki e 'ngoe, kapa ho arolelana kapa ho senola lintlha tse ling tsa botho inthaneteng," o re. "Mathata ka bobeli a hloka tharollo ea tsamaiso."
- Nyane haholo, morao haholo: Facebook e entse liphetoho tse ling melaong ea eona e reretsoeng ho thibela disinformation haufinyane, ho kenyelletsa le thibelo ea lipapatso tsa lipolotiki tse nang le tlhahisoleseling e fosahetseng ho tsona. Empa joalo ka Steve Kovach e bontšitse, liphetoho ha li hlile ha li etse letho ho thibela mang kapa mang, ho kopanyelletsa le Donald Trump le letšolo la hae, ho romella boitsebiso bo fosahetseng maqepheng a bona a botho kapa a phutuho, hafeela melaetsa e se lipapatso. Khamphani e kentse molao o mong o mocha ka Laboraro, e re e ke ke ea lumella lipapatso leha e le life marang-rang tse batlang ho fana ka sephetho sa likhetho. Leano le lecha le tla thibela lipapatso life kapa life tse bitsang mekhoa e ikhethileng ea ho vouta ka tlhaho e le bomenemene kapa bobolu. Molao o mocha o tla ka mor'a lipolelo tsa bohata tse pheta-phetoang ke Donald Trump hore ho vouta ka poso ho lebisa bomenemeneng ba likhetho.
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