Nakong eo thuto e phahameng e thibeletsoeng lefats'eng lohle ka maikutlo le boitšoaro ba 'maraka, ho na le tlhokahalo e potlakileng ea hore sechaba sa Amerika se khutlise sekolo ka mefuta ea sona e mengata e le sebaka sa ho nyatsa le molemong oa sechaba. e kopanyang tsebo le matla, boithuto le bophelo ba sechaba, le thuto le boitlamo ba sechaba. Tlhaselo ea hajoale ea thuto e phahameng ke baapostola ba neoliberalism le bafandamenthale ba bolumeli e hlakisa hore ha ea lokela ho sebelisoa ho hlahloba litšenyehelo tsa melemo kapa litlhoko tse le 'ngoe tsa likoporasi, tseo hangata li lebisang tahlehelong ea likhatello tse lekanang le tsa demokrasi. Liunivesithi li tlameha ho ba tse fetang feela ho ntlafatsa tsebo ea mosebetsi. E tlameha hape e be mabapi le ho hlahisa baahi ba likelello tsa sechaba le ba amehang - baahi ba ka kenang lipuisanong, lipuisanong le ho fana ka bopaki ba mohopolo o fapaneng le oa bohlokoa oa ho hopola, mokhatlo, melao ea boitšoaro le khanyetso e kopaneng. Liunivesithi ke tse ling tsa libaka tse seng kae tse setseng moo ntoa bakeng sa batho ba tloaelehileng, bakeng sa bophelo ba sechaba, haeba e se demokrasi ka boeona, e ka bonoang ka mantsoe a kopaneng le mekhatlo ea sechaba e matlafalitsoeng ke tlhokeho ea lipolotiki le mokhoa oa bophelo oa ho hanyetsa. puso ea bokhaphithaliste.
Re phela nakong eo ho eona mekhatlo ea demokrasi le mafapha a sechaba a ntseng a fokotsoa, haeba ho hang a nyamela. Ha litsi tsena li nyamela - ho tloha likolong tsa sechaba ho ea litsing tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo - ho boetse ho na le khoholeho e tebileng ea lipuo tsa sechaba, toka, tekano, litekanyetso tsa sechaba le melemo e tloaelehileng. Re ntse re tsoela pele ho phela lichabeng tse ipapisitseng le mantsoe a 'khetho' le ho latola 'nete - ho latola ho se lekane ho hoholo, ho se lekane sechabeng, khatello e se nang boikarabelo ea matla matsohong a fokolang, le ts'ebetso e ntseng e eketseha ea lefu sechabeng le sechabeng. 1 Batho le lihlopha tse ntseng li eketseha li fetoha tse ling tse inahaneloang tse hlalosoang ke sehlopha sa bo-capitalist se phaphametseng se ba ngolang e le ntho e ka lahloang, e sa hlokeng letho ebile ha e na thuso. Sechaba sa Amerika se ntse se tsoela pele ho lula libakeng tsa mathata, mahlomola le ho qheleloa ka thoko. Lena ke lebaka le leholo la hore barutehi ba sebetsane le litaba tsa bohlokoa tsa sechaba le hore univesithi e itšireletse joalo ka lekala la sechaba la demokrasi.
Re phela lefatšeng leo ho lona ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e seng e le ea poraefete, e fetotsoe "libaka tse makatsang tsa tšebeliso," 'me e ipapisitse le liphetoho tsa naha ea ts'ireletso ea naha. 2 Liphello tse ling ke ho hlaha ha seo mofu Tony Judt a se bitsitseng "sechaba se senyehileng" - se "amohuoeng lerata le leholo la boitlamo le boikarabello ba sechaba bo ka fumanoang" demokrasi efe kapa efe e sebetsang. 3 'Nete ena e nyahamisang e bitsitsoe "sechaba se hlolehileng" ho hloleha matleng a monahano oa sechaba, thato ea lipolotiki le demokrasi e bulehileng. Ha boemo ba boiketlo ba sechaba bo ntse bo tsoela pele ho hlaseloa 'me naha e otlang ka ho eketsehileng e etsa tlōlo ea molao litabeng tsa sechaba, ho tloha ho hloka bolulo le boipelaetso ba khotso ho ea ho tlōlo ea molao ea moaparo likolong tsa sechaba, barutehi le basebeletsi ba bang ba setso ha baa lokela ho itokolla tlas'a boikaketsi ba litsebi. le likamano tsa matla tse amang bona le lefatše. Hape ha baa lokela ho bolela ho se thahaselle nakong eo ka eona likhopolo tsa toka, tekano, tokoloho le demokrasi li rekisoang ka mafolofolo bakeng sa matla a ho iketsetsa batho ba ikemetseng, ho reka thepa, ho ikemela ka bomong le "setso sa lipolotiki sa kotlo e phahameng." 4
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, yunivesithi ha ea lokela ho hokahana le litlhaselo tse ntseng li tsoela pele khahlanong le litokisetso tsa sechaba tse etsoang ke baetsi ba melaoana ba nkang batho ba sotlehileng e le lintho tse ka lahloang, e le litšila tsa sechaba se batlang ho boloka baahi ba sona, haholo-holo ba futsanehileng, likolong tse soahlamaneng le lichankaneng ho fapana le ho fana ka bona. ka tshireletso e hlomphehang ya setjhaba, tlhokomelo ya bophelo bo botle, mesebetsi, thuto ya boleng le bokamoso bo bohlokwa. 5 Ka hona, sepheo se le seng sa ba amehileng ka ho theha baahi ba amehang ba khonang ho loanela demokrasi e matla ke ho nts'etsapele litloaelo le mekhoa e mecha ea thuto ea sechaba e hokahanyang borutehi le litaba tsa bohlokoa tsa sechaba, joalo ka ntoa e loanang bacha kajeno, e ntseng e eketseha. sesole sa likarolo tsohle tsa sechaba, tlhaselo ea boemo ba boiketlo ba sechaba, tlhaselo e ntseng e hola ea litokelo tsa basali tsa lehae le tsa pelehi le tšenyo e ntseng e eketseha ea tikoloho.
Ho na le tlhokahalo ea ho khutlisa likhopolo, lefa le lintoa tse matla tse ileng tsa sebeletsa le ho tsoela pele ho sebetsa e le khopotso ea kamoo bonono ba tokoloho bo leng bohlokoa kateng, eseng feela likarolo tse itseng tsa thuto, empa hape e le matla a thuto ea sechaba ka bophara a nolofalletsang tsoelo-pele. ea setso sa sebopeho se hlokahalang bakeng sa liithuti tsohle ho hlabolla mehopolo, ho nahana ka ho teba, ho lemoha sebōpeho-puo sa boitšoaro ba mahlomola le ho hokahanya litekanyetso tsa sechaba ho lintoa tse kopanetsoeng tse atolosang le ho tebisa mekhoa ea demokrasi. Ho tsebisa morero o joalo e tla be e le boiteko ba ho hlahisa puo ea ho tšoaea liphoso le monyetla, e hlokomelang hore thuto, karolo e ’ngoe, ke mokhoa oa boitšoaro le oa lipolotiki oo morero oa oona, joalokaha seroki Robert Hass a bolela, “e leng ho nchafatsa mohopolo oa toka e lula e shoele ka ho rona ka linako tsohle." 6
Re iphumana re le nakong ea bohlokoa ea nalane eo ho eona ho nang le tlhokahalo ea ho khutlisa mefuta e matla le ea demokrasi ea puo ea tokoloho, toka, ntoa e kopaneng le nalane. Maamerika a na le kopano ea histori eo ho eona ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e leng ea bohlokoa lipolotiking, melao ea boitšoaro le setso e hlakoloang - ebang e hlokomolohuoa, e fetotsoe thepa, kapa e le leshano feela. Ka linako tse ling, re tobana le litšoantšo tse sa silafatsoang, histori le lefa la barutehi ba tšoantšetsang motsoako oo o sa tloaelehang oa sebete sa sechaba, boitlamo ba lipolotiki le thuto e matla. Angela Davis ke e mong oa baitseki bao ba behang mohlala le ba bohlale sechabeng.
O loanne ka sebete le ka seriti se seholo ka lilemo tse mashome ho bontša hore thuto ke mokhoa oa ho kenella lipolotiking lefats'eng le hore ho ithuta ha se ho sebetsana le tsebo e fumanoeng empa ha e le hantle ho e fetola e le karolo ea ntoa e pharaletseng ea litokelo tsa botho le toka ea sechaba. O sebelitse maemong a thata le a fetohang ho re hopotsa matla a thuto e le karolo ea mantlha ea boipuso bo khothalelitsoeng. Boithuto ba hae le boitseko ba hae bo bonts'a matla a thuto a boitlamo ba lipolotiki le ba kelello boitekong ba bona ba ho khantša kelello le ho theha mekhatlo e matla ea sechaba khahlano le likhatello tse ngata tse fapaneng.
Se bohlokoa haholo ka lefa la hae ke hore ha se tsepamise maikutlo feela litabeng tse itseng, empa se bua le sechaba ka kakaretso, se hanana le lipolotiki tsa boinotšing. Mosebetsi oa hae o ntse o tsoela pele, joalokaha Robin Kelley a bolela, khopolo ea demokrasi ea tokoloho, e tsoelang pele ho feta khopolo ea tokoloho e fokolang ea tokoloho e tiisang tokelo ea motho ea ho etsa seo a se batlang a sa laoloe ke litšitiso leha e le life, tsa boitšoaro kapa tse ling. 7 Ho e-na le hoo, o kopanya litokelo tsa motho ka mong le litokelo tsa sechaba 'me o pheha khang ea hore maikutlo leha e le afe a sebetsang a mokhatlo ha a khonehe ntle le ho fana ka maemo a moruo le a sechaba a nolofalletsang batho ho sebelisa litokelo tsa bona tsa lipolotiki le tsa motho ka mong. O pheha khang ea hore tokoloho e mabapi le ho fana ka khetho bakeng sa batho ntle le lithibelo tse behiloeng ke ho ikokobelletsa, ho amohuoa le mofuta oa ho se lekane ho bonahalang tabeng ea hore "Ho dollar e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea thepa e nang le mosali a le mong e motšo kapa oa Maspanishe, setho sa Forbes 400 e na le lidolara tse fetang limilione tse mashome a mane." 8
Tokoloho boemong bona ke tokoloho e tlang le ntwa kgahlanong le ho hloka toka, ntwa e hlokang maemo a kopanetsweng a neng a tla netefatsa hore batho bohle ba ka phela bophelo bo phethahetseng. Tokoloho e kopanetsoeng ke e se nang bokhoba ba lintho tse bonahalang le e tšehetsang mekhatlo e hlokahalang bakeng sa demokrasi. Mohopolong ona oa tokoloho, thuto e amahanngoa le ntoa ea ho ba le maikutlo a demokrasi sechabeng, e kenyeletsang bohle le ho fana ka tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, bolulo, lijo le thuto, ha e ntse e felisa setsi sa liindasteri tsa chankana le naha e ntseng e atoloha ea kotlo. Tokoloho e kopanetsweng e fana ka maemo a motheo a hore batho ba phete maphelo a bona, ba be le boikarabelo, mme ba amohele mohopolo o nang le seriti sa botho. Maikutlo a Davis a tokoloho a hana kutloisiso ea neoliberal ea lentsoe lena e le bolokolohi ba ho kena-kenana le 'muso le tokoloho ea ho phehella lithahasello tsa botho, ho sa tsotellehe litšenyehelo tsa sechaba. Ena ke khopolo ea tokoloho e tlosang lipolotiki lebitsong la meharo, matla a koporasi, boithati bo sa laoleheng le bokhopo bo kotsi.
Tokoloho ka botlalo e bua ka boemo le tloaelo. E le boemo, e lumela hore ha ho mokhoa o sebetsang oa ho iketsetsa qeto le oa sechaba o ka ntlafalang ntle le maemo a sechaba le a moruo a lokollang batho ho tsoa linthong tseo tse bonahalang tse sitisang litaba tsa khetho, matla le boikhethelo. E le tloaelo, tokoloho ke bokhoni ba ho se utloisise lefatše feela empa ho nka khato ka kutloisiso eo le ho khona ho bopa matla a laolang a behang bophelo ba motho fatše. Tokoloho e dula e le karolo ya ntwa e tswelang pele bakeng sa dirutwa tse ntjha, mahlahana a kopanetsweng le mekgatlo ya setjhaba e amohelang motho ka mong empa e hlophisa ka kopanelo. Boima, haeba e se moroalo oa tokoloho, bo ke ke ba utloisisoa ka puo e ikemetseng ea lik'hamphani tse kholo le tsa ultrarich, empa lipuisanong le mathata a mekhatlo ea sechaba e loanelang toka ea moruo, tekano ea merabe le melemo e tloaelehileng. Lefa la Angela Davis e le moloaneli oa tokoloho le ile la mo etsa sera sa naha tlas'a mebuso e ntseng e eketseha ea bo-neoliberal ea Nixon, Reagan le J. Edgar Hoover hobane o ne a utloisisa hore ntoa ea tokoloho e ne e se feela ntoa ea litokelo tsa lipolotiki le tsa batho ka bomong empa hape le tsa moruo. litokelo. Ha se letshwao; ke molwanedi wa tokoloho ya faneng ka boholo ba bophelo ba hae ho ikopanya le ba amohuweng le ba qheletsweng ka thoko ntweng ya tokoloho.
Se bohlokoa ka mosebetsi oa Angela Davis ke hore ha a felle feela lipolotiking tsa hae litabeng tse tlositsoeng menahanong e pharalletseng ea sechaba, empa o hokahanya karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea boithuto ba hae le boithuto ba sechaba le hore na maemo a sechaba sa demokrasi e ka shebahala joang. Ho eena, demokrasi ha se tšepiso feela, empa hape ke mokhoa. Angela Davis ke mohlala oa se boleloang ke ho ba setsebi sa sechaba le se kopanelang se inehetseng ho seo a se bitsang "mathata a nako e telele [a hanang] maraba a mofuta o itseng oa demokrasi e emeloang ke bokhaphithaliste ba U.S. 9 Ha ke nahane ka motho ea kenyelletsang boitlamo ba ho tiea ha maikutlo, toka ea sechaba, seriti sa botho le khanyetso e kopanetsoeng ho feta Angela Davis. Re na le lintho tse ngata tseo re ka ithutang tsona mosebetsing oa hae, mathata a hae lilemong tse mashome a seng makae tse fetileng, boikokobetso ba hae le bohlale ba hae bo matla, le ho tsitlallela ha hae hore thuto ea thuto ke motheo oa ho se lumellane feela, empa le ntoa e kopanetsoeng. Angela Davis ke Amerika e 'ngoe, Amerika e emetse moriting oa ho tsoaloa hape, e emetse hape ho fana ka sekala sa toka ho ea sebakeng se secha sa boitšoaro, e emetse ho bua le ho nka ka botebo tšepiso ea demokrasi e tlang.
lintlha
1. Mohlala, ka mohlala, ka keketseho ea boemo ba kotlo ea khethollo ea morabe, Michelle Alexander, Jim Crow e ncha: Ho kenngoa teronkong ha batho ba bangata mehleng ea colorblindness (New York: The New Press, 2010); ka litšenyehelo tse matla tsa ho se lekane ho hoholo, Joseph E. Stiglitz, Theko ea ho se lekane: Kamoo Sechaba sa Kajeno se Arohaneng se Behang Bokamoso ba Rōna Kotsing (New York: Norton, 2012); mabapi le ho fetoloa ha likolo tsa sechaba lichankaneng, bona Annette Fuentes, Lockdown High: Ha Ntlo ea Sekolo e fetoha Ntlo ea Chankana (New York: Verso, 2011).
2. E qotsitsoe ho Michael L. Silk le David L. Andrews. "(Re) Ho hlahisa Baltimore: Sebaka, Leano, Lipolotiki, le Thuto ea Setso." Tlhahlobo ea Thuto, Thuto, le Lithuto tsa Setso 33 (2011), leq. 436.
3. Terry Eagleton, "Litlhahlobo bocha: Bohlokoa ba demokrasi ea sechaba ke bofe?" Makasine ea Harper, (October 2010), leq. 78.
4. Steve Herbert le Elizabeth Brown, "Maikutlo a Sebaka le Botlokotsebe Motseng oa Punitive Neoliberal," Antipode (2006), leq. 757.
5. Henry A. Giroux, Thuto le Mathata a Boitšoaro ba Sechaba (New York: Peter Lang, 2013) le Henry A. Giroux, Khaello ea Thuto le Ntoa ea Bacha (New York: Khatiso ea Khoeli le Khoeli ea Tlhahlobo, 2013).
6. Hass o qotsitse ho Sarah Pollock, "Robert Hass," 'Mè Jones (March–April 1992), leq. 22.
7. Robin Kelley, "Foreward," Angela Y. Davis, Bokao ba Tokoloho, (San Francisco, U.S.: City Lights Books, 2012), leqepheng la 7-16.
8. Paul Buchheit, "Lintho tse Hlano tse Feteletseng tsa ho se lekane Amerika - Liphapang li Tla Lahlela Chin ea Hao fatše," Alternet, (La 24 Hlakubele 2013).
9. Angela Y. Davis, Demokrasi ea ho Felisoa: Ka Ntle ho 'Muso, Literonko le Tlhokofatso, (Seven Stories Press, 2005) maq. 72-73.
Henry A. Giroux hajoale o tšoere Global TV Network Chair Professorship Univesithing ea McMaster Lefapheng la Senyesemane le Lithuto tsa Setso. Libuka tsa hae tsa morao-rao li kenyelletsa: Youth in a Suspect Society (Palgrave, 2009); Lipolotiki ka Mor'a Tšepo: Obama le Koluoa ea Bacha, Morabe, le Demokerasi (Paradigm, 2010); Lipelo Tsa Lefifi: Ho Hlorisa Bana Ntoeng ea Bokhukhuni (Paradigm, 2010); The Mouse e Rorang: Disney le End of Innocence (e ngoliloe hammoho le Grace Pollock, Rowman le Littlefield, 2010); Lipolotiki le Setso sa Zombie Mehleng ea Casino Capitalism (Peter Lang, 2011); Henry Giroux mabapi le Pedagogy e Bohlokoa (Continuum, 2011). Libuka tsa hae tse ncha ka ho fetisisa: Education and the Crisis of Public Values (Peter Lang) le Twilight of the Social: Resurgent Publics in the Age of Disposability (Paradigm Publishers) li tla hatisoa ka 2012). Giroux hape ke setho sa Boto ea Batsamaisi ea Truthout. Webosaete ea hae ke www.henryagiroux.com.
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