Robin Hahnel
feela
haeba mang kapa mang a ne a nahana hore IMF le Banka ea Lefatše li kentse molaetsa
Seattle, Washington, DC le Prague, sohle seo a lokelang ho se etsa ke ho bala buka ea
La 5 December khatiso ea Washington Post ho fumana ka tsela enngwe.
Likoluoa tse tlang Chad le Turkey ke bopaki ba hore ha ho letho ntle le a
tokiso ea maqiti a puo e fetotsoe.
Douglas Farah
le David Ottaway ba re tsebisa: “Ka Phuptjane, ha Banka ea Lefatše e lumela ho tšehetsa a
phaephe ea oli ea lik'hilomithara tse 650 e tsoang sechabeng sena se futsanehileng sa lehoatata
[moo baahi ba fetang karolo ea bobeli ho tse tharo ba phelang teng ka karolelano e ka tlaase ho
$250 ka selemo] lebōpong la Atlantic la Afrika, e ile ea bolela hore e fumane tsela
ho thibela liofisiri tse bobolu ho utsoa leruo le lecha la naha.
E ile ea nyatsoa ka lilemo tse ngata mererong ea linaha tse tsoelang pele e ileng ea hlōleha ho khutla
melemo ho baahi ba bona, liofisiri tsa banka li ne li tseba hore liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 3.7
phaephe—morero oa motheo o turang ka ho fetisisa o ntseng o tsoela pele hona joale Afrika
- e ne e tla shebisisoa ka hloko. Kahoo ba ile ba beha litekanyetso tse thata tsa accounting
’me a tsitlallela litiisetsong tsa ’muso oa Chad ho tiisa hore oli ea oona
phaello e ne e tla sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, thuto le bohlokoa
meaho mona, ho ena le ho nyamela akhaonteng tsa lekunutu tsa banka kapa
ho tšehetsa ka lichelete theko ea libetsa ke ba boholong. Liofisiri tsa Banka ea Lefatše li boletse joalo
'Mohlala oa bona oa Chad' o ne o tla paka hore ba ka hlola Moafrika
bobolu ba naha le hore bo ka sebelisoa ho tse ling
masimo a atisang ho etsa bobolu a hlahisang oli. Phatlalatsong ea boralitaba ka mor'a hore e amoheloe ke
morero, banka e bitsitse tumellano le 'muso oa Chad e
'moralo o e-so ka o e-ba teng oa ho fetola leruo la oli hore e be melemo e tobileng bakeng sa
mafutsana, batho ba tlokotsing le ba tikolohong.' Kahoo ha Mopresidente oa Chad
Idriss Deby, mojenerale ea nkileng matla ka phetohelo ea 1990, o phatlalalitse bekeng e fetileng
hore o sebelisitse liranta tse limilione tse 4.5 tsa lirisiti tsa pele tsa oli ho reka
libetsa ho e-na le ho matlafatsa mananeo a sechaba, a re 'ho bonolo
ho hlakile hore ntle le ts'ireletso ho ka se be le mananeo a ntlafatso,' o rometse
ho sisinyeha ha banka."
The
baipelaetsi ba Seattle, Washington DC le Prague e ne e se bona feela ba ileng ba etsa joalo
e ile ea lemosa Banka ea Lefatše hore sena ke sona se tla etsahala. Litokelo tsa botho
baitseki ba Chad ba ile ba loana le morero ona ka lilemo, ba bolela hore o tla “feela
eketsa lintoa tsa matla a libetsa le ho faposoa ke babusi ba matla ho reka
lithunya kapa ho nontša liak’haonte tsa bona tsa banka.”
Empa e
Phapanyetsano ea phaello ho reka libetsa ke bothata bo le bong feela. Likhanyetso tse kholo
bahlahlobisisi ba hlahisitse morero ona le tse tšoanang le ona oa Banka ea Lefatše libakeng tse ling ke tseo
phaello e ngata haholo e ea ho lik'hamphani le libanka tsa linaha tse ling, e siea e nyenyane haholo
ho etsa sekheo se seholo likolotong tsa machaba tse sa lefelloeng tse lokelang ho
tshoaretsoe. Chad e lebelletsoe ho fumana $2 ho isa ho $3 bilione nakong ea lilemo tse 25
ho tloha lipeiping, tse ling li ea ho consortium ea machaba ea oli
lik'hamphani tse etelletsoeng pele ke Exxon Mobil Corporation, ho ea ho lichelete tsa libanka tsa machaba
morero, le ho Banka ea Lefatše bakeng sa ho etsa khoebo le ho theha 3
liperesente tsa lichelete tsa pele.
Ka ho ts'oanang
khatiso ea Washington Post, Molly Moore o re tsebisa ho tsoa Istanbul
hore “mmaraka oa setoko oa Turkey o theohile kajeno ’me phaello e itseng e ile ea phahama
ho feta karolo ea 1,200 XNUMX lekholong mathateng a lichelete ao bahlahlobisisi ba tšabang hore a ka ’na a ba le ’ona
e hasane ho ea Russia le linaheng tse ling tse ntseng li hula ka thata moruong. Ba boholong Turkey ba ile ba qala
lipuisano tsa tšohanyetso le Letlole la Lichelete la Machaba Ankara, motse-moholo,
ka potlako ho kopa kalimo ea $ 5 billion ho thusa ho loants'a ho potlaka ho rekisa Turkey
lira tse sokelang ho thefula moruo o sa tsitsang oa naha. Ba boholong
tšabo ea hore haeba e sa kenngoe, mathata a lichelete a ka romela Turkey
moruo o theohetse ho theoheng ha tlhokeho ea mesebetsi le ho koaloa ha lik'hamphani.
Bahoebi ba lichelete, ba tsoang linaheng tse ling le ba Turkey, ba ntša chelete ea bona ho tsoa limmarakeng
mona ha ba ntse ba lahleheloa ke tšepo ea bokamoso ba naha le ho tšoenyeha ka
phello ea ho theoha ha lira ho ka ba le thepa ea bona. ea Turkey
'maraka oa setoko o lahlile hoo e ka bang liperesente tse 40 tsa boleng ba ona libekeng tse peli tse fetileng,
ho akarelletsa le ho theoha hoa kajeno ha karolo ea 8 lekholong.”
See se etsahala joang
ho khoneha? Ho tlaleha ho tsoa Washington paleng e tšoanang eo Steven Pearlstein a buang ka eona
rona: “Likhoeli tse 10 tsa pele tsa selemo sena e bile e ’ngoe ea tse tsitsitseng ka ho fetisisa moruong
mehleng ea morao tjena ea Turkey.” Mme: "Selemong se fetileng, Turkey e hlotse
thoriso e tsoang ho IMF le litsebi tsa lichelete tsa machaba bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa
maano a lichelete, ho tiisa tšebeliso ea chelete ea mmuso le ho etsa tse ling tsa moruo
liphetoho tsa maano tse khothaletsoang ke IMF. Ka mantsoe a mang, Turkey e ne e le paragon
ea bokhabane ba moruo oa neoliberal ho latela IMF, ka hona motho o ne a ka etsa joalo
nahana hore ke sebaka sa ho qetela moo tlokotsi e lokelang ho qhoma teng. Empa ehlile ke sona seo
IMF le Banka ea Lefatše li ne li buile ka moruo oa Asia Bochabela ka selemo feela
pele ho mathata a bona. Boemong boo hape, moruo oa Asia Bochabela o ileng oa putlama
ho khatello e tsoang Lefapheng la Lichelete la US le IMF ho ipulela
ka botlalo matsete a lichelete a machabeng, ho kenyeletsoa nako e khuts'oane,
Lichelete tse inahaneloang, li ile tsa rorisoa ke US le Letlole joalo ka li-neoliberal
litaba tsa katleho. Empa hang ha chelete e chesang e qala ho tšoha 'me ea baleha, hang hang
IMF e ile ea beha litumellano tsa eona tsa maemo a thata-e balloang ho
sireletsa bo-ramatsete ba machaba-e le phapanyetsano bakeng sa beile, 'me hang ha
sena sohle se ile sa siea moruo oa Asia Bochabela e le lithako, batsamaisi ba Letlole ba potlakile ho
re bolelle hore mebuso ea Asia Bochabela e ne e se na bokhabane ho feta nakong e fetileng
qapoletsoe.
Hang hape re
ba tla bolelloa hore ho oa ha Turkey ho tloha mohaung ho bakoa ke "crony" ea bona
bokapitale,” “ho hloka ponaletso,” le “bohlale bo sa lekaneng
molawana.” Re se re ntse re bolelloa hore "koluoa e qalile hoo e ka bang
liphatlalatso tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa mahlabisa-lihlong a libanka le linokoane tse amanang le tsona
lipatlisiso”—joalokaha eka sena hase sona se bakang mathata a mangata a lichelete.
Potso ea 'nete ke hore na hobaneng ho senoloa ha likalimo tse ling tse mpe ho bakile koluoa ho
boemo bona athe hangata ha ho joalo? Lebaka leo re sa hopotsweng ka lona
potso ea sebele ke karabo e supa boholo le maemo a tlas'a
e leng motse-moholo oa naha o nahannoeng oa machaba o ileng oa tšolohela Turkey nakong e 'maloa e fetileng
lilemo tse, ke hore, "financial streamlining" orchestrated le rorisoa ke the
IMF. Re boetse re bolelloa hore "litefiso tse phahameng tsa linaleli li se li le teng
likalimo lipakeng tsa libanka hobane libanka tse alimang li tšaba hore libanka tse alimang li ka
kamehla”—e leng mohlolo o monyenyane. Potso ea sebele ke hore na ke mang ea ileng a etsa qeto ea ho tlatlapa
thahasello ea ho tšehetsa lichelete tsa lichelete tsa Turkey tse hlahisang litholoana, tse tla tlisoa ho
ho ema ka sekhahla sa tsoala ea linaleli, molemong oa machaba
tsamaiso ea leruo pele?
hape,
libanka tsa lichelete tsa machaba tse nkang karolo lenaneong le tšehelitsoeng ke IMF ka
Turkey tla kelellong. Moore oa re tsebisa: “Libanka tsa Jeremane—tse nang le
e tsetelitse haholo boitekong ba Turkey ba ho rekisa lik'hamphani tsa mmuso le
moruo oa eona ka kakaretso-ba utloile ho theoha ha theko ea bona ea kabelo hobane
ea koluoa ea Turkey. ” Qetellong, re boetse re hlokomelisoa hore Seturkey
ho tsilatsila ha mmuso ho koala libanka tse nang le mathata le ho nka likoloto tsa tsona
e ka ’na ea mpefatsa tlokotsi. “’Muso o se o behile libanka tse 10 tse nang le mathata
ka kamohelo. Ho latela mehloli e tloaelaneng le lipuisano, IMF e
ho hatella ba boholong Ankara ho nka le ho koala tse ling tsa 81 tsa naha
libanka, mohato o thata oa lipolotiki o neng o tla etsa hore beng ba matla ba lahlehe
matsete a bona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mmuso o ne o tla netefatsa tsohle kapa boholo ba
lichelete tsa ba depositi.” Hlokomela hore na cronyism ea mang e tlas'a ho nyatsuoa le
eo eseng. Hore 'muso oa Turkey o tšoenyehe ka khoebo ea Turkey
tahlehelo ke ho korone ho hloka boikarabelo. Empa ha IMF e khothaletsa mmuso oa a
naha e ntseng e tsoela pele ho tiisa lichelete tsa barui ba machaba
li-depositors-tabeng ena libanka tsa Jeremane li tšehetsa lenaneo la privatization la IMF
Turkey - ke taolo e nepahetseng feela ea koluoa.
Potso e le 'ngoe ke
hore na IMF bailout e tla sebetsa Turkey esita le ka mantsoe a moqotetsane. Rona
ba tsebisoa: “Ho phalla ha lichelete tsa matsete ka ntle ho naha ho lebisitse ho
banka e bohareng ho sebelisa bonyane $6 bilione ea $18 limilione tse likete tse le phapanyetsano ea kantle ho naha
reserves in the last two weeks shoring up the lira- buying the currency to
fokotsa khatello e tlase ea boleng ba eona bo bakoang ke bo-ramatsete ba e rekisetsang
reka lidolara 'me u tlohe naheng. Bahlahlobisisi ba tšaba hore haeba IMF e sa etse joalo
ka potlako e fa Turkey kalimo ea eona ea tšohanyetso ea $ 5 bilione, mmuso
haufinyane e ka felloa ke mehloli ea kantle ho naha mme ea sitoa ho tšehetsa lira. Ho
ha ho le joalo, boleng ba chelete bo ka ’na ba theoha.” Ha e le IMF
ba ile ba ntša tefiso e atlehileng Mexico ka 1995, ba ile ba hloleha ho etsa joalo
Asia Bochabela ka 1997 moo e neng e le libanka tse ngata tsa Majapane le tsa machaba
lik'hamphani tse neng li emetse ho lahleheloa, ho fapana le libanka tsa US le lik'hamphani tsa Mexico.
"Katleho" ea tekheniki Mexico e ne e le ka lebaka la lebelo le boholo ba tefiso ea lichelete
sephutheloana. Asia IMF e ne e tsamaea butle ebile e le theko e tlaase, e shebane le ho qobella
"lintlafatso" tsa ka hare ho moruo o oetsoeng. Lefapha la Lichelete la US
o bile a romela motlatsi oa mongoli Larry Summers ho bolella Majapane ka no
maemo a sa tsitsang a hore tlhahiso ea bona ea ho beha $ 100 bilione bakeng sa litefo ntle le
maemo a ne a sa amohelehe. Turkey e se e sebelisitse karolo ea boraro ea kantle ho naha
fapanyetsana lichelete ka libeke tse peli feela ho tšehetsa lira. Ebang ke $ 5 limilione tse likete
ho tsoa ho IMF e tla paka ho lekana le ho fihla kapele ho lekana ho leleka
tlhaselo e inahaneloang ea lira ea Turkey e ntse e tla bonoa. Ekaba Larry
Summers e bontša thahasello e kholo ea ho sebelisa koluoa ho qobella ho ea pele
fokolisang "liphetoho" ka Turkey, kapa ho feta thahasella staving off an
mathata a lichelete a machaba le tšoaetso leha e le efe e ka bang teng, ho sa ntse ho tla bonahala.
Empa hore na
Bail out ea IMF ke katleho ea tekheniki, joalo ka ha e bile Mexico, kapa e hlolehile, joalo ka ha e le joalo
e ne e le Asia Bochabela, hase taba ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa. Katleho ea tekheniki e bolela
batsetedi ba boditšhabatšhaba ba ka se sotlege mme ikonomi e e senyegileng e tla fola
kapelenyana. Ho hloleha ha tekheniki ho bolela tahlehelo e kholo ea bo-ramatsete, ho fetela ho
bakhafi, liphello tse tšoaetsanoang limmarakeng tse ling tse ntseng li hlaha, 'me e tebileng haholo le
ho tepella maikutlo nako e telele moruong o sotlehileng. Empa maemong afe kapa afe maano a IMF
li kotsi molemong oa linaha tse ntseng li tsoela pele moruong kaha li li tlamahanya haholoanyane
ka thata-thata sebakeng sa tlhokofatso ea leruo la machaba le sebelisoang haholo
tsamaiso. Bonyane, koluoa ea Turkey e paka hape hore papali eo
papali ea IMF-ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea chelete ea mmuso, ho etsa litšebeletso tsa sechaba,
ho bula ka ho feletseng matsete a machaba, le ho bokella se neng se
e be chelete e fetang e lekaneng ea lichelete tsa kantle ho naha ho sireletsa ka ho lekaneng
chelete ($ 18 bilione tabeng ea Turkey)-ha ho na tšireletso ho hang ho tloha
tšenyeho ea moruo lefatšeng le lecha le sebete la neoliberalism e sa laoleheng.
Z
Robin
Hahnel o ruta moruo Univesithing ea Amerika e Washington, DC mme o
sengoli le sengoli-'moho sa libuka tse ngata tse buang ka moruo le lipolotiki. Tsa hae tsa moraorao
buka, ka ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše, ke Melao ea Tšabo! (South End
Tobetsa).