Ke sa tsoa bala pitso ea tekano ea moruo e eketsehileng ho tsoa mohloling o thahasellisang. Mongoli oa boipiletso e ne e le Bill Gross, Ofisiri e ka Sehloohong ea Matsete le mothehi-'moho oa Pacific Investment Management Company (PIMCO), feme ea lefats'e ea matsete a lichelete ea lichelete tse limilione tse likete tse 14 e ikarabellang California. Forbes e thathamisa Gross e le ba 778 lefatšength bilione ea ruileng ka ho fetisisa. Chelete ea hae ea chelete ke $ 2.4 limilione tse likete 'me o "fumana" $200 milione ka selemo. William Popejoy, eo e kileng ea e-ba molaoli oa lichelete eo e bileng mookameli oa Pacific Investment Management Co. ka lilemo tse fetang mashome a mabeli o re: “U ka hira matichere a 2,000 XNUMX bakeng sa chelete eo.
“Ha se Tloaelehileng”
Ka Phupu 15, 2014 USA KAJENO Op Ed e bitsitsoeng "Invest in Normalcy for All," Bill Gross o itse o tšoenngoa ke taba ea hore United States hajoale ha e lekane joalo ka ha esale esale ho tloha ka bo-1920. O hlokometse ka masoabi hore Mokhatlo oa Tšebelisano ea Moruo le Ntšetso-pele (OECD) o boemong ba US 31.st har'a lichaba tse 34 tse hlahlobiloeng bakeng sa tekano ea chelete. US "e fetisoa feela ke tse ratoang ke Chile le Turkey," Gross o ile a tletleba. Gross e khathatsehile (kapa e ipolela hore ke) hore likhoebo tsa US li natefeloa ke phaello ea morao-rao ea lekhetho e lekanang le 10% ea lihlahisoa tsa naha tsa US (GDP) - "e fetang maemo a Roaring [19]20s" - ha meputso ea US e theohile 57% ea GDP ka 1970 ho isa ho 43% ea GDP kajeno.
Ho se lekane hona, Gross o ngola, "ha se ntho e tloaelehileng." Hape, o pheha khang, e mpe bakeng sa khoebo kaha e khina tšebeliso ea batho ba bangata le boqapi. US, Gross o tiisa, e hloka ho "tloaeleha" ka ho khutlisa "tahlehelo e tšoarellang ea matla a ho reka ke basebetsi mabapi le inflation le phaello ea khoebo." E ka etsa sena ebile e tlameha ho etsa sena, o re, ka ho nyolla moputso o tlase, ho eketsa pokello ea lekhetho ho tsoa mekhatlong, ho felisa leano la phokotso ea lekhetho bakeng sa batho ba ruileng, le "ho khothaletsa thuto ea basebetsi ho thusa ho ithuta litsebo tse hlokoang ke a 21st moruo oa lekholong la lilemo. ”
Gross e tšehetsa lintho tsena ka lebitso la bokhaphithaliste. Karolong ea tlhaloso ea hae e bitsoang "CAPITALISM IN DANGER," o ngola tse latelang ho tšehetsa seo a se bitsang "tharollo ea Henry Ford"[tse peli]: "Molao oa moputso o tlase o eketseha, leha o bonahala o le khahlanong le bokhaphithaliste ebile o se na demokrasi, o ka hlokahala molemong oa bohle - basebetsi le likoporasi ka ho ts'oana."
Lintho Tse Ling Tse Siiloeng
Motho a ka bua haholo ho feta Gross ha ho tluoa tabeng ea ho utloisisa le ho fokotsa ho se lekane ha moruo US. Ho thoe'ng ka ho se lekane ha leruo, ho fetelletseng le ho feta - hape ho bohlokoa joalo ka (haeba e se bohlokoa ho feta) - ho feta phapang kajeno? (1% e ruileng ka ho fetisisa ea US e na le chelete e ngata e arolelanoang ho feta karolo e tlase ea 90% ea US.) Ho ngolisoa bocha ha mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa United States (mosebetsi o hlophisitsoeng esale e le lenaneo la naha le sebetsang ka ho fetisisa khahlanong le bofuma) ? Mananeo a maholohali a mesebetsi ea sechaba ho hira limilione tsa "maAmerika a sa sebetseng" a sa sebetseng mosebetsing o hlokahalang sechabeng le tikolohong? Lithibelo mabapi le sefofane sa chelete le ho tsamaea? Ho buisanoa bocha ka litumellano tsa neoliberal tsa "khoebo ea mahala" (litokelo tsa batseteli) ho kenyelletsa mosebetsi o boima le ts'ireletso e meng ea sechaba bakeng sa batho ba sebetsang? Karohano le taolo e tiileng kapa esita le ho etsoa bochaba ha mekhatlo ea lichelete ea United States "e kholo haholo ho ea ho e hloleha" (e senyang moruo khafetsa ka litšenyehelo tse ngata tsa sechaba)? Phetoho e matla ea demokrasi ea lipolotiki le ea likhetho (joalo ka lichelete tse felletseng tsa sechaba likhethong tsa sechaba, boemeli bo leka-lekaneng peisong ea molao, ho felisoa ha litšitiso tsa molao ho mokha oa boraro le oa bone) ho khutlisa puso ea hajoale e nyarosang ea US? Phetoho e tebileng (ea lefang a le mong) ea inshorense ea bophelo bo botle (Medicare e Ntlafetseng bakeng sa Bohle) ho etsa hore tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle e be tokelo e fihlellehang sechabeng bakeng sa bohle? Ho phahamisa sekheo se phahameng sa lekhetho la lekhetho la ts'ireletso ea Sechaba le phaello ea chelete ea lekhetho ho tšehetsa Ts'ireletso ea Sechaba le tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle? Ho fokotsoa ha boiketlo ba likhoebo bo atileng, bo kang thekollo le ho khutlisetsoa morao ha chelete e bolokiloeng lits'ebetsong tsa sechaba? Na ho tsosolosoa le ho atolosoa ha meputso ea sechaba e senyehileng le letlooa la polokeho? Ho arolelana mosebetsi ho omisa sesole sa polokelo ea batho ba sa sebetseng ho matlafatsa matla a ho buisana le basebetsi, ho jala meputso le melemo, le ho khutlisa koluoa ea ho sebetsa ho feta tekano? Qetello ea lichelete tsa ho boloka litokelo tsa likolo tsa sechaba motheong oa leruo la thepa ea lehae? Thuto ea mahala ea k'holejeng ea K? Ho senya tekanyetso ea chelete e kholo ea Pentagon (ka boeona ke thuso e kholo ho mekhatlo ea theknoloji e phahameng) le ho tsamaisa lisebelisoa ho tloha 'Musong oa sesole ho ea litlhoko tsa sechaba? E eketsehile ka mokhoa o makatsang lentsoe la basebetsi le ho nka karolo molemong oa likhoebo?
Sena sohle le tse ling li ne li tla amoheloa ka cheseho ke boholo ba baahi ba US.
'Me e hokae mesebetsi eohle e nang le litsebo tsa US eo basebetsi ba US ho thoeng ha ba na koetliso ea eona, leha ho le joalo? (Bona Paul Street, “Lintho Tse Supileng,” ZNet-Telesur, Phupu 10, 2014,https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/seven-things/)
Litumelo Tse Fapaneng
Nka tsoela pele. Empa bothata bo ka sehloohong ka tlhaloso ea bilionea Gross ha e mabapi le leano. E mabapi le nalane. E boetse e mabapi le mofuta oa bokhaphithaliste, puso ea moruo oa kahisano eo Gross a e kopanyang ka phoso le demokrasi le "molemo o tloaelehileng." Ke maikutlo a Gross a hore ho se lekane ho hoholo “ha se ntho e tloaelehileng” (a) tlas’a bokhaphithaliste le (b) nalaneng ea US.
Ha ho hlokahale hore u be Marxist kapa mofuta o mong oa anti-capitalist ho utloisisa hore bokhaphithaliste bo mabapi le phapang ea moruo oa sechaba. Joalokaha setsebi sa moruo oa tokoloho Lester Thurow a hlokometse lilemong tse 18 tse fetileng:
“Demokerasi le bokapitalise li na le litumelo tse fapaneng haholo mabapi le kabo e nepahetseng ea matla. E mong o lumela kabong e lekanang ka ho feletseng ea matla a lipolotiki, 'one man [sic] one vote,' ha e mong eena a lumela hore ke mosebetsi oa ba tšoanelehang moruong ho leleka ba sa tšoaneleheng khoebong le ho ba isa timelong. 'Syvival of the fittest' le ho se lekane ha matla a ho reka ke seo bokhaphithaliste e leng sona. Phaello ea motho ka mong e tla pele 'me lifeme li atleha ho rua. Ho e beha ka sebopeho sa eona se makatsang, bokapitale bo lumellana ka ho phethahetseng le bokhoba. Demokrasi ha e eo. ” (Bokamoso ba Bokapitalise [NY, 1996], 242, ho hatisoa).
Kopi ea ka ea khale ea lerole ea Bukana e Ncha ea Lekholo la Mashome a Mabeli ea Webster e hlalosa bokhaphithaliste e le “tsamaiso ea moruo eo ho eona tsohle kapa boholo ba mekhoa ea tlhahiso le kabo… li leng teng tsa poraefete le tse sebedisoang bakeng sa phaello, qalong tlas'a maemo a tlhōlisano ka ho feletseng: it e 'nile ea khetholloa ka tloaelo ea ho bokella leruo 'me, karolo ea eona ea ho qetela, ka kholo ea likhoebo tse kholo, taolo e eketsehileng ea mmuso, joalo-joalo."
"Mohla oa Khauta" e ne e le Phoso ea 'Nete
Ke eng e "sa tloaelehang" ka ho se lekane ha leruo le chelete e kenang tlas'a tsamaiso ee ea boitšoaro ea melao ea maemo? Haeba ho na le 'nete e le' ngoe e ke keng ea fetoha eo u ka e tlosang ho molumo o ketekoang hang-hang oa setsebi sa moruo sa Mofora Thomas Piketty. Capital ho 21st Lekholo la lilemo (2014) ke hore leruo, le tlohetsoeng ho lisebelisoa tsa lona, le tsepame ka mokhoa o ke keng oa lekanngoa moruong oa bo-capitalist. Ho paka khopolo-taba ena ka lilemo tse fetang makholo a mabeli a data, Piketty o bontša hore ha ho letho le hlahang ts'ebetsong ea "maraka a mahala" ho thibela bokhaphithaliste, haholo-holo ho khutlisa mokhoa oo. Lintho feela tse fokolitseng ho se lekane tlas'a tsamaiso ea bourgeois e bile (a) likoluoa tse makatsang joalo ka Ho oa ho Hoholo ha Moruo le lintoa tse peli tsa lefats'e tsa lekholong le fetileng la lilemo le (b) boitshunyako ba lipolotiki / maano molemong oa kabo bocha e theohileng.
Kaha ho se lekane lichabeng tse ruileng hona joale ho atamela “maemo a lekanang le a ileng a hlokomeloa lekholong la leshome le metso e robeli le la leshome le metso e robong la lilemo,” Piketty o hlokomela hore “leruo [motse-moholo] le boetse le ata. Ha a bua ka mokhoa o pharaletseng, o bontša hore, “e bile lintoa tsa lekholong la mashome a mabeli la lilemo tse ileng tsa felisa nako e fetileng ho hlahisa maikutlo a hore bokapitale bo ne bo fetotsoe ka tsela e hlophisitsoeng” (Capital ho 21stLekholo la lilemo, leq. 118). “Khōlo ea moruo ea sejoale-joale le ho ata ha tsebo,” ho bontša Piketty, “ha lia ka tsa fetola mekhoa e tebileng ea lichelete le ho se lekane - kapa boemong leha e le bofe eseng kamoo motho a neng a ka nahana kateng lilemong tse mashome tse nang le tšepo ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše "(leq.1, ho hatisoa).
E ne e le nako eo ho thoeng ke Golden Age ea bokhaphithaliste ba bophirima (1945-1970) kamora Ho Tepella ho Hoholo ha Moruo le lintoa tse peli tsa koluoa ea lefats'e - nako ea maruo a theohetseng tlase le kabo ea lekeno ho linaha tsa mantlha (tse ruileng) tsa tsamaiso ea lefatše ea bokapitale - eo. e tšoaile tšitiso ea 'nete nalaneng ea bokapitale. Kholiso e matla ea maruo le chelete lilemong tse mashome a mane tse fetileng tsa "neoliberalism" ea hyper-capitalist e bile ho khutlela moetlong oa tsamaiso.
Meriti ea Dewey le Marx
Sena ha se nnete United States ho feta naheng efe kapa efe e ruileng. Lilemo tse tharo tsa Ho oa ho Hoholo ha Moruo, ka booona ho neng ho hlohlelletsoa ke maemo a nyarosang a ho se lekane ha United States lilemong tsa bo-1920, rafilosofi e moholo oa Leamerika John Dewey o ile a hlokomela hore lipolotiki tsa United States e ne e le “moriti o bakiloeng ke likhoebo tse khōlō sechabeng.” O ile a bolela esale pele hore lintho li ne li tla lula li le joalo hafeela “khoebo bakeng sa phaello ea botho” e laola mekhoa ea sechaba ea lichelete, tlhahiso le puisano.
It ka 'na ho bonahala eka Dewey o buile kapele haholo. Pakeng tsa lilemo tsa bo-1930 le bo-1970, phokotso e khōlō ea ho se lekane ha moruo ka kakaretso (le hoja e se ho se lekane ha merabe) le ho eketseha ha maemo a bophelo a batho ba limilione ba basebetsi ba Amerika ho etsahetse United States. "Tlhahiso e Kholo" ena e etsahetse ka lebaka la ho hlaha le katoloso ea mokhatlo oa basebetsi ba indasteri (o ileng oa hlohlelletsoa haholo ke Makomonisi le masole a mang a letšehali), ho ata ha lipuisano tse kopaneng, ho phahama ha naha e batlang e le ea New Deal welfare. le likhatello tsa lehae tsa demokrasi le lekhetho le tsoelang pele le hlokoang ke ntoa e kholo ea lefats'e le Jeremane le Japane fascism (WWII). Joalo ka ha ralipolotiki oa Amerika ea lokolohileng Paul Krugman a hlokometse:
"Amerika ka bo-1950 e ne e le sechaba sa maemo a mahareng, ho isa tekanyong e khōloanyane ho feta kamoo se neng se le kateng lilemong tsa bo-1920—kapa ho feta kamoo se leng kateng kajeno.. . . . Basebetsi ba tloaelehileng le malapa a bona ba ne ba e-na le lebaka le letle la ho ikutloa hore ba ne ba kopanela katlehong ea sechaba ho feta leha e le neng pele. Mme, ka lehlakoreng le leng, barui ba ne ba ruile hanyenyane ho feta kamoo ba neng ba le kateng molokong o fetileng. . . . Ka tsela e itseng, Franklin Roosevelt le Harry Truman ba ile ba khona ho okamela kabo e nyarosang ea chelete le leruo e ileng ea etsa hore Amerika e lekane ho feta leha e le neng pele. . . .Moloko oa ka mor’a ntoa e ne e le nako eo hoo e batlang e le motho e mong le e mong oa Amerika a neng a ikutloa hore maemo a bophelo a ntse a phahama ka potlako, e leng nako eo ka eona Maamerika a tloaelehileng a neng a ikutloa hore a finyella tekanyo ea katleho e fetang litoro tsa batsoali ba bona.”
Mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1950, boipiletso bo ne bo tsoetse pele haholo Readers' Digest hore ka mor’a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše Amerika e ile ea nkela bokhaphithaliste le khethollo ea bona ea maemo a khale sebaka ka “mutualism,” “demokrasi ea indasteri,” “distributism,” “productivism” le/kapa “demokrasi ea moruo.” [2] Sena e ne e le bohlanya haholo. Litokelo le thepa ea mantlha ea bokapitaliste - "taolo ea poraefete" ea Dewey le "khoebo bakeng sa phaello" - ha lia ka tsa hlakoloa, ho latela boithoriso ba 'mampoli oa New Deal Franklin Roosevelt oa hore o "bolokile sistimi ea phaello" phetohong e kholo.
Melemo e natefeloang ke basebetsi ba tloaelehileng ba US-Amerika e entsoe hore e khonehe ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ke boemo bo khethehileng le bo matla ba moruo oa Amerika le litefiso tse makatsang tse natefeloang ke mekhatlo ea US lefatšeng la kamora WWII. Ha boemo boo le liphaello tseo li ne li qholotsoa haholo ke tlholisano ea moruo ea Europe Bophirima le Majapane lilemong tsa bo-1970 le bo-1980, mekhoa ea ho leka-lekana ea Amerika ka mor'a ntoa e ile ea khutlisoa ke batho ba phahameng sechabeng ba neng ba e-so ka ba lahleheloa ke taolo ea bona ea bohlokoa ea mekhatlo ea mantlha ea moruo le lipolotiki. .
Maamerika a sehlopha sa basebetsi a lefile theko ho tloha ka nako eo. Lilemong tse mashome a mane tse fetileng, leruo le lekeno li ne li tsepamisitsoe holimo haholo, li khutlela maemong a pele ho Great Depression, ho tšoaea Mehla e Ncha kapa ea Bobeli e Thabisitsoeng e lateloang ke maano a mangata a khelohang le a plutocracy a sa amaneng le tokelo efe kapa efe ea phetoho. sechabeng 'me ha e le hantle e khahlanong le maikutlo a sechaba a US a sa sebetseng. (1% e kaholimo e na le 40% ea leruo la naha mme mohlomong karolo e kholoanyane ea liofisiri tsa eona tse "khethoa ka demokrasi".)
Ha nako e ntse e ea, bo-ralichelete ba US / mekhatlo e ikopantseng lefatšeng ka bophara tlhahiso ea bona le mesebetsi ea thekiso ho feta leha e le neng pele. Matla a ho reka a basebetsi ba US ha a bohlokoa haholo lipalo tsa motse-moholo oa US kajeno ho feta nakong ea Henry Ford kapa "mehleng ea khauta". Ka nako e ts'oanang, tšebeliso e ngata ea US kajeno e matlafatsa menyetla ea mosebetsi bakeng sa basebetsi linaheng tse ling (Chaena haholo-holo). Ka lik'hamphani tse ngata tse etelletseng pele tsa "Amerika" tse hoheloang ke "limmaraka tse ntseng li hlaha tsa maemo a mahareng" le basebetsi ba theko e tlase Asia Boroa le Bochabela (har'a libaka tse ling tsa thekiso le matsete), hona joale ho bile le phapang e kholo pakeng tsa lilemo tse mashome. molemo bakeng sa lik'hamphani tsa "Amerika" (motse-moholo) le se molemo ho basebetsi ba US le moruo oa US. 'Nete ena e thata e botsa bohlokoa ba "tharollo ea Henry Ford" (sheba ntlha ea 1).
Naheng ea Amerika joalo ka lichabeng tse ling, ho se lekane ho hoholo ke karolo ea mantlha ebile e "tloaelehileng" ea bokhaphithaliste e utloisisoang holim'a nako e telele. Joalokaha setsebi se secha sa 'mino oa rock se secha sa thuto Thomas Piketty (ea hlahisang ntlha e kholo ea ho se be Marxist), a lumela, Karl Marx o ile a e fumana hantle: ho se lekane ho metse ka metso mekhoeng ea mekhatlo ea bokapitale. Kahoo, ba bangata ba ka lehlakoreng le letšehali la eco-socialist (sengoli sena se kenyelelitsoe) ba pheha khang ea hore, ke koluoa ea tikoloho - tšenyeho ea tikoloho ea lintho tse phelang e totobetseng le ho feta kajeno. Bothata bona ba capital-o-genic eco-cide (ha se taba e nyane) ha bo kene mohopolong oa Bill Gross oa hore na phoso ke efe (“eseng e tloaelehileng”) ka bokhaphithaliste ba mehleng ea US. Ka masoabi, ha e fumanehe hakaalo maikutlong a Piketty ka capital in the 21st lekholong la lilemo - bothata boo ke tla khutlela ho bona tlhalosong e latelang.
Ha ke etse eka ke tseba hantle hore na hobaneng Bill Gross ea ruileng haholo a ile a nka maqephe a USA KAJENO ho bitsa tekano e eketsehileng "e tloaelehileng" tlas'a bokhaphithaliste ba US. Mohlomong o hlile o lumela hore tsamaiso ea hae ea bourgeois ea tsamaiso ea moruo oa sechaba e kotsing ke maemo a teng a nyarosang a ho se tšoane ha US. Mohlomong o boetse o leka kapa o leka ho utloahala e le ea lekanang ho hanyetsa ba nyatsang moputso oa hae oa boikhohomoso le bokhabane. Leha ho le joalo, nka mo tiisetsa hore ha ho letho le haufi le tekano ea moruo (ea sephetho kapa "monyetla") kapa bakeng sa taba eo demokrasi e tla ke e fihlellehe "moriting oa sechaba" ka ho busa motse-moholo oa poraefete - e leng moriti oo hajoale. Mehla ea "neoliberal" e fetohile "leru le lefifi le aparetseng sechaba le tsamaiso ea lipolotiki. Noam Chomsky o re hopotse lilemo tse tharo tse fetileng, matla a khoebo, ao hona joale e leng chelete e ngata, a fihlile moo mekhatlo ea lipolotiki, eo hona joale e batlang e tšoana le mekha ea setso, e ka lehlakoreng le letona la sechaba litabeng tse kholo tseo ho phehisanoang khang ka tsona.
Hape ka nģ'ane ho ho fihlelleha ha sechaba se tšoeroeng ke moriti oa Dewey le leru le lefifi la Chomsky ke poloko ea ecology e ka phelang - sehlooho seo ke tla retelehela ho sona nakong e tlang. Telesur tlhaloso.
Buka ea morao-rao ea Paul Street ke Ba Busa: The 1% v. Democracy (Paradigm, 2014, http://www.paradigmpublishers.com/books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=367810)
Notes
1. Sena se bolela boikemisetso ba moetsi oa likoloi oa US Henry Ford hore basebetsi ba US ba lokela ho lefuoa chelete e lekaneng ho reka lihlahisoa tseo ba li entseng ("letsatsi la lidolara tse hlano" ho ea ka lipalo tsa Ford mathoasong a 20.th Century) kahoo ho qoba bothata ba tlhahiso e feteletseng/tšebeliso e tlase.
2. Sheba Frederick Lewis Allen, Phetoho e Khōlō: Amerika e Iphetola, 1900-1950 (NY: Harper, 1952), 249