Ka mantsoe a 2200 ho New York Times Magazine, (4/22/07) Michael Pollan o fana ka karolo e kholo ea lipuisano ho bili ea polasi.1
O qala ka tlhahlobo ea Adam Drewnowski ea lik’hilojule tse theko e tlaase mabenkeleng a korosari, moo “dolara e ka rekang lik’hilojule tse 1,200 250 tsa likuku kapa lichipisi tsa litapole, empa lihoete tse nang le lik’hilojule tse 875 feela,” kapa “lik’hilojule tse 170 tsa soda empa li le XNUMX feela tsa lero la lamunu.”
Ho e-s’o ee kae o phetha ka ho re: “Ho fumana karabo, ha ho hlokahale hore u shebe hole ho feta tefiso ea polasi.”
Pollan's Farm Bill Paradigm.
Ho tloha moo o ea ho lithuso, a bolela hore "bili ea polasi joalokaha e ngotsoe hona joale e fana ka tšehetso e ngata bakeng sa kaka ho feta motso" (lihoete). Chelete ea polasi e “tšehetsa,” ka mohlala, poone, linaoa tsa soya le koro, ho isa ho liranta tse limilione tse likete tse 25 ka selemo.” Joale e hlakisa sena ka ho bolela hore bili ea polasi "e etselitsoe ho khothaletsa ... tlhahiso e feteletseng ea, ... haholo-holo poone le soya."
Ha re tsoela pele, bili ea polasi "e thusa lihoai tsa thepa" ka ho ba sehela cheke ho latela hore na ba ka lema lihlahla tse kae, ho fapana le ho re, ka ho tšehetsa litheko le ho fokotsa tlhahiso joalo ka ha likoloto tsa polasi li kile tsa etsa. "Ha ho bapisoa, bili ea polasi ha e etse letho ho tšehetsa lihoai tse lemang lihlahisoa tse ncha." Bakeng sa bopaki, o re, “theko ea sebele ea litholoana le meroho pakeng tsa 1985 le 2000 e ile ea eketseha ka hoo e ka bang karolo ea 40 lekholong ha theko ea sebele ea lino-mapholi (e tsejoang e le poone ea metsi) e ile ea theoha ka karolo ea 23 lekholong.”
Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e tšoanang e bua ka "ho tšehetsa tlhahiso ea sirapo ea poone e nang le fructose e ngata." Leha ho le joalo, o eketsa qualifier. Lithuso ke karolo feela ea bothata. Ebe o hlalosa litlotla tse ling tsa likoloto tsa temo.
Hamorao o bua ka liphello tse ling tsa bili ea mapolasi “tikolohong, bofutsana ba lefatše lohle, esita le bojaki. Ka ho nolofalletsa lihoai tsa Amerika ho rekisa lijalo tsa bona kantle ho naha ka theko e tlase haholo ho feta kamoo li jang litšenyehelo tsa ho li lema, sekoloto sa polasi se thusa ho tseba theko ea poone Mexico le theko ea k'hothone Nigeria, ka hona hore na lihoai libakeng tseo li tla phela kapa ba qobelloe ho tsoa naheng.”
Moo Pollan a Fosahetseng teng: Pono ea Toka ea Temo
Ho sehoai se latetseng lipolotiki tsa polasi, limelo tsa Pollan hangata li utloahala li makatsa. Likoloto tse atlehileng tsa polasi li theotse litheko (le taolo e fokotsehileng ea phepelo) ka lilemo tse 40 mme tsa li felisa. Tsena e ne e le liqeto tsa lipolotiki tse tšehelitsoeng ke bajalefa ba mekhatlo ea maano ana, Agribusiness output complex le agribusiness input complex (e ruang molemo ka lebaka la khaello ea taolo ea phepelo). Hoa makatsa hore ebe Pollan o bitsa “thuso” ena bakeng sa “lihoai tsa thepa,” “tšehetso e eketsehileng.” Litšehetso li ile tsa kenyelletsoa ka mor'a marotholi, eseng pele.
Ka mohlala, nahana ka molao-motheo oa 1985 oa polasi, karabelo “bothatang ba temo.” Theko ea poone e theohile ho tloha ho karolelano ea $ 2 ka bushel bakeng sa 2.58-1983 ho $ 5 ho tloha 1.75-1986. Eo ke ho theoha ha 90 ¢ Ka nako e ts'oanang, thuso e ka khonehang (kapa e ka khonehang) e ile ea eketseha ka 84 ¢, eseng 78 e feletseng. Bophelong ba 'nete, theko ea' maraka e ne e latela theko ea theko, e theoha ka karolelano ho tloha ho $ 84 ho ea ho $ 2.69 nakong e tlang. Lihoai li ile tsa fumana 2.12 ¢ ka tlase ho bushele ka 'ngoe ho tsoa 'marakeng,' me ke 57 ¢ feela ho lithuso ho lefella tahlehelo eo. Kahoo ke kamoo, joalokaha Pollan a bolela, ‘” lihoai’ li ile tsa “thusoa” le ho “tšehetsoa” ho lema poone e eketsehileng. Likarolo tse ling ho bili li fokotsa melemo ena le ho feta. Lenaneo "Lihlahisoa" tse sebelisitsoeng ho liforomo tsa lithuso li ne li ipapisitse le tlhahiso ea nalane 'me li ne li le tlase ho lihlahisoa tsa nnete. Ha ke na bonnete ka ho toba ka bili ea polasi ea 43, empa ke 1985% feela ea lenaneo la "Base Acres" e ileng ea lumelloa ho bala lithuso tlas'a bili ea polasi ea 85, tsoelo-pele ea mefuta e tšoanang ea linomoro tsa lenaneo le tlaase. (Haeba ke fumana sena ke tla e beha mona e le maikutlo.)
Ke 'nete hore bili ea polasi "e etselitsoe ho khothaletsa ... tlhahiso e feteletseng," joalo ka ha Pollan a boletse.
Pollan o tsitlallela hore "Ha ho bapisoa, bili ea polasi ha e etse letho ho TŠEHETSA lihoai tse lemang lihlahisoa tse ncha" [ho hatisitsoe!]. Phetolelo: mananeo ha aa ka a fetoloa hore e be litheko tse tlase tsa 'maraka, ebe li pata tahlehelo ea 'maraka ka lithuso tse lefang tahlehelo e itseng feela. Hape, ena ke “thuso” le “tšehetso” tsa Pollan. Litholoana le meroho ha se thepa e ka bolokehang, kahoo li hloka mefuta e fapaneng ea mananeo. Haholo-holo tsena ke litaelo tsa papatso. Ha ke khone ho bua le bona, empa kea utloisisa hore, bonyane, ha ba thehe maemo a theko ka mokhoa o lekaneng le ho laola phepelo. Ba lokela ho etsa joalo. Ho feta moo, bahlahisi ba litholoana le meroho ba sirelelitsoe molaong oa polasi ha lihoai tsa lijalo tsa thepa li thibeloa ho lema litholoana le meroho (ke hore, ba lahleheloa ke melemo ea ho fumana mats'eliso a sa fellang bakeng sa tahlehelo e kholo ka lithuso ha ba lema lijalo tsena).
Ka mehato e fapaneng, lihoai tsa litholoana le meroho li phela hantle ho feta lihoai tsa lijalo tsa lenaneo. Ba finyella liphesente tse phahameng tsa tekano, ba na le phaello e phahameng ea tekano, 'me ba na le likarolo tse kholoanyane tsa dollar ea lijo.4 Phetolelo: ho sehoai ho bonahala eka ba tšehetsoa le ho thusoa hamolemo, kapa ka maikutlo a Michael Pollan, litholoana le meroho "lihoai. ” a bonahale a sa “thuswe” le “tshehetswa” haholo. Pollan o tseba sena. Joalo ka ha a re, litheko tsa lisuphamakete li ile tsa eketseha haholo bakeng sa litholoana le meroho (ho hloka "tšehetso") le tse nyane bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa lijalo tsa lenaneo ('me le mona, tse nyane bakeng sa "lihoai" ke tsa "lihoai," er, a, agribusiness, in Pollan's. lefatshe).
Pollan e fokola mabapi le ho hokahanya "thuso" le "ts'ehetso" ho lifeme tsa tlhahiso ea khoebo ea temo (bareki) tse fumanang melemo e meholo ea litheko tse tlase haholo ho litšenyehelo tse felletseng. Ho e-na le hoo, ka mokhatlo, o beha lihoai molato, bahlaseluoa.
Pollan a ka lula a qotsoa khahlanong le eena. Ka sebele, ho elella qetellong ea sehlooho seo o lumela hore “Ho felisa ho tšehetsa lihoai ho ke ke ha rarolla mathata ana; tlhahiso e feteletseng e amme temo ho tloha khale pele ho lithuso tsa morao-rao.” Kahoo joale o re ka bobeli, lithuso li baka bothata (mashano), 'me ha li hlile ha li etse joalo, e leng se hlileng se ferekanyang babali.
Mona re fihla libeng tsa Pollan tsa ho se tsotelle, hammoho le libe tse ling tsa thomo. Pele o etsa hore babali ba se ke ba utloisisa taba ea hore ha ho motho ea tsebang hore na ho hlokahala maano afe. "Ho tla hloka ho etsa leano ho fumana mokhoa oa ho khothaletsa lihoai ho" fetola le ho fokotsa tlatsetso e fetelletseng ea lijalo tse theko e tlaase.
Litharollo tsa 'nete, re li tseba hantle ho tloha nalaneng, ke maemo a litheko a nang le taolo ea phepelo ka lehlakoreng le ka tlase, maano a hlahisitsoeng kajeno ke National Family Farm Coalition le ba bang ba seng bakae5. (Re boetse re hloka lisililing tsa theko ea NFFC le mehloli ea lijo-thollo ka holimo, ka mabaka a mang le maemo a itseng.) Pollan joale o etsa polelo e akaretsang haholo (eo a reng “e ke ke ea e-ba bonolo haholoanyane,) hore “molao-motheo o tataisang oa sekoloto sa polasi ea motho ea jang. ” e ne e tla ba mehato e “tšehatsang boleng ba lijo (le temo) ho feta bongata ba tsona.” Pollan ha a bontše tšehetso bakeng sa litharollo tse tsebahalang.
Ho hobe le ho feta, joale o re: “Liphetoho tse joalo li matla feela ho latela litekanyetso tsa likoloto tsa nakong e fetileng tsa polasi, tse bontšitseng ka botšepehi lintho tse tlang pele ho lithahasello tsa khoebo ea temo tse li ngotseng.” Kahoo ha a qobe feela ho supa litharollo tsa 'nete tse hlokahalang, o pheha khang, joalo ka ha babali ba bangata ba ka utloa, hore likoloto tsohle tse fetileng tsa polasi li mpe litabeng tsena. Kahoo mona hape o bua leshano ka nalane ea litefiso tsa polasi, 'me o khelosa babali ho tharollo ea maano a mantlha a tsebahalang a polasi. Ha e le hantle, ho tloha ka 1942 ho ea ho 1952 tlas'a mananeo a polasi a New Deal le Steagall Amendment ea 1941, lihoai tsa U.S. 100% ea tekano ke khoebo e hlokang leeme, moputso oa bophelo oo, haeba o ne o ka tsoela pele, o ka beng o fetotse nalane ea lijo tse se nang phepo le liphuputso tsa Adam Drewnowski.
Notes
1. Michael Pollan, Ke Seo U se Holang, New York Times, 4/22/07,http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/magazine/22wwlnlede.t.html.
2. Lipalo tsena tse fapa-fapaneng ke lipalo-palo tsa palohare ea selemo ho fapana le ea kakaretso. Kaha tlhahiso eohle e fapana selemo le selemo, selemo se seng le se seng ha se na boima bo lekanang. Ha se lipalo-palo tse tobileng, empa li bontša ntlha feela.
3 Freedom to Farm, molao oa polasi oa 1996, o ile oa hloleha 'me oa lokisoa ke likoloto tse' nè tsa polasi ea tšohanyetso 1998-2002.
4 Ke na le mehloli ea tsena tsohle. Sheba, mohlala, USDA ERS ka likarolo tsa dollar ea lijo monahttps://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/price-spreads-from-farm-to-consumer/. Liphesente tse lekanang bakeng sa lijalo ka bomong li ka fumanoa ka lilemo tse sa tšoaneng ho USDA NASS selemo, Lipalo-palo tsa Temo, mohlala, ka 2008, khaolong ea 9, "Lisebelisoa tsa Temo, Lichelete le Litšenyehelo," tafole 9-35, maq. IX-27- IX-29. Arola kakaretso ea theko ea selemo sa Lipapatso ka theko e lekanang bakeng sa selemo se itseng ho fumana liphesente tse lekanang tsa theko ea karolelano ea selemo sa papatso.
5 Bona "Farm Bill Primer" ea ka morao ho blog ea ka mona https://znetwork.org/zblogs/farm-justice-primer-a-farm-bill-primer/, kapa tobetsa sehokelong se kaholimo.
Litemana tse ling le litšupiso:
Brad Wilson, "Bohlanya ba Pollan ka bokhutšoanyane: 'Food Inc.,' 'Fresh' and Beyon," ZSpace: Brad Wilson, 2 / 21 /16,https://znetwork.org/zblogs/pollans-folly-in-a-nutshell-food-inc-fresh-and-beyond/.
Brad Wilson,"Ho Pollan: Litefiso tsa polasi ha lia ka tsa hlola li e-ba monate, li-antidrama," ZSpace: Brad Wilson, 2 / 21 /16,https://znetwork.org/zblogs/to-pollan-farm-bills-were-never-quaint-antidrama/.
Brad Wilson, “Na u tšehetsa ‘Farm Coalition Group,’” ZSpace: Brad Wilson, 2/ 21 /16,https://znetwork.org/zblogs/do-you-support-the-farm-coalition-group/.
Brad wilson, "Farm 'Shock Doctrine?'” ZSpace, Brad Wilson, 2/24/09, https://znetwork.org/zblogs/farm-shock-doctrine-by-brad-wilson/.
ZNetwork e tšehelitsoe ka lichelete feela ka seatla se bulehileng sa babali ba eona.
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