Haddii mid la weydiiyo inuu qoro liiska quruumaha istaraatiijiyadeed ee muhiimka u ah Mareykanka, waxaa shaki ku jiraa in Bahrain ay soo muuqan doonto. Dhab ahaantii, ka hor 'Kacdoonka Carbeed ee Weyn' ee 2010-11, inta badan dadka Maraykanka ah waxay u badan tahay inay ka maqan yihiin awoodda ay ku heli karaan Bahrain khariidad, si aad ah u fahamsan muhiimadda istiraatiijiyadeed ee muhiimka ah ee qarankan jasiiradda yar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Baxrayn waa xudunta muhiimka ah ee istaraatiijiyada gobolka ee Ameerika. Waxa soo socda, waxaanu bixinaynaa hordhac ku saabsan Baxrayn oo si gaar ah diiradda u saaraya danaha Maraykanka ee gobolka iyo qalalaasaha dhawaanahan ka dhacay ee inta badan dunida ka saaray. Ujeeddadeenu waa inaan barno muwaadiniinta daneynaya ee doonaya aqoonta doorka Mareykanka ee arrimaha adduunka.
Waa maxay Bahrain?
Bahrain waa waddan yar oo ka kooban 33 jasiiradood oo leh dhul qiyaastii ah 717 mayl laba jibaaran (si loo qeexo macnaha guud, waxay ku saabsan tahay 3.5 jeer cabbirka Washington, DC).1 Dalku waxa uu ku yaalaa gacanka Faaris ee badhtamaha gacanka Qatar iyo Sucuudiga. Sannadkii 1986-kii, Baxrayn waxa ay furtay Waddada 16 mayl ee Boqor Fahad taasoo si toos ah ugu xidha Sucuudiga. Gacanka Faaris waxaa ku jira marinka Hormuz, mid ka mid ah meelaha saliidda muhiimka ah ee adduunka. Muhiimada bartan ceejinta waxay siinaysaa Baxrayn goob istiraatiiji ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, maadaama Bahrain ay u dhexeyso Iran iyo Sacuudi Carabiya, waxaa loo arkaa inay muhiim u tahay hubinta saameynta gobolka Iran.
Bahrain waxay noqotay Maxmiyad Ingiriis ah 1866 waxayna sii haysataa maqaamkeeda maxmiyad ilaa ay xornimada rasmiga ah ka heshay Agoosto 5, 1971. Warbaahinta qaarkeed waxay caddeeyeen, iyagoo caddayn yar haysta, in Iran ay Bahrain u aragto "gobolka afar iyo tobnaad." Eedaymahan ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka yimaadeen hadal loo nisbeeyay Ali Akbar Nateq-Nuri, oo ah sarkaal ka tirsan dawladda Iran. Sida si faahfaahsan hoos loogu sharxi doono, sababaha buunbuuninta saamaynta Iran ee Bahrain si diyaar ah ayaa loo qeexi karaa. Hadda, waxaa xusid mudan in Iran ay si rasmi ah u aqbashay Qaraarka 278 ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay kaas oo si cad u taageeraya madax-bannaanida Baxrayn isagoo sheegaya, "dal madaxbannaan," Bahrain waa inay "xor u noqotaa inay iyadu go'aansato xiriirka ay la leedahay dawladaha kale."2 Iyada oo la raacayo tan, hoggaanka Baxrayn, sida laga soo xigtay fiilooyinka sirta ah ee ay sii daayeen wikileaks, uma qaataan faallooyinka lagu eedeeyay Iran si dhab ah.3
In kasta oo Baxrayn loo arko mid ka mid ah Dawladaha Khaliijka ee xorta ah, tartamayaasha waxa ku jira saldhigyada xorriyadda sida Sucuudiga, Cumaan, iyo Qatar. Dalka waxa gacanta ku hayay feedh jilicsan oo qoyska Khaliifa ilaa 1783. Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, oo ah boqorka hadda, ayaa xukunka la wareegay markii aabbihiis dhintay 1999. Sida qaar badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa u qoondeeyey "dhexdhexaad" gobolka, Hamad wuxuu saaxiib la yahay danaha Maraykanka wuxuuna waxbarashadiisa rasmiga ah ku qaatay machadyada reer galbeedka (Cambridge, the US Army Command and Staff College). Febraayo 15, 2002, Bahrain waxay noqotay boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo magac-u-yaal ah oo leh sharci laba aqal ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Boqorku wuxuu magacaabayaa 40-ka xubnood ee aqalka sare (Majlis al-Shura); taliyayaasha ciidamada qalabka sida; dhammaan garsoorayaasha iyo gudoomiyaasha; sharci ahaana awood u leh inuu wax ka bedelo dastuurka oo uu sharci qoro.4 Adeerkiis, Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, ayaa hadda ah Raโiisul Wasaarihii ugu waqtiga dheeraa caalamka. Shan iyo labaatanka xubnood ee golaha wasiirada uu hogaamiyo Salman Al Khalifa ayaa ka kooban 20 xubnood oo ka socda qoyska boqortooyada. Aqalka hoose (Majlis Al-Nuwab) oo si toos ah loo soo doortay, awood yar oo uu ku leeyahay qaabaynta hawlaha qaranka.
Bahrain waxay la kulantay koror degdeg ah oo dadweynaha 10kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Inta badan koritaankaan waxaa loo aaneyn karaa joogitaanka joogtada ah ee sii kordhaya ee shaqaalaha martida, kuwaas oo hadda ka kooban 54% dadka Bahraini (shaqaalaha martida badankoodu waxay ka yimaadeen Koonfur-galbeed Hindiya).5 Shaki la'aan arrinta tirakoobka ugu weyn ee Bahrain waa shiicada ugu badan. Ku dhawaad โโ70% dadka Baxreyn u dhashay waa Shiico, halka qoyska talada haya iyo inta badan ee akhyaarta ay yihiin Sunni. Xaaladdan oo kale ayaa keentay in qoyska talada haya ee Sunniga ahi ay ku dhaqmaan maskaxiyan ku dhisan midab takoor. Hadda, Shiicada looma oggola inay ka shaqeeyaan ciidamada, sirdoonka iyo booliiska, sidoo kale si caddaalad ah uma metelaan jagooyinka sare ee dawladda.6. Runtii, sida Nicholas Kristof u qoray dabeecadda Khaliifa ee ku wajahan Shiicada ee New York Times Blog: "Luqadda xisbiga talada haya waxay aad iigu dhawdahay luqadda caddaanka Koonfur Afrika - ama xitaa sida luqadda caddaanka koonfurta Jim Crow America, ama afka ay ku hadlaan dagaalyahannada Israa'iil ee deggan Daanta Galbeed. Waxaa jirta cabsi laga qabo rabble, kalsooni darro dimoqraadiyad buuxda, dareen xaq u yeelashada."7
Mudaaharaadyada
Iyadoo doorsoomayaal tiro badan ay gacan ka geysteen kacdoonka Baxreyn, waxaa jira arrimo nidaamsan oo u oggolaanaya in si weyn loo fahmo cabashooyinka dibad-baxayaasha. Waxaa hubaal ah kacdoonkii ka dhacay Tunisia, kaasoo horseeday in madaxweynihii Zine El Abidine Ben Ali uu baxsado 14-kii Janaayoth, iyo Kacdoonkii dambe ee Masar, ee sababay in la afgambiyo Xusni Mubaarak, ayaa kaalin weyn ka qaatay dhiirri-gelinta shaqsiyaadkii awalba ka cadhooday nidaamkii Khaliifa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mudaaharaadyadu kaliya ma aha natiijada "qaadista." Marka laga reebo xiisadaha kooxeed, Bahrain waxay hoy u tahay dadka dhalinyarada ah ee bararsan (da'da dhexe waa 30.1 sano, eeg tixraaca 1), qaar badan oo ka mid ah waxay daawadeen Sunniga dhul ku habboon si ay u dhistaan โโdhismayaal qaali ah iyo mega-malls: isku day lagu soo jiidan dalxiisayaasha. gobolka iyo maal-gashadayaasha hodanka ah ee Yurub iyo Maraykanka. Isla markaana, xaaladaha gudaha magaalada iyo tuulooyinka ayaa xumaaday, xaalufka deegaankuna waa mid baahsan.8 Maaliyaddu waxay ka kooban tahay 25% GDP-ga Bahrain, taasoo ka dhigaysa qaranka "xarun maaliyadeed goboleed" sida ay sheegtay Hay'adda Heritage Foundation, taasoo ammaanaysa Boqortooyada "ka go'naanshaha dib-u-habaynta qaabdhismeedka" iyo "furfurnaanta ganacsiga caalamiga ah."9 Baxrayn waxay raacday waxa juqraafiga David Harvey uu ugu yeedhay "urursiga hanti."10 Noocan ururinta neoliberalku waxa uu ka kooban yahay maalgelin, badeecooyin, gaar-yeelid, iyo dib-u-qaybinta dawladda ee qaybaha sare. Muddo aad u dheer, kharashka bini'aadamka ee siyaasadahan ayaa ku dhacay shiicada ugu badan ee shiicada halka kuwa Sunniga ah ay faa'iido u heleen. Si ka duwan sida quruumaha kale ee Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka, Bahrain waxaa ka maqan hantida batroolka Croesusesque si ay u qanciso dadkeeda iyada oo loo marayo bixinta guriyeynta bilaashka ah, waxbarashada, daryeelka caafimaadka, kaalmada cuntada iyo shaqooyinka nolosha. Bixin laโaantan ayaa keentay in dadka wax ka sheegaa ay sheegaan in arrimaha qaranka ay ka mid tahay in la arkayo jebinta heshiis bulsho oo qabyaaladeed oo keenaya tit acquiescence to tyranity for the State ee daryeelka bulshada ee la damaanad qaaday.11
Iyadoo neoliberalism-ku uu u socdo si uu u sharaxo mudaaharaadyadii dhawaa, dulmiga Shiicada, sida qayb ahaan lagu xusay kor, waa arrin muhiim ah. Shiicada inteeda badan ayaa mudaaharaadyo socday muddo tobanaan sano ah iyadoo aysan jirin wax dadaal ah oo ay muujiyeen. Sannadkii 2006-dii, Dr. Salah Al Bandar ayaa la sheegay in uu kashifay shirqool ay madax ka ahaayeen masโuuliyiin ka tirsan dowladda oo doonayay in ay hurin colaad diimeed iyo in dadka intiisa badan la dulmiyo. Shirqoolkaas waxaa ka mid ahaa basaasnimada Shiicada iyo in la kabo dadka cusub ee Sunniga ah.12 Dad badan oo Shiico ah ayaa aaminsan in dawladdu ay si degdeg ah ula socoto jinsiyadda Sunniga si ay u beddesho dheelitirnaanta dadweynaha. Caqiidadan baahsan waxaa taageeray labadaba tirakoobka tirakoobka iyo warbixinta Dr. Bandar. Intii u dhaxaysay 2008 iyo 2009, waxaa jiray warbixino isa soo tarayay oo sheegaya in Shiicadu ay la ildaran yihiin dulmi iyo bahdil ay kala kulmaan madaxda Sunniga ah. Tuulooyinka Shiicada ee saboolka ah ee ku xeeran caasimadda Manama, ayaa soo sheegay heerka shaqo la'aanta ilaa 50%. Tani iyadoo dadka ajnabiga ah, ee doonaya inay ka shaqeeyaan mushahar yar, ay dalka ku soo galayeen heerar naxdin leh. Shiicadu waxay sidoo kale ka cawdeen inay la kulmeen shaqaaleysiin takoor ah oo ka tirsan waaxda dadweynaha.13 Sannadkii 2009, Xarunta Baxrayn ee Xuquuqal Insaanka waxay diiwaangelisay takoorka diimeed ee sii socda ee ka dhanka ah Shiicada, oo ay ku jirto jeesjeeska caqiidadooda ee telefishinka ay dawladdu maalgaliso.14 Iyadoo ay cirka isku sii shareereyso xiisada u dhaxeysa Shiicada iyo dowladda, ayaa waxaa habeenkii xalay ahaa la soo abaabulay dibadbaxyo ka dhacay tuulooyinka Shiicada. Nidaamkii Khaliifa ayaa soo diray Sunniyiin si ay amar ugu soo rogaan tuulooyinka, taas oo keentay niyad jab iyo cadho kale.
Cabashooyinka kor ku xusan waa xulasho. Waa suurtogal in la buuxiyo mug weyn oo muujinaya xad-gudubyada badan ee Khaliifa clique ee Shiicada. Isku darka hanti-isu-taagga neoliberaalka, dulmiga cad, iyo faafidda Kacdoonka Carabta waxay caddeeyeen in ay ka badan yihiin in ay huriyaan kacdoon. Mudaaharaadyada hadda socdaa waxa ay bilowdeen 14-kii February, 2011, taas oo ku beegan sannad-guuradii tobnaad ee Axdi-hawleedka Qaranka.15 Febraayo 14-15, laba mudaaharaad ayaa la sheegay in la dilay. Ka dib, mudaaharaadayaashu waxay u guureen Pearl Roundabout oo ku taal badhtamaha Manama halkaas oo, 17-kii iyo 18-kii, bilayska rabshadaha ay ku weerareen sunta dadka ka ilmaysiisa, rasaas caag ah, wareegyo nool, iyo birta birta ah. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah mudaaharaadayaasha oo ay soo gaareen dhaawacyo ayaa loo raray isbitaalka Salmaaniya kuwaas oo la sheegay in ay buux dhaafiyeen dad dhaawac ah oo mudaaharaadayay, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay yimaaddeen "maskaxdooda ay ka baxayso."16 Waxaa jiray ugu yaraan toddobo dhimasho ah iyo in ka badan 200 oo dhaawac ah tan iyo markii ay mudaaharaadyadu billowdeen.17 Ka dib markii ay dawladdu jabisay, Washington, iyada oo aan shaki ku jirin in ay ka xishoonayso ficillada xulafadeeda, ayaa si adag ugu baaqday in la xakameeyo. Aqalka Cad ayaa bayaan uu soo saaray oo qayb ka mid ah u dhignaa sidan: โMaadaama ay wada-shaqeyn dheer yihiin Bahrain, Madaxweynaha ayaa sheegay in Mareykanku uu rumeysan yahay in xasilloonida Bahrain ay ku xiran tahay ixtiraamka xuquuqda caalamiga ah ee dadka Baxreyn, iyo geeddi-socod. Dib-u-habeyn macno leh oo ka jawaabaya rabitaanka dhammaan Bahrainiyiinta.18 Codka hadda waa mid dib u heshiisiin iyo wadahadal qaran oo u dhexeeya dowladda Baxreyn iyo dibad-baxayaasha. In kasta oo mudaaharaadyadu ay sii socdeen, dawladda, oo ay xakamaysay Washington, aad bay u dhawrtay jawaabteeda (hoos ka eeg "qaabka Baxrayn").
Danaha Maraykanka ee Bahrain
Maraykanku waxa uu dano muuqda ka leeyahay Bariga Dhexe kuwaas oo ku lug leh lahaanshaha aan la xakamayn karin ee khayraadka shidaalka ee gobolka. Xakamaynta noocan oo kale ah ayaa muddo dheer la fahmay in ay siinayso hantiilaha awood caalami ah oo heer sare ah. Xakamayntan la doonayo ayaa keentay in Maraykanku uu sameeyo siyaasad ku lug leh taageeridda taliyayaasha u hoggaansamaya amarkiisa iyo ka soo horjeeda calaamad kasta oo madaxbannaan oo ka jirta gobolka, gaar ahaan aafooyinka qarannimada madaxbannaan.19 Kali-taliyeyaasha raacda awaamirta Washington, xitaa haddii taliyayaasha dawladaha teocratic iyo aabbaha, inta badan la siiyo calaamadda 'dhexdhexaad' faallooyinka iyo khubarada. Sida Stephen Zunes u dhigay:
"Erayga [dhexdhexaad] waxaa loo adeegsaday ugu horreyntii iyada oo la tixraacayo dawladihii saaxiibka la ahaa Maraykanka iyo yoolalka siyaasadeed ee arrimaha dibadda ee Bariga Dhexe; waxa kale oo loo adeegsaday dawlado aan cadawtooyo yar u lahayn Israa'iil iyo Maraykanka Labada xaaladoodba, ma jiro wax xidhiidh ah oo ka dhexeeya calaamaddan iyo diiwaanka dawladda ee dimuqraadiyadda iyo xuquuqul insaanka."20
Xuquuqul insaanka iyo dimoqraadiyada ayaa ah muhiimad yar Maraykanka. Taa baddalkeeda, wadayaasha siyaasaddu waxay sii wadaan "danta amniga qaranka" waxayna ilaalinayaan ama kor u qaadayaan "dejinta." Erayadan, sida argot-siyaasadeedka Ameerika intooda badan, waxay u baahan yihiin in laga soo turjumo afka boqortooyada. "Danta amniga qaranka" guud ahaan waxa ay tilmaamaysaa siyaasadaha loo arko in ay ka faa'iidaysan karaan qaybaha sare ee dadweynaha oo aan wax shaqo ah ku lahayn amniga dhabta ah. Runtii, falal badan oo lagu qaaday magaca "amniga qaranka" ayaa saadaaliyay inay Maraykanka ka dhigeen mid aan badqabin, sida weerarkii March, 2003 ee Ciraaq.21 "Xasilloonida," sida uu qabo Noam Chomsky, waxa loola jeedaa "ilaalinta qaababka gaarka ah ee xukunka iyo xakamaynta, iyo helitaanka sahlan ee kheyraadka iyo faa'iidada."22
Bahrain waa xulafada istaraatiijiyadeed ee muhiimka ah ee Mareykanka: waxay kor u qaadaa "xasiloonida" Khaliijka, waxayna muhiim u tahay hadafka maamulka ee hubinta "xasilinta" saamaynta Iran. Markaa, taageeridda Baxrayn waxay sii fogaynaysaa "danaha amniga qaranka" qarankeena. La yaab ma leh, Al-Khalifasku waa "dhexdhexaad" magaca Maraykanka. Waxyaabaha muhiimka ah ee muhiimka ah ee istaraatiijiyadeed ee Bahrain waa meesha ay ku taal Gacanka Faaris taas oo loo marayo qiyaastii shan meelood meel sahayda saliidda ee adduunka. Muhiimadda Baxrayn ee dheeraadka ah, waa guriga Ciidanka Badda Mareykanka ee Fleet-ka shanaad kaas oo saadka ahaan muhiim u ahaa labadii dagaal ee Ciraaq, ka caawiyay ilaalinta marinka istaraatiijiga ah ee Hormuz, waxayna u adeegtaa sidii culeyska Iran ee Gacanka. Sida lagu sharaxay website-keeda rasmiga ah, Fleet Fifth Fleet "waxay fulisaa hawlgalo badda oo joogto ah si ay u hormariyaan danaha Maraykanka, ka hortagaan oo ka hortagaan wadamada qaska ah, ka adkaanta xagjirnimada rabshadaha iyo xoojinta awoodaha badda ee wadamada saaxiibka ah si kor loogu qaado jawi badeed oo ammaan ah aagga USCENTCOM ee mas'uuliyadda. .โ23 Marka turjumaada loo baahan yahay la qabto, hadafka Kooxda Shanaad waa ay caddahay. Khilaaf kasta oo mustaqbalka lala yeesho Iran, Kooxda Shanaad waxay noqon doontaa lama huraan. Marka laga reebo hawlahan, Shiicada Baxrayn ee Shiicada waxay madax-xanuun u soo bandhigaan qoyska xukuma Sucuudiga. Sacuudi Carabiya waa dalka ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda gobolka, waana xulafada adag ee Mareykanka. Halka Shiicadu ay ka yihiin 15% kaliya dadka Sucuudiga, waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in ay ku badan yihiin magaalooyinka muhiimka ah ee batroolka bari, sida Qatif, Damman, iyo al-Hasa, kuwaas oo juqraafi ahaan u dhow Bahrain. Shiico badan oo Sacuudi Carabiya ku nool waxay aad ula xidhiidhaan shiicada ay isku wadanka yihiin ee Bahrain marka loo eego sida ay ula xiriiraan dhigooda Sunniga ah.24 Shiicada laga tirada badan yahay ee ku nool dalka Sucuudiga ayaa ka cabanayey takoor iyo cadaadis ay in muddo ah ku hayeen dalka Sucuudiga, iyadoo Boqortooyada Sucuudigu aanay ka madhnayn kacdoonka Carabta. Arbacadii, Febraayo 23, Boqor Cabdallah wuxuu ku baaqay 36 bilyan oo dheeri ah oo kharash gareynta bulshada ah, oo ay ku jiraan deyn cafinta guriga, deyn guri oo dheeri ah, iyo 15% kordhinta mushaharka shaqaalaha gobolka.25 Tani waxa ay daba socotay baaqyo ka soo baxay Facebook oo ku baaqayay dibad-baxyo, oo kii ugu horreeyay uu ka koobnaa ku dhawaad โโ100 Shiico ah oo dhacay 4-tii March, taasoo keentay in 22 la xidho. Boqortooyada ugu dambeysay, haddii la saadaalin karo, jawaabta waxay ahayd in la mamnuuco dhammaan mudaaharaadyada.26 Sida cad, haddii Shiicada Bahrain ay awoodaan inay si guul leh u afgambiyaan Khaliifada waxay ku keeni doontaa cadaadis dheeraad ah Sacuudi Carabiya waxayna suurtogal tahay inay aragto Bahrain oo u soo dhowaanaysa Iran. Tani waa dhacdo aan la aqbali karin siyaasad dejiyaasha Mareykanka.
Siyaasadda Maraykanka ee ku wajahan Baxrayn marka la eego mawqif goboleed
Siyaasada Maraykanka ee ku wajahan Baxrayn iyo wadamada khaliijka ka hor iyo intii uu socday kacdoonku waxay ahayd mid si aan gabasho lahayn u taageeraysay. Laga soo bilaabo 2005 ilaa 2009, Maraykanku waxa uu hub qiimihiisu dhan yahay 37 bilyan ka iibiyay dawladaha khaliijka waxana uu dhawaan ku dhawaaqay xidhmo dhan 60 bilyan oo doollar, oo ay ku jiraan 70 helikobtar ah oo Apache ah iyo raxan F-15 ah, oo ay la socdaan Sucuudiga.27,28 Sannadkii 2010-kii, Maraykanku waxa uu Baxrayn siinayay lacag lagu qiyaasay 19 milyan oo doollar oo dhaqaale shisheeye ah.29 Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in dalalka ay ka kooban yihiin Golaha Iskaashiga KhaliijkaโBahrain, Imaaraadka Carabta, Cumaan, Qatar, Kuwait, iyo Sacuudi Carabiya, oo ay weheliyaan xulafada adag ee Urdun, ay 70 bilyan oo dollar ku bixin doonaan difaaca sanadka 2011. Inta badan kharashaadkan ayaa noqon doona loo isticmaalay in lagu soo iibiyo hubka Maraykanka.30 Iibka hubka iyo kaalmada milatari ayaa inta badan lagu micneeyaa dhaqdhaqaaqyo loogu talagalay in lagu xoojiyo awoodaha difaaca ee gobolka Khaliijka si loo yareeyo rabitaanka ballaarinta Iran. Iyadoo tani ay noqon karto mid ka mid arrin ku saabsan habka go'aan qaadashada, waxaa jira sababo badan oo sir ah oo aan wax yar ka qaban Iran. Mid ka mid ah sababaha iibka hubka, dabcan, waa in ay abuurto faa'iido weyn shirkadaha hubka. Sababta kale ee ay dawladahani u iibsadaan hubka Maraykanka - iyo mid ay tahay in ay ogaadaan siyaasad-dejiyeyaasha Maraykanku - waa in ay u isticmaali karaan dadkooda, haddii ay u baahan yihiin. Tani waxay kor u qaadaysaa "dejinta," haddii aan si fiican ugu hadalno luqadda Imperial. Iyaga oo taageeraya tafsiirrada aadka u sii fool xun, halka saraakiisha Baxrayn ay sheegeen in Iran ay faragelin ku hayso arrimahooda gudaha, Maraykanku ma helin wax caddayn ah. Fiilada sir ah oo ay faafisay wikileaks ayaa ka hadlaya arrintan:
"Saraakiisha xukuumadda Baxrayn waxay mararka qaarkood si gaar ah ugu sheegaan booqdayaasha rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka in qaar ka mid ah mucaaradka Shiicada ay taageerto Iran. Mar kasta oo sheegashadan la soo bandhigo, waxaan ka codsaneynaa GOB [dowladda Bahrain] inay la wadaagto caddaynteeda. Ilaa hadda, ma aragno wax lagu qanci karo. caddaynta hubka Iran ama lacagta dawladda halkan laga soo bilaabo ugu yaraan bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, markaas oo xertii Ayatullah Shirazi la ururiyey laguna xukumay kacdoon. Xisbiga oo aan wax kuraas ah ku lahayn Baarlamaanka31
Taageerada dheeraadka ah ee tarjumaada dhagaraysan waxay ka timid jawaabta Bahrain ee mudaaharaadyadii dhawaa. Dawladdu waxay si degdeg ah u soo saartay taangiyada M60A3 waxayna duulisay diyaaradaha dagaalka ee F5 Freedom Fighter, oo labaduba lagu sameeyay Maraykanka.32 Runtii, gabi ahaanba ma cadda sababta jasiirad yar oo jasiirad yar oo aan lahayn cadaw la malayn karo oo awood u leh inuu soo duulo -Iran way waalan tahay inay isku daydo - waxay u baahan doontaa taangiyo gaashaaman. Maraykanku maaha xisbiga kaliya ee dambiilaha ah: Hubka Ingiriiska, oo ay ku jiraan gaasaska dadka ka ilmeysiisa, qoryaha darandooriga u dhaca, iyo bam-gacmeedyada ayaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday hawlgallada ka hortagga mudaaharaadyada.33 Si kasta oo ay ahaataba sababaha saxda ah ee lagu hubaynayo Baxrayn, way caddahay in Baxrayn iyo Maraykankuba ay danaynayaan inay arkaan saamaynta Iran oo xadidan. Haddii Bahrain ay buunbuunisay dabeecadda saameynta Iran ay ku leedahay Shiicada, Mareykanka aad ayuu ugu faraxsan yahay oo kaliya inuu raaco. Sidaa darteed, waxaa jira saameyn isku-dhafan oo shaqada ah oo ka faa'iideysanaya labada dhinacba. Marka laga reebo xidhiidhka xasilloon ee u dhexeeya Maraykanka iyo Baxrayn, labada waddan waxa kale oo ay leeyihiin xidhiidh ganacsi oo dhow oo uu ku jiro heshiis ganacsi oo xor ah oo laba geesood ah kaas oo uu saxiixay George W. Bush 2006dii.
Marka la eego milgahaas, waa wax lala yaabo in maamulku aanu ku salaamin kacdoonka Baxrayn farxad la filan karo haddii dimuqraadiyaddu ay walaac ka qabto. Iyadoo maamulka lagu eedeeyay inuu taageerayo "rabitaanka dimoqraadiyadeed ee dadka oo dhan," waxaa cad in rabitaanka noocan oo kale ah uu shaqeynayo oo kaliya haddii aysan faragelin "dejinta." Jawaabta dadweynaha ee maamulka ee kacdoonka Carabta ayaa sheegaya. Marka la eego Masar, talisku waxa siinayay digniino siyaasad dejiyayaashu muddo sannad ka badan in "degganaan" ay ahayd dhalanteed iyo in dadka da'da yar ee Masar ay ka niyad jabeen nidaamkii Mubaarak.34 Si dhab ah looma oga waxa uu maamulku ka yeelay xogtan, balse waxaa cad inay la yaabeen markii ay mudaharaadyadu dhaceen. Tani waa in lagu meeleeyaa macnaha isbahaysigii dheeraa ee Maraykanka iyo Masar, kaas oo ay ku jirtay in Maraykanku balaayiin doolar u diro ciidamada Masar. Bishii Juun 2009, mar uu wareysi siinayay BBC, Barack Obama ayaa la weydiiyay bal inuu u maleynayo in Xusni Mubaarak uu yahay hoggaamiye kali talis ah. Jawaabtu waxay tahay:
"Maya, waxaan jecelahay inaanan u isticmaalin calaamadaha dadka. Ma aanan la kulmin isaga, waxaan kula hadlay telefoonka. Waxa uu ahaa saaxiib adag dhinacyo badan, Maraykanka. Waxa uu sii waday nabadda Israa'iil. , taas oo ah arrin aad u adag in laga sameeyo gobolkaas. Laakin waligiis kuma dhaqaaqin, waad og tahay, in aan loo baahnayn in uu arrinka xumeeyo, oo uu isku dayay in uu sii wado xiriirkaas. gobolka.Sida cad, waxaa jiray dhaliilo loo jeedinayo qaabka ay siyaasadda Masar uga shaqeyso."35
Nasiib darro, dadku uma malaynayn in kaligii-taliyahan uu "wanaagsan yahay" inkastoo, luqadda boqortooyadu, uu ahaa "xoogga xasilloonida." Jawaabtii maamulka markii ay mudaaharaadyadii Masar bilowdeen waxay ahayd mid murugo leh. Ugu danbayntii maamulku wuxuu arkay qoraalka gidaarka ku qoran, waxayna goโaansadeen in ay hal-abuurnimadooda ka daba tuuraan hammigii mudaharaadayaasha. Si ka duwan Bahrain, Masar ma laha aqlabiyadda Shiicada ee awood u leh inay la jaanqaadaan Iran ama u hanjabaan "xasiloonida" Sacuudi Carabiya. Intaa waxaa dheer, ciidamada Masar, kuwaas oo si adag u ahaa awoodda tan iyo 1952, iyo Maraykanku waxay si dhow u wada shaqaynayeen tobanaan sano. Sidaa darteed, in la amaahiyo taageero odhaaheed kacdoonka waxay ahayd tallaabo aan qiimo lahayn. Runtii, u xaqiijinta Israaโiil in heshiiskooda nabada la ixtiraami doono waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah falkii ugu horreeyay ee taliskii โku-meel-gaadhkaโ ee Mubarak. Wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Israaโiil, Avigdor Lieberman ayaa si kooban u sheegay waxa ay dhab ahaantii Washington ka fikirayso, kaas oo ah in Israaโiil aanay ka walaacsanayn arrimaha gudaha ee Masar, balse kaliya in โxasiloonida gobolka la ilaaliyo lana ixtiraamo heshiiska nabadda.โ36
Bilawgiiba maamulku wuxuu si odhaah iyo xeeladba ku taageeray maamulka Baxrayn ee xanuunsanaya. New York Times waxay xustay in Maraykanku uu qaadayo "laba waddo" oo uu kaga jawaabayo mudaaharaadyada Iran iyo Bahrain. Isaga oo la hadlaya Baxrayn iyo xulafada kale, Obama waxa uu kula taliyay, โWaxaad haysataa jiil dhalinyaro ah oo firfircoon gudaha Bariga Dhexe oo raadinaya fursad weyn; iyo in haddii aad maamusho dalalkan, waa inaad ka hor baxdaa isbeddelka. Kama dambayn kartid qalooca." Isaga oo la hadlaya mudaaharaadayaasha, halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa dawladda, ee Iran, Obama waxa uu rajaynayay in ay haystaan โโ"dhirranaanta ay ku awoodaan inay muujiyaan rabitaankooda xorriyadda weyn iyo dawlad matasha."37 Marka la eego nacaybka furan ee maamulku u hayo Iran iyo muhiimada istiraatijiyadeed ee Baxrayn, farsamadani waa mid si sahal ah loo macnayn karo. Maamulka Obama wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu ka fogaado "deganaansho la'aanta" gobolka, iyada oo la siinayo taageero odhaah ah oo ku filan dhaqdhaqaaqyada dimuqraadiga ah si looga fogaado in lagu eedeeyo munaafaqnimo cad.38 Tani waxay u muuqataa inay tahay istiraatiijiyadda diblomaasiyadeed ee Washington ay dejisay:
"Ka dib toddobaadyo oo dood gudaha ah oo ku saabsan sida looga jawaabayo kacdoonnada dunida Carabta, maamulka Obama wuxuu dejinayaa istaraatiijiyad Bariga Dhexe: caawinta sii wadista xulafada muddada dheer ee doonaya inay dib u habeyn ku sameeyaan awoodda, xitaa haddii taasi la macno tahay dalabaadka dimoqraadiga ah ee buuxa ee iyaga muwaadiniinta cusub ee dhiirranaan leh ayaa laga yaabaa inay sugaan."39
February 20, Gudoomiyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada, Admiral Michael Mullen ayaa u safray Sacuudi Carabiya si ay ugu qanciyaan Boqortooyada iyo xulafada kale ee Carabta in maamulku uu sugi doono amniga oo uu sii ahaan doono xulafo. 23kii Febraayo, Mullen iyo Xoghayaha Difaaca Robert Gates labaduba waxay si buuxda u siiyeen taliskii Khalifa waxayna dhiirigeliyeen waxa ay ugu yeereen "wadahadal qaran" oo u dhexeeya nidaamka iyo dibad-baxayaasha Shiicada. Waqtigaan, fikradda waxaa la abuuray in Bahrain ay sameyn doonto dib u habeyn si ay taageero buuxda uga hesho Aqalka Cad. Tan waxaa loo soo bandhigay sidii "qaabka Baxreyn", waxaana si sahal ah loogu wareejin karaa xulafada kale ee Mareykanka ee gobolka. Sida laga soo xigtay wargeyska Wall Street, Aqalka Cad ayaa aqbalay oo taageero buuxda u tuuray Boqor Khalifa 27-kii February halka fariin tan la mid ah la gaarsiiyay Boqorka Morocco Mohammed VI.40 "Qaabka Baxrayn" ma aha nooc xoogga saaraya dimuqraadiyadda iyo xuquuqul insaanka: Waa dib-u-habaynta imbaradooriyadda, si la mid ah Obama laftiisa, kaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu sii wado siyaasado tobaneeyo sano jir ah oo hoos imanaya dimoqraadiyadda, dib-u-habaynta, iyo isbeddelka. Marka la soo koobo, ma jiri doono isbedel maamul ama dimoqraadiyad Bahrain.
Mustaqbalka Bahrain
Mustaqbalka Bahrain waa mid aan la hubin, halka kacdoonka Carabta ee saameeyay dalal badan - oo ay ku jiraan Cumaan, Tunisia, Iraq, Morocco, Libya, Yemen, iyo Masar - ma muujinayso wax calaamado ah oo hoos u dhacaya. Washington waxaa hubaal ah in ay si argagax leh u daawanayso iyadoo baaqyada dimoqraadiyada iyo hanjabaadaha "xasiloonida" gobolka ay sii fidayaan. Maalmihii u dambeeyay, qiimaha Shidaalku waxa uu kor u kacay 106 dollar foostadii, 2-1/2 sano.41 Qalalaasaha iyo hubanti la'aanta ka jirta Bariga Dhexe ayaa keentay in falanqeeye Michael T. Klare uu ku dhawaaqo in dunidu ay si joogto ah uga baxayso heerka batroolka jaban.42 In tani run tahay iyo in kale waa la arki doonaa. Waa in aan la dhayalsan xoogga xoogagga riixaya ilaalinta xaaladda taagan. Dowlada Baxrayn ayaa isku dayaysa in ay ku laaluushto mudaharaadayaasha lacag dhan 2,600 oo dollar qoyskiiba, wasaarada arimaha gudaha ayaa dhawaan sheegtay in ay raadinayso 20,000 oo shaqaale ah.43 Intaa waxaa dheer, Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka ayaa soo jeedinaya soo jeedinta "sanduuqa xasilloonida" in la siiyo Bahrain iyo Oman. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in Bahrain oo kaliya ay heli doonto 10 bilyan oo doolar.44 Ilaa hadda dadaalladani waxay ku guul-darreysteen inay carqaladeeyaan mudaaharaadayaasha, hadday yihiin Bahrain ama gobolka weyn. Sida mid ka mid ah dibad-baxayaasha Bahraini uu yidhi, "Waxaan rabnaa in Maraykanku aanu ku lug yeelan, waanu ridi karnaa nidaamkan, waxa kaliya ee aanu doonayno waa in Maraykanku aanu taageerin kali-taliska Bahrain."45 Haddaynu nahay muwaadiniinta Maraykanka waa inaan isku daynaa inaan isku barano Baxrayn iyo Bariga Dhexe; waa inaan qabanaa siminaaro iyo fadhiyo waxbarasho; Waa inaan u qornaa wakiilladayada, annaga oo ku boorrinayna in Maraykanku aanu ka qayb qaadan joojinta dhaqdhaqaaqyada dimuqraadiga ah ee bilawga ah; waana inaan ku mashquulno abaabulka. Intani waa masuuliyad ina saaran.
[Ben Winegard waa arday ka qalin jabiyay jaamacada Missouri oo wax ka baranaysa cilmu-nafsiga kobcinta iyo korriinka. Waxa uu daabacay maqaallo dib loo eegay oo ku saabsan fandom-ka ciyaaraha iyo qanacsanaanta jidhka dumarka. Waxa kale oo uu daneeyaa siyaasadda xagjirka ah iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa. Ben waxaa laga heli karaa at [emailka waa la ilaaliyay]]
[Cortne Jai Winegard waxa uu haystaa shahaadada Masterka ee horumarinta bulshada iyo qorshaynta magaalada. Waxay ka firfircoon tahay Columbia, aagga Missouri iyada oo horumarinaysa nolol fudud iyo baaskiil wadid. Iyadu ma laha baabuur wayna ku faantaa. Waxay sidoo kale xiisaynaysaa siyaasadda xagjirka ah iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa. Cortne waxaa laga heli karaa [emailka waa la ilaaliyay]]
tixraacyada
1. Haddii aan si kale loo sheegin, dhammaan macluumaadka aasaasiga ah ee Bahrain waxaa laga soo qaatay saddex ilood:
Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee CIA: Bahrain at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ba.html
Xogta Dalka BBC: Bahrain at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/790690.stm
Muuqaalka Dalka Al Jazeera: Bahrain at http://english.aljazeera.net/news/2011/02/201121672113476490.html
2. Qaraarka Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 278. At http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/260/29/IMG/NR026029.pdf?OpenElement
3. Cable 09MANAMA91, Bahrain sida "Gobolka Afar iyo Tobnaad ee Iran." Marka http://www.wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/02/09MANAMA91.html
4. F.H. Lawson. Wadamada Isgoysyada: Bahrain. Warbixinta Guriga Xorriyadda ee http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/ccr/country-7777-9.pdf
5. Pepe Escobar (Febraayo 18, 2011). Dhammaan ku saabsan wareegga Pearl. Asia Times ee http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/MB18Ak01.html
6. Xuseen Cabdulle (Oktoobar 15, 2008). Nabeel Rajab: Shiicadu waxay haysaa 13% oo keliya jagada sare ee dalka. Xarunta Xuquuqul Insaanka ee Bahrain oo ku taal http://www.bahrainrights.org/en/node/2472
7. Nicholas Kristof (February 22, 2011). Kani ma Apartheid ka jira Bahrain. New York Times ku http://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/is-this-apartheid-in-bahrain/
8. Finnian Cunningham (Febraayo 18, 2011). Baxrayn: Asalka Bulsho ee Kacdoonka lagaga soo horjeedo Xulafada kale ee Maraykanka. Cilmi-baarista Caalamiga ah ee http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=23266
9. 2011 Tilmaanta Xoriyada Dhaqaalaha: Bahrain. Heritage Foundation oo ku taal http://www.heritage.org/index/country/bahrain
10. Harvey, D. (2005). Taariikh kooban oo Neoliberalism. New York: Jaamacadda Oxford Press.
11. Raymond Barrett (February 21, 2011). Sida heshiis bulsho oo jabay uu u kiciyay mudaaharaadyada Bahrain. Kormeeraha Sayniska Christian ee http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0221/How-a-broken-social-contract-sparked-Bahrain-protests
12. Zara Al Sitari (Sebtembar, 2006). "Al Bander-Gate": Fadeexad siyaasadeed oo ka jirta Bahrain. Xarunta Xuquuqul Insaanka ee Bahrain oo ku taal http://www.bahrainrights.org/node/528
13. Dhaqaale-yahanka (Abriil 3, 2008). Baxrayn: Shiicadu aad uma qorraxdu. Marka http://www.economist.com/node/10979869
14. Xarunta Bahrain ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha (Janaayo 15, 2009). Bahrain: Olole dulmi ah oo ka dhan ah Shiicada. Marka http://www.bahrainrights.org/en/node/2720
15. Axdiga waxqabadka qaranka Bahrain. Qoraal buuxa ayaa laga heli karaa http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/National_Action_Charter_of_Bahrain
16. Amnesty International (February 19, 2011). Codsiga ficilka: Dhimasho iyo dhaawac ka dhacay Bahrain. Marka http://amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE11/006/2011/en/160feeb1-9cb2-4c92-b906-022f53dc62fc/mde110062011en.pdf
17. Human Rights Watch (February 28, 2011). Baxrayn: In lala xisaabtamo dembiilayaasha caburinta. Marka http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/02/28/bahrain-hold-perpetrators-crackdown-accountable
18. Janine Zakaria (February 19, 2011). Boqorka Baxreyn oo wada hadal doon doona ka dib markii uu mar kale la dagaalamay mudaharaadayaasha. Washington Post oo ku taal http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/18/AR2011021807509.html
19. Noam Chomsky (February 4, 2011). Ma ahan Islaamka xagjirka ah waxa ka walwalaya Mareykanka -waa madax banaanida. The Guardian at http://www.chomsky.info/articles/20110204.htm
20. Zunes, S. (2003). Tinderbox: Siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Maraykanka iyo xididdada argagixisada. Monroe, ME: Saxaafadda Geesinimada Caadiga ah. Xigasho laga soo qaatay bogga 11.
21. Mark Mazzetti (Sebtembar 24, 2006). Wakaaladaha basaaska ayaa sheegay in dagaalka Ciraaq uu uga sii daray khatarta argagixisada. New York Times ku http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/24/world/middleeast/24terror.html
22. Noam Chomsky (1999) "Stability," oo laga soo xigtay Saddex xagal nasiib leh at http://www.chomsky.info/books/fateful02.htm
23.Taliyaha, Taliska Dhexe ee Ciidanka Badda Mareykanka, Qeybta Shanaad ee Mareykanka. Qoraalka Himilada Rasmiga ah ee http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/mission/mission.html
24. Anees al-Qudaihi (Maarso 24, 2009) Saxafada Shiicada Sacuudiga ee xuquuqda. BBC ku http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7959531.stm
25. Dhaqaale-yahanka (Maarso 3, 2011). Guriga boqortooyada waa la ruxruxay. Marka http://www.economist.com/node/18291511?story_id=18291511&fsrc=rss
26. Ilaaliyaha (Maarso 6, 2011). Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa mamnuucday mudaaharaad dadweyne. Marka http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/06/saudi-arabia-bans-public-protest
27. Mina Kines (Febraayo 24, 2011). Dhoofinta ugu kulul America: Hubka. Nasiib ee http://money.cnn.com/2011/02/10/news/international/america_exports_weapons_full.fortune/index.htm
28. Kristen Chick (Oktoobar 6, 2010). Sida heshiisyada hubku u qaabeynayaan Mideast. Kormeeraha Sayniska Christian ee http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/1006/How-arms-deals-are-shaping-the-Mideast
29. Jeremy M. Sharp (June 15, 2010). Kaalmada Dibadda ee Mareykanka ee Bariga Dhexe: Asal- Taariikheed, Isbeddelladii dhawaa, iyo Codsiga FY2011. Adeegga Cilmi-baarista Kongareeska ee http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL32260.pdf
30. Adam Entous (Febraayo 23, 2011) Maraykanku wuxuu dib u eegis ku sameeyay iibinta hubka iyadoo ay jirto qalalaase. Wall Street Journal ku http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704071304576160790785180556.html
31. Ilaaliyaha (February 15, 2011). Xadhkaha safaarada Maraykanka: xidhiidhka Bahrain iyo Iran. Marka http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/164906
32. Jason Ditz (Febraayo 18, 2011) Arsenal ka dhanka ah dimoqraadiyada: Maraykanku waxa uu sii huriyaa kacdoonka Bahrain. Antiwar.com ku http://news.antiwar.com/2011/02/18/the-arsenal-against-democracy-us-arms-fuel-bahraini-crackdown/
33. Peter Beaumont & Robert Booth (Febraayo 17, 2011). Baxrayn ayaa u adeegsata hub ay UK bixiso si ay uga hortagto mudaharaadyada. The Guardian at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/17/bahrain-crackdown-uk-arms-sales
34. Jay Solomon (Febraayo 16, 2011). Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa sannad digniin ah oo ku saabsan Masar. Wall Street Journal ku http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703312904576146640487877536.html
35. Justin Webb (June 2, 2009). Wareysi Obama: Qoraalka. BBC ku http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2009/06/090602_obama_transcript.shtml
36. Barak Ravid & Reuters (February 12, 2011). Netanyahu: Nabadda Masar iyo Israa'iil waa tiirka xasilloonida Bariga Dhexe. Haaretz iyo http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-egypt-israel-peace-is-cornerstone-of-mideast-stability-1.342947
37. Mark Landler & David E. Sanger (Febraayo 15, 2011). Maraykanku wuxuu raacay laba waddo oo ku saabsan qalalaasaha Iran iyo Bahrain. New York Times ku http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/16/world/middleeast/16diplomacy.html?_r=1&ref=global-home
38. Michael Slackman & Mark Landler (February 17, 2011). Qalalaasaha Bahrain ayaa tijaabo cusub u keenay Aqalka Cad. New York Times ku http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/18/world/middleeast/18bahrain.html?_r=1&ref=todayspaper
39. Adam Entous & Julian E. Barnes (Maarso 5, 2011). Maraykanku wuxuu ku gacan saydhay 'Isbeddelka Nidaamka'. Wall Street Journal ku http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703580004576180522653787198.html?mod=googlenews_wsj
40. Fiiri tixraaca 39 si aad si fiican uga doodaan fikirka iyo diblomaasiyadda maamulka.
41. Ben Rooney (Maarso 7, 2011) Saliida ayaa kor u dhaaftay $106 foosto. CNNMoney ku http://money.cnn.com/2011/03/07/markets/oil/index.htm?iid=EL
42. Michael T. Klare (Maarso 3, 2011). Saliidda Bariga Dhexe: Burburkii Amarka Saliidda Hore. TomDispatch ku http://www.commondreams.org/view/2011/03/03-7
43. Thomas Fuller (Maarso 6, 2011). Kharashka Baxrayn ee loo ballan qaaday wuu ku guul daraystay inuu joojiyo diidmada. New York Times ku http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/07/world/middleeast/07bahrain.html?partner=rss&emc=rss
44. Simon Henderson (Maarso 7, 2011). Dagaalka Baxreyn. Machadka Washington ee http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=32082&pageid=20&pagename=Security
45. Al Jazeera (Maarso 7, 2011). Mudaaharaadyada Baxreyn ayaa gaaray safaaradda Mareykanka. Marka http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/20113714294453228.html
ZNetwork waxa lagu maalgeliyaa oo keliya deeqsinimada akhristeyaasheeda.
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