Muddo sanado ah, waxaa jiray doodo badan oo ku saabsan istaraatijiyadda ugu wanaagsan ee Afgaanistaan looga takhalusi lahaa poppies-keeda. Ciribtirka, ayuu yidhi Bush. Dhexgalka iyo hab-nololeedyada beddelka ah, ayuu yidhi Obama. Shatiga iyo soo saarista ujeedooyinka daawaynta, ayaa soo jeediyay Golaha Senlis. Arrimaha si adag ayaa looga dooday: Ma jiri doontaa baahi ku filan oo loo qabo morphine-ka sharciga ah ee Afgaanistaan? Dawladdu miyay aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay inay hirgeliso qorshahan ama qorshahaas? Ilaa intee in le'eg ayay ciribtirka beeralayda ka fogayn doontaa? Dalaggee ayaan ku beddeli karnaa poppies?
Su'aalahani maaha kuwo muhiim ah, laakiin asal ahaan, kama hadlaan isha aasaasiga ah ee wax soo saarka daroogada Afgaanistaan: Galbeedka (iyo Ruushka) ee baahida daroogada.
Afgaanistaan ayaa qiyaastii 90% ka ah wax soo saarka opium-ka ee caalamka. Galbeedka Yurub iyo Ruushka waa labada suuq ee ugu weyn marka loo eego tirada la isticmaalo iyo qiimaha suuqa (Maraykanku maaha suuq muhiim u ah opiates-ka Afgaanistaan, oo ka soo dhoofsada daawooyinka Latin America halkii). Galbeedka Yurub (26%) iyo Ruushka (21%) waxay wada cunaan ku dhawaad kala badh (47%) heroin-ka laga soo saaro aduunka, iyadoo afar wadan ay ka yihiin 60% suuqyada Yurub: Ingiriiska, Talyaaniga, Faransiiska iyo Jarmalka. Xagga dhaqaalaha, suuqa opiates-ka adduunka waxa lagu qiimeeyaa $65 bilyan, kaas oo heroin-ku uu dhan yahay $55 bilyan. Ku dhawaad kala badh qiimaha guud ee suuqa opiate waxaa lagu xisaabiyaa Yurub (qaar ka mid ah $20 bilyan) iyo Ruushka ($13 bilyan). (Iraan sidoo kale waa isticmaale weyn oo opium ah, oo leh xaddi yar oo heroin ah). Xaaladdu waxay la mid tahay kookeynta, oo Mareykanka iyo Yurub ay yihiin labada suuq ee ugu sarreeya (dhammaan beerashada kookaha waxay ka dhacdaa Colombia, Peru iyo Bolivia). [1]
Marka la soo koobo, waa Galbeedka kuwa haysta dhibaatada daroogada, maaha wadamada soo saaraha sida Afgaanistaan (ama Kolombiya): dalabku waa boqor oo wuxuu wadaa warshadaha caalamiga ah.
Sideen u yareyn karnaa isticmaalka opiate iyo cawaaqibkeeda xun ee Galbeedka iyo Ruushka? Cilmi-baarista siyaasadda daroogada ayaa sida caadiga ah bixisay afar hab. Cilmi-baarayaashu waxa ay isku raacsan yihiin in hababkan oo kale loo kala horeeyo sida soo socota, laga bilaabo kuwa ugu waxtarka yar: 1) daaweynta balwadaha, 2) ka hortagga, 3) fulinta, iyo 4) hawlgallada dibadda ee dalalka wax soo saarka. Tusaale ahaan, laba iyo toban falanqeeye oo la aasaasay ayaa gaadhay gabagabada soo socota, oo la daabacay dhawr bilood ka hor [2]:
"Dadaallada ay wadaan waddamada qaniga ah ee lagu doonayo in lagu xakameeyo beerista dhirta daroogada soo saarta ee dalalka saboolka ah ma aysan dhimin wadarta guud ee daawada ama isticmaalka suuqyada hoose, mana dhici doonto waligood ... ma dhici doonto xitaa haddii dadaalka hadda jira la kordhiyo marar badan."
"Balaadhinta la taaban karo ee adeegyada [daawaynta], gaar ahaan dadka ku tiirsan opiates, waxay u badan tahay inay soo saaraan faa'iidooyinka ugu ballaaran… weli, bulshooyinka badankood waxay ku maalgeliyaan adeegyadan heer hoose."
Sidoo kale, cilmi-baaris si ballaaran loo soo xigtay 1994 RAND ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in bartilmaameedsiga "wadamada ilaha" ay 23 jeer ka yar tahay kharash yar marka loo eego "daawaynta" dadka caadaystay gudaha gudaha, habka ugu waxtarka badan; "is-dhex-galka" waxaa lagu qiyaasay in 11 jeer ka yar kharash-ku-oolnimada iyo "xoojinta gudaha" 7 jeer. [3]
Dhibaatadu waxay tahay in istaraatijiyadda siyaasadda daroogada ee Galbeedka ay leedahay fulinta xoojinta sanadka, oo lagu daray tacaburrada dibadda, waxyeellada daaweynta iyo ka hortagga.
Sidoo kale, Ruushku waxa uu ka cabanayey hakinta ciribtirka Afgaanistaan, laakiin waxa uu leeyahay rikoodh aad u liidata oo ah in uu daweyn u fidiyo dadka qabatimay, isaga oo diiday caddaymo cilmiyeed oo si weyn loo aqbalay. Moscow waxay dooratay istaraatiijiyad "u adeegeysa dhamaadka xakameynta bulshada iyo fulinta," sida Mareykanka oo kale: dambiyada ayaa xoogga la saaray oo saamiga ugu badan ee hantida dadweynaha ayaa lagu hagayaa in la xiro, la dacweeyo oo la xiro dadka isticmaala daroogada, halkii ay siin lahaayeen daaweyn. Tani waxay ka sii daraysaa faafitaanka HIV-ga ee Ruushka, oo ah kan ugu dhaqsaha badan ee u koraya adduunka-oo leh ku dhawaad hal milyan oo caabuq HIV ah, oo 80% ka mid ah kuwaas oo la xiriira wadaaga irbadaha daroogada-halka helitaanka saliingaha uu yahay mid aad u xaddidan. Tusaale ahaan, methadone iyo buprenorphine ayaa weli mamnuuc ka ah sharciga Ruushka, xitaa haddii ay wax ku ool u yihiin dhimista dhibaatada maandooriyaha iyagoo ka beddelaya balwadaha ka soo jeeda opiates-ka sharci-darrada ah oo badbaado leh, beddelaad sharci ah. [4]
Sidaas awgeed, warbixin jaamacadeed oo New York ah oo hadda la sii daayay ayaa sheegaysa in "Waxba ka dhacaya Afgaanistaan, wanaag ama jirran, ma saameyn doonto dhibaatada daroogada Ruushka sida ugu badan ee qaadashada methadone" ee Ruushka - taas oo sidoo kale ka caawin doonta Afgaanistaan yaraynta beerashada poppy. [5]
Obama ayaa sanadkii hore ku dhawaaqay in Mareykanka uu heli doono todobo saldhig oo militari oo ku yaala Colombia isagoo ku marmarsiyoonaya la dagaalanka argagixisada iyo dagaalka ka dhanka ah daroogada. Sidoo kale, Ruushka ayaa dhawaan ku dhawaaqay inuu saldhig labaad ka samaysanayo Kyrgyzstan, si uu ula dagaallamo ka ganacsiga daroogada. Victor Ivanov, oo ah Agaasimaha Adeegga Xakamaynta Dawooyinka Federaalka ee Ruushka, ayaa sharraxay sida uu ugu dhiirigeliyay tabaha dagaalka daroogada Mareykanka ee Latin America:
"Waaya-aragnimada Maraykanku runtii waa mid waxtar leh. Qulqulka xooggan ee cocaine-ka ee Colombia oo soo galay Mareykanka ayaa ku kalifay Washington in ay toddobo saldhig oo militari ka sameysato waddanka Laatiin Ameerika ee su'aashu ay tahay. Mareykanka ayaa markaas u adeegsaday diyaarad si uu u burburiyo qiyaastii 230,000 hektar oo beero kokaca ah… Ruushka ayaa soo jeedinaya in laga dhiso saldhiggiisa millatari ee Kyrgyzstan maadaama ay tahay Jamhuuriyadda Osh gobolka Osh oo xarun u ah noocyada daroogada laga soo gudbiyo Bartamaha Aasiya oo dhan.” [6]
Diiwaanka Yurub ee siyaasadda daroogada ayaa soo hagaagtay labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, horumarro muhiim ah ayaa la sameeyay si loo yareeyo waxyeellada siyaasadda guud ee daroogada, iyo heerarka isticmaalka daroogada ee nooc kasta oo daroogo ah ayaa ka hooseeya Midowga Yurub marka loo eego dawladaha kale ee leh a siyaasad daroogo dembiilayaal ka badan, sida US, Canada iyo Australia. [7]
Laakin wali waxaa jirta meel lagu hagaajin karo. Tusaale ahaan, inkasta oo daaweynta beddelka ah ee opioid iyo irbado iyo saliingaha isdhaafsiga ay hadda gaadheen dad badan oo balwad leh, "farqiga muhiimka ah ee u dhexeeya dalalka [Yurub] waxay sii wadaan inay ka jiraan miisaanka iyo caymiska", dib u eegis dhawaan lagu sameeyay siyaasadaha dhimista waxyeelada ee Yurub ayaa soo gabagabeeyay. Gaar ahaan, "Bixinta guud ee daaweynta beddelka ee Gobollada Baltic-ka iyo gobollada dhexe iyo koonfurta-bari ee Yurub, marka laga reebo Slovenia, ayaa weli hoosaysa in kasta oo dhowaanahan ay kordheen. Qiyaasta Estonia waxay soo jeedinaysaa in kaliya 5% isticmaaleyaasha heroin-ka ee ku nool afarta xarumood ee waaweyn ee magaalooyinka ay daboolaan barnaamijyada beddelka, iyo in heerkani uu hooseeyo 1% heer qaran. [8]
Dhaqaale la'aantu cudur daar ma ahan, maadaama ay jirto lacag badan, tusaale ahaan, $300 bilyan oo reer Yurub ah ayaa sanad walba ku bixiya ciidankooda, si ay u sii wadaan waxyaabo kale oo ay ka mid yihiin in ka badan 30,000 oo askari oo jooga Afgaanistaan.
Boqortooyada Ingiriiska ayaa loo dhiibay mas'uuliyadda ka hortagga maandooriyaha ee Afgaanistaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, gudaha, khubarada hormuudka u ah Peter Reuter iyo Alex Stevens ayaa sheegay in "Inkasta oo ay jiraan ballanqaadyo hadal ah oo ku saabsan dib-u-habaynta kharashka siyaasadda daroogada ee daaweynta… inta badan kharashka dadweynaha ayaa sii socda in loo go'aamiyo tillaabooyinka caddaaladda dembiyada. waxay haysaa waddanka ugu cad cad ee dhimista waxyeelada leh, Nederland." Boqortooyada Midowday (UK), intii u dhaxaysay 1994-2005, "tirada xabsiga sannadaha lagu xukumo xukunnada sannadlaha ah ayaa saddex jibaarmay" (in kasta oo koror weyn lagu sameeyay daaweynta). "Tirada dadka xabsiyada ayaa si xawli ah u kordhay tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay [iyo] isticmaalka xabsigu si degdeg ah ayuu u kordhay dembiilayaasha daroogada marka loo eego dambiilayaasha kale…
Dhaqangelinta Ingiriiska aad ayey ugu baxdaa canshuur bixiyayaasha, laakiin dowladdu si joogto ah uma xisaabiso kharashaadkaas. Codsiga Xoriyadda Macluumaadka ayaa dukumeenti la siidaayay kaas oo "la xisaabiyay kharashka sannadlaha ah ee fulinta sharciyada daroogada - oo ay ku jiraan booliiska, tijaabinta, xabsiga iyo kharashka maxkamadda - qiyaastii £ 2.19 bilyan, kaas oo ku saabsan £ 581 million lagu kharash gareeyey xabsiga dembiilayaasha daroogada. ” [9]
Waxaas oo dhami waxay yiraahdeen, waxaa jira hal dariiqo oo Afgaanistaan ay ku haysato dhibaato daroogo, taas oo ah, tirada sii kordheysa ee balwadda. Warbixin ay dhawaan soo saartay UNODC ayaa lagu qiyaasay in isticmaalka maandooriyaha uu aad u kordhay dhowrkii sano ee la soo dhaafay iyo in ku dhawaad hal milyan oo Afgaanistaan ah ay hadda la ildaran yihiin balwadda maandooriyaha, ama 8% dadka—laba jeer celceliska adduunka. Laga soo bilaabo 2005, tirada dadka isticmaala opium-ka ee Afgaanistaan waxay ka korodhay 150,000 ilaa 230,000 (kor u kac 53% ah) iyo heroin-ka, laga bilaabo 50,000 ilaa 120,000 (oo ah 140% korodh). Tani waxay faafisaa HIV/AIDS sababtoo ah inta badan dadka isticmaala mukhaadaraadka waxay wadaagaan cirbadaha.
Laakiin agabka daawaynta aad bay u liidataa. Kaliya 10% dadka qabatimay ayaa waligood helay daweyn, taasoo la macno ah in ilaa 700,000 ay ku hareen la'aantiis, taas oo keentay in madaxa UNODC Antonio Maria Costa uu ku baaqo kheyraad aad u weyn oo loogu talagalay ka hortagga iyo daaweynta daroogada ee dalka. Laakiin dhibaatadu waxay tahay in maamullada Obama iyo Bush aysan daryeeli karin wax yar: tan iyo 2005, waxay u qoondeeyeen wax ka yar $ 18 milyan si ay "dalabka dhimista" hawlaha Afgaanistaan - qadar ka yar 1% ee $ 2 bilyan oo ay ku bixiyeen ciribtirka iyo isdhexgalka. . [10] Sida cad, mudnaanta Maraykanku shaqo kuma laha la dagaallanka dagaalka daroogada.
[1] UNODC, Warbixinta Dawooyinka Adduunka 2010.
[2] Thomas Babor et al., Siyaasadda Daroogada iyo Wanaagga Dadweynaha, Oxford, 2010.
[3] RAND, Xakamaynta Cocaine: Supply Versus Demand Programs, 1994.
[4] Richard Elovich iyo Ernest Drucker, "Daawaynta maandooriyaha iyo xakamaynta bulshada: narcology-ga Ruushka ee dib u boodboodka weyn", Jariidada dhimista waxyeelada, 2008.
[5] Jonathan Caulkins et al., Soo saarista iyo ka ganacsiga daroogada, siyaasadaha ka hortagga daroogada, iyo amniga iyo maamulka Afgaanistaan, Jaamacadda New York, 2010.
[6] Codka Ruushka, "Ruushka si uu u sameeyo saldhig milatari ee ka hortagga daroogada ee Kyrgyzstan", 25 Juun 2010.
[7] Glenn Greenwald, Xakamaynta daroogada ee Portugal, Machadka CATO, 2009.
[8] Dagmar Hedrich iyo al. "Laga bilaabo margin ilaa caadiga ah: Kobcinta jawaabaha dhimista waxyeelada ee isticmaalka mukhaadaraadka ee Yurub", Daawooyinka: Waxbarashada, Kahortagga iyo Siyaasadda, Disembar 2008.
[9] Peter Reuter iyo Alex Stevens, "Qiimaynta siyaasadda daroogada UK ee dhinaca xakamaynta dembiyada", Dembiyada iyo Cadaaladda Dambiyada, 2008.
[10] UNODC, Isticmaalka Daroogada ee Afgaanistaan: Sahanka 2009 (Koobka Fulinta); GAO, Xakamaynta Dawooyinka Afgaanistaan, Maarso 2010.
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