In ka badan toban sano, kor u kaca bidixda ee maamulka Latin America ayaa horseeday horumar la taaban karo oo laga gaaray dhimista faqriga, isdhexgalka gobolka, iyo dib u xaqiijinta madaxbanaanida iyo madax banaanida. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo horjeeday dawladaha cusub ee bidixda, waxana uu isla markaa raacay siyaasad dibadeed oo cakiran, marar badanna si badheedh ah u diiday sharciga caalamiga ah.
Haddaba maxay tahay sababta ay Human Rights Watch (HRW)โin kasta oo ay isu sheegto "mid ka mid ah hay'adaha madaxa-bannaan ee adduunka ugu horreeya" xagga xuquuqda aadanahaโsi joogto ah ula barbar-dhigto mawqifyada iyo siyaasadaha Mareykanka? Xidhiidhkan ajandaha dawladda Maraykanku kuma koobna Laatin Ameerika oo keliya. Xagaagii 2013, tusaale ahaan, markii rajada laga qabo in gantaallada hal dhinac ee Maraykanku ku garaaco Suuriya - jebinta cad ee Axdiga Qaramada Midoobay - ay u muuqatay mid weyn, agaasimaha fulinta ee HRW Kenneth Roth wuxuu qiyaasay in bam "calaamadaha" ah ay ku filnaan doonto. . "Haddii Obama uu go'aansado inuu weeraro Suuriya, ma u degi doonaa calaamad ama ma sameyn doonaa wax ka caawin doona ilaalinta rayidka?" ayuu ku weydiiyay Twitter. Agaasimaha fulinta ee Xarunta Daraasaadka Caalamiga ah ee MIT John Tirman ayaa si deg deg ah u dhaleeceeyay tweet-ka "laga yaabo in uu yahay kii ugu jaahilnimada iyo mas'uuliyadda ahayn ee abid uu u doodo xuquuqda aadanaha."1
Hoyga HRW ee siyaasadda Maraykanka ayaa sidoo kale ku fiday qaab-dhaqanka sharci-darrada ah ee afduubka iyo raridda tuhmanayaasha ee daafaha meeraha si su'aalo loo weydiiyo oo inta badan lagu jirdilo waddamada xulafada ah. Horraantii 2009, markii la sheegay in maamulka cusub ee Obama ee la doortay uu ka tagayo barnaamijkan si sax ah, agaasimihii u doodista ee HRW ee Washington Tom Malinowski wuxuu ku dooday " duruufo xaddidan, waxaa jira meel sharci ah" oo loogu talagalay gudbinta, wuxuuna dhiirigeliyay dulqaadka: "waxay rabaan in la dejiyo nidaam aan keenin in dadka loo diro godad shisheeye si loo jirdilo,โ ayuu yidhi, โlaakin qaabaynta nidaamkaas waxa ay qaadanaysaa wakhti.2
Tixgalin la mid ah lama siinin cadawga Maraykanka ee Venezuela, markii, 2012, agaasimaha HRW ee Ameerika Josรฉ Miguel Vivanco iyo agaasimaha u doodista caalamiga ah Peggy Hicks ay warqad u qoreen Madaxweyne Hugo Chรกvez iyaga oo ku doodaya in waddankiisu aanu ku habboonayn inuu u adeego Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay. Golaha. Xubnaha goluhu waa inay ilaaliyaan heerarka ugu sarreeya ee horumarinta iyo ilaalinta xuquuqda aadanaha, ayay ku adkaysteen, laakiin nasiib darro, "Venezuela hadda aad ayay uga hoosaysaa heerarka la aqbali karo."3 Marka la eego aamusnaanta HRW ee ku saabsan xubinnimada Mareykanka ee isla golaha, waxaa la yaabay sida saxda ah waa maxay heerarka la aqbali karo ee HRW.
Mid ka mid ah qodobbada asaasiga ah ee ku habboon u hoggaansanaanta HRW ee siyaasadda Mareykanka ayaa la caddeeyay July 8, 2013, markii Roth uu ku soo qaatay Twitter si uu ugu hambalyeeyo saaxiibkiis Malinowski magacaabistiisa inuu noqdo Kaaliyaha Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Dimuqraadiyadda, Xuquuqda Aadanaha iyo Shaqada (DRL). Malinowski waxa uu diyaar u ahaa in uu sii kordhiyo xuquuqul insaanka isaga oo ah sarkaal heer sare ah oo siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda u qaabilsan maamulka soo qabanqaabiya shirarka "Terror Tuesday" toddobaadlaha ah. Kulamadan, Obama iyo shaqaalahiisu waxa ay ka wada tashadeen kulanka dilalka ka dhanka ah diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee adduunka oo dhan, iyaga oo la sheegay in ay ka shaqaynayeen "liiska dilka" sirta ah oo ay ku jiraan dhowr muwaadiniin Maraykan ah iyo gabadh 17 jir ah.4
Galinkii Malinowski ee dawladda ayaa dhab ahaantii dib u soo galay. HRW ka hor, waxa uu u soo noqday hadal-qore u ah Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibadda Madeline Albright iyo Golaha Amniga Qaranka ee Aqalka Cad. Waxa uu sidoo kale mar ahaa kaaliyaha gaarka ah ee Madaxweyne Bill Clinton-dhammaan kuwaas oo uu si sharaf leh ugu taxay taariikh nololeedkiisa HRW. Intii lagu guda jiray dhageysiga ansixinta Senate-ka ee Sebtembar 24, Malinowski wuxuu ballanqaaday "in uu sii qoto dheereeyo is-afgaradka laba-geesoodka ah ee difaaca Mareykanka ee xorriyadda adduunka," wuxuuna u xaqiijiyay Guddiga Xiriirka Dibadda in iyada oo aan loo eegin halka ay doodda Mareykanka ee Suuriya hogaaminayso, "Xaqiiqda ah in aan nahay Waxay u muuqataa in qarankeena uu yahay mid aan caadi ahayn."5
Isla maalintaas, Obama wuxuu hor istaagay Golaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay, "qaar ayaa laga yaabaa inay khilaafaan, laakiin waxaan aaminsanahay in Maraykanku uu yahay mid gaar ah." Iyadoo loo maleynayo in Obama uu ula jeeday naxariis gaar ah, mid ka mid ah kuwa isku khilaafay waa madaxweynaha Brazil Dilma Rousseff, oo dacwad ka furtay isla madal iyada oo kicinaysa Obama "shabakadda caalamiga ah ee basaaska elektaroonigga ah," taas oo ay u aragtay "ixtiraam la'aan qaranka. madaxbannaanida" iyo "xadgudub ba'an oo ka dhan ah xuquuqda aadanaha iyo xorriyadaha madaniga ah." Rousseff waxay isbarbar dhigtay hab-dhaqanka qallafsan ee Washington iyo sifadeeda Brazil oo ah waddan "nabad kula noolaa deriskeenna in ka badan 140 sano." Brazil iyo deriskeeda, ayay ku doodday, inay ahaayeen "dimuqraadiyad, nabadgalyo iyo ixtiraam sharciga caalamiga ah."6 Hadalka Rousseff waxa uu iftiimiyay diidmada ballaadhan ee Latin America ee ka soo horjeedka Maraykanka, sidaa darteedna waxa uu iftiimiyay xidhiidhka iska soo horjeeda ee bidixda ee HRW.
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Sooyaalka Malinowski waa hal tusaale oo xaalad weyn. Dhaqanka hay'adaha HRW waxaa qaabeeyay xiriirka hoose ee hoggaankeeda ee hubka kala duwan ee dowladda Mareykanka. Taariikh-nololeedkeeda HRW, guddoomiye ku-xigeenka guddiga maamulka HRW, Susan Manilow, waxay nafteeda ku qeexday inay tahay "saaxiib dheer Bill Clinton," waxayna gacan ka gaysatay maareynta dhaqaalaha ololihiisa. (HRW mar ay saxeexday warqad ay u dirtay Clinton oo ay ugu doodaysay in lagu soo oogo madaxweynihii Yugoslavia Slobodan Milosevic ee dambiyada dagaalka; HRW may samayn kiis ay Clinton kula xisaabtamayso bambooyinka dilka rayidka ah ee NATO inkasta oo ay soo gabagabaysay in ay ka kooban yihiin "ku xadgudubka sharciga caalamiga ah ee bini'aadantinimada.")7 Bruce Rabb, oo sidoo kale ka tirsan Human Rights Watch's Board of Directors, wuxuu ku xayeysiiyaa taariikh-nololeedkiisa inuu "u adeegay kaaliyaha shaqaalaha ee Madaxweyne Richard Nixon" 1969-70-xilligaas oo maamulkaas si qarsoodi ah oo sharci darro ah roogagu u duqeeyay Cambodia iyo Laos.8
Guddiga la-talinta ee Qeybta Ameerikaanka ee HRW ayaa xitaa ku faanay joogitaanka sarkaal hore oo ka tirsan Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, Miguel Dรญaz. Marka loo eego taariikh nololeedkiisa Waaxda Arrimaha Dibedda, Dรญaz wuxuu u shaqeeyay sidii falanqeeye CIA wuxuuna sidoo kale bixiyay "kormeerka hawlaha sirdoonka Mareykanka ee Latin America" โโee Guddiga Doorashada Joogtada ah ee Aqalka ee Sirdoonka.9 Laga soo bilaabo 2012, Dรญaz wuxuu diiradda saaray, sidii uu mar u sameeyay CIA, Bartamaha Ameerika ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibedda ee DRL - isla xafiiska hadda waxaa kormeeraya Malinowski.
La-hawlgalayaasha kale ee HRW waxay leeyihiin asal su'aal la mid ah: Myles Frechette, oo hadda xubin ka ah guddiga la-talinta ee Qeybta Ameerika, wuxuu u shaqeeyay Kaaliyaha Wakiilka Ganacsiga Mareykanka ee Latin America iyo Kariibiyaanka 1990-93, ka dibna wuxuu noqday Safiirka Mareykanka ee Colombia 1994-97. Frechette ka dib wuxuu u shaqeeyay sidii agaasimaha fulinta ee koox "aan faa'iido doon ahayn" oo la yiraahdo Golaha Ganacsiga ee Waqooyiga Ameerika-Peruvian, oo u ololeeya danaha maalgeliyayaashiisa hortiisa Congresska. Ururkiisu wuxuu maalgelin ka helay shirkado ay ka mid yihiin Newmont Mining, Barrick Gold, Caterpillar, Continental Airlines, JP Morgan, ExxonMobil, Patton Boggs, iyo Texaco.10
Michael Shifter, oo sidoo kale hadda ka tirsan guddiga la-talinta Ameerika ee HRW, wuxuu agaasimay barnaamijka Latin America iyo Caribbean ee National Endowment for Democracy (NED), oo ah hay'ad dawladeed oo kaligiis ah oo uu ku-simaha madaxweynihii hore Allen Weinstein u sheegay Washington Post ayaa 1991-kii in "wax badan oo aan maanta sameyno waxaa si qarsoodi ah u sameeyay 25 sano ka hor CIA."11 Shifter, oo hadda ah madaxweynaha xarun siyaasadeed oo loo yaqaan 'Inter-American Dialogue', wuxuu kormeeraa $ 4 milyan sannadkii oo barnaamij ah, oo lagu maalgeliyo qayb ka mid ah deeqaha Hay'adda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanka (USAID), safaaradaha Kanada, Jarmalka, Guatemala, Mexico iyo Spain, iyo shirkadaha sida Chevron, ExxonMobil, JP Morgan, Microsoft, Coca-Cola, Boeing, iyo Western Union.
Waxaa hubaal ah, in dhammaan hoggaanka ururka aysan ku lug lahayn dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo shaki leh. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah xubnaha guddiga HRW ayaa si fudud u ah bangiyada maalgashiga, sida la-guddoomayaasha guddiga Joel Motley ee La-taliyayaasha Capital Public, LLC, iyo Hassan Elmasry, oo ka tirsan Partners Franchise madax-bannaan, LLP. Guddoomiye ku xigeenka HRW John Studzinski waa maamule sare oo ka tirsan Kooxda Blackstone, shirkad gaar loo leeyahay oo uu aasaasay Peter G. Peterson, bilyaneerka oo si xamaasad leh u doonay inuu ka saaro Badbaadada Bulshada iyo Medicare. In kasta oo Julien J. Studley, oo ah Guddoomiye-ku-xigeenka guddiga la-talinta Ameerika, uu mar ka soo shaqeeyay qaybta dagaalka nafsaaniga ah ee Ciidanka Maraykanka, haddana hadda waa maalqabeen kale oo hanti maguurto ah oo ku yaal New York.
In u doodista HRW ay ka tarjumayso qaabkeeda hay'addeed waa mid aan la arki karin. Runtii, baaritaanka boosaskeeda Latin America waxay muujineysaa kooxda la saadaalin karo, waafaqsanaanta danaha Mareykanka. Tixgeli, tusaale ahaan, falcelinta HRW ee dhimashadii Hugo Chavez. Saacado gudaheed markuu geeriyooday March 5, 2013, HRW waxay daabacday dulmar โ "Venezuela: Legacy's Authoritarian Legacy" -oo jawaab u ah online-ka. Iyadoo la raacayo cinwaankeeda marin habaabinta ereyada HRW, HRW marna ma soo hadal qaadin daacadnimada dimuqraadiga ah ee Chavez: Ilaa 1998, wuxuu ku guuleystay 14 ka mid ah 15 doorasho ama afti, kuwaas oo dhamaantood ay u arkeen inay xor iyo xalaal ah kormeerayaasha caalamiga ah. Doorashadii ugu dambeysay ee Chavez waxay ku faantay 81% heerka ka qaybgalka; Madaxweynihii hore ee Jimmy Carter ayaa ku tilmaamay habka cod bixinta in uu yahay "ka ugu wanaagsan adduunka."12 Maqaalku wuu dayacay inuu sheego hal dhinac oo togan oo ku saabsan muddada Chavez, kaas oo faqrigu hoos u dhigay kala badh iyo dhimashada dhallaanka saddex meelood meel.
Si ka duwan, bayaankii HRW ee August 21, 2012 ee ku saabsanaa geeridii hogaamiyihii Itoobiya Meles Zenawi ayaa si aad ah loo aamusay: "Ethiopia: Transition should support Human Rights Reform," ayaa u akhriyay ciwaanka. Leslie Lefkow, oo ah ku xigeenka agaasimaha HRW ee Afrika, ayaa ku boorisay hoggaanka cusub ee dalka "inay u xaqiijiyaan Itoobiyaanka iyagoo dhisaya dhaxalka wanaagsan ee Meles, isla markaana ay ka noqonayaan siyaasadihii foosha xumaa ee dowladdiisa." Marka laga hadlayo hogaamiye labadii sano ee uu xukumayay aanay midna ka mid ahayn sharciyaddii dimoqraadiyadda ee Chavez (HRW lafteedu waxay diiwaangelisay doorashooyinkii cadaadiska iyo caddaalad-darrada ahaa ee Itoobiya ee 2005 iyo 2010), ururku wuxuu ku dooday oo keliya in "Meles uu ka tago dhaxal isku dhafan oo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha."13 Halka HRW ay meesha ka saartay dhammaan sheegistii horumarka bulshada ee xilligii Chavez, waxay qortay, "Hoggaanka [Meles] dalku wuxuu soo maray wax la taaban karo, inkastoo aan sinnaan lahayn, horumar dhaqaale iyo horumar."
Sharaxaadda ismaandhaafkan waa mid cad: sida a New York Times Qalbidhagax ayaa la sheegay, Meles wuxuu ahaa "mid ka mid ah xulafada ugu dhow ee dawladda Maraykanka ee Afrika." In kasta oo "si ballaaran loo tixgeliyey mid ka mid ah dawladaha ugu cadaadiska badan Afrika," ayuu qoray Times, Itoobiya โwaxa ay sii waddaa in ay hesho in ka badan 800 oo milyan oo doolar oo gargaar Maraykan ah sanad walba. Saraakiisha Mareykanka ayaa sheegay in ciidamada Itoobiya iyo nabadsugida ay ka mid yihiin saaxiibada ugu cadcad ee hayโadda sirdoonka dhexe.14
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HRW waxay qaadatay halbeeggeeda labanlaabka ah si ay kartooniga ugu sawirto meelaha sare ee Latin America oo dhan. Abaalmarinta Dimuqraadiyadda ee 2009 NED Roundtable, Josรฉ Miguel Vivanco ayaa ku tilmaamay Cuba, ma aha Mareykanka, sida "mid ka mid ah waddamadeena ku yaala cirifka sare ee laga yaabo inuu yahay midka maanta haysta rikoorka xuquuqda aadanaha ee ugu xun gobolka." Caddaynta ahaan, wuxuu ku taxay Cuba "xabbisyada muddada-dheer iyo muddada-gaaban ee aan lahayn nidaam cadaalad ah, xadgudub jireed [iyo] ilaalin - inkastoo kuwani aysan ahayn caadooyinka caadiga ah ee Maraykanka, xitaa (macnaha) ee Guantรกnamo Bay.15 Vivanco ayaa sidoo kale laga soo xigtay dabayaaqadii 2013, isagoo ku andacoonaya dhacdo wada hadal Inter-American ah in "dib u dhaca ugu weyn ee xorriyadda ururka iyo hadalka ee Latin America ay ka dhaceen Ecuador" - maaha Colombia, oo ah waddanka ugu khatarta badan adduunka ee hoggaamiyeyaasha ururrada ganacsiga. , ama Honduras, oo ah dalka gobolka ugu dilka badan suxufiyiinta (labadaba, shil ahaan, xulafada Mareykanka).16
Aqoonyahanada Latin America ayaa qaylo dhaan ka bixinaya: Professor taariikhda jaamacadda New York Greg Grandin ayaa dhawaan ku tilmaamay HRW inay tahay "isku xidhka Washington" ee majaladda The Nation.17 Markii Vivanco uu si cad u sheegay "waxaanu samaynay warbixinteena 2008 sababtoo ah waxaan rabnay inaan aduunka tusno in Venezuela aysan qofna tusaale u ahayn," in ka badan 100 aqoonyahan ayaa warqad u qoray agaasimayaasha HRW, iyagoo ka cabanaya "khasaaraha weyn ee soo gaaray bulshada rayidka ah markii aan sameynay kuma kalsoonaan karo ilo ay ka mid tahay Human Rights Watch inay samayso baaritaan dhexdhexaad ah oo ay ka soo saarto gunaanad ku salaysan xaqiiqooyin la xaqiijin karo."18
Xidhiidhka qoto dheer ee HRW ay la leedahay shirkadaha Maraykanka iyo waaxaha gobolka waa in ay ka saartaa hay'adda wax kasta oo dadweynaha iska yeelyeelka madax-bannaanida. Sheegashadan oo kale runtii waa mid aan la sii wadi karin marka la eego heerka ururka ay xarunteedu tahay Maraykanka oo ah albaab wareeg ah oo loogu talagalay xafiisyada dawladda ee heerka sare ah. Ka-saarista lafteeda summada "madax-bannaan" waxay u oggolaanaysaa HRW natiijooyinkeeda iyo u doodista in si sax ah loo qiimeeyo, iyo in si cad loo aqoonsado xag-jirkeeda.
Laatiin Ameerika, waxaa jira wacyigelin baahsan oo ku saabsan awoodda Washington ay u leedahay in ay leexiso isku day kasta oo dibadda ah oo lagu xakameynayo awooddeeda isticmaalka rabshadaha iyo ku xadgudubka sharciga caalamiga ah. Soddonkii sano ee la soo dhaafay oo kaliya ayaa la arkay duulaanka militariga Mareykanka ee Grenada iyo Panama, olole argagixiso caalami ah oo ka dhan ah Nicaragua, iyo taageerada dowladaha afgambiga ku haya wadamada sida Venezuela, Haiti, Honduras, iyo Guatemala. Haddii HRW ay doonayso inay sii haysato kalsoonida gobolka, waa inay bilawdaa inay iska sii dayso qaybaha sare ee go'aan qaadashada Maraykanka oo ay iska dhaafto hay'addeeda gudeed ee gaarka ah ee Maraykanka. Hirgelinta mamnuucid cad oo lagu hayo shaqaalaha iyo la-taliyeyaasha sameeyay ama fuliyay siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Mareykanka waxay noqon doontaa tallabada koowaad ee muhiimka ah. Ugu yaraan, HRW waxay dejin kartaa muddo dheer oo "qaboojin" - waxaad tidhaahdaa, shan sano oo soconaysa - ka hor iyo ka dib asxaabteeda u dhaqaaqista ururka iyo dawladda.
Ka dib oo dhan, HRW's Malinowski wuxuu si toos ah u hoos imaan doonaa Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibadda John Kerry, kaasoo u gudbiyay mawqifka Mareykanka ee Latin America si uu u awoodo maamule awood sare leh. Bishii Abriil 17, 2013 dhageysiga Guddiga Arrimaha Dibadda ee Aqalka Wakiilada, xubin ka tirsan Congress-ka ayaa weydiiyay Kerry bal in Mareykanku uu mudnaanta siiyo "gobolka oo dhan oo ka soo horjeeda kaliya diiradda saaraya hal waddan, maadaama ay u muuqdaan inay isku dayayaan inay si dhow u wada shaqeeyaan si ka badan sidii hore. .โ Kerry ayaa u xaqiijiyay aragtida maamulka ee caalamka. "Fiiri," ayuu yidhi. "Galbeed hemisphere waa gadaasheenna. Aad bay muhiim noogu tahay.โ19
Maqaalkan dib baa loo eegay si uu u muujiyo sixitaanka soo socota: In kasta oo Tom Malinowski uu xaqiijiyay Guddiga Guurtida ee Xidhiidhka Dibadda inuu u adeego Kaaliyaha Xoghayaha Dawladda ee Dimuqraadiyadda, Xuquuqul Insaanka, iyo Shaqada Sebtembar 2013, markii la daabacay, isaga iyo 70 kale Xubnaha Obama magacaabay ayaa leh weli aan la ansixin by Guurtida.
Keane Bhatt waa ka qaybqaataha joogtada ah ee Saxnaanta Warbaahinta ee Latin America (MALA) qaybta Warbixinta NACLA iyo abuuraha blog-ka wax-soo-saarka ee nacla.org.
Notes:
1. Kenneth Roth, oo ay ku xigto jawaabta John Tirman, Twitter, Agoosto 25, 3013, http://twitter.com/KenRoth/status/371797912210407424.
2. Greg Miller, "Obama waxa uu u ilaaliyaa ku-celinta sidii qalab ka-hortagga argagixisada," Los Angeles Times, Febraayo 1, 2009.
3. Josรฉ Miguel Vivanco iyo Peggy Hicks, " Warqad ku socota Madaxweyne Chavez oo ku saabsan musharaxnimada Venezuela ee Golaha Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay," Human Rights Watch, November 9, 2012.
4. Jo Becker iyo Scott Shane, "Sirta ah 'Liiska Dilka' waxay caddaynaysaa Imtixaanka Mabaadi'da iyo Dardaaranka Obama," The New York Times, May 29, 2012.
5. Guddiga Xiriirka Dibadda ee Senate-ka, "Bayaanka Diiwaanka ee Tom Malinowski," Sebtembar 24, 2013.
6. "Qoraalka Khudbadii Obama ee U.N.," The New York Times, September 24, 2013. Bayaanka H.E. Dilma Rousseff, Qaramada Midoobay, Sebtembar 24, 2013.
7. Human Rights Watch, "Kooxaha Xuquuqul Insaanka ee waaweyn ayaa ka soo horjeeda xasaanadda Milosevic," Oktoobar 6, 2000. HRW, "Tirooyinka Cusub ee Dhimashada Rayidka ee Dagaalkii Kosovo," Febraayo 8, 2000.
8. Human Rights Watch, "Board of Directors," www.hrw.org, la helay Noofambar 16, 2013.
9. Waaxda Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka, "Franklin Fellows Alumni," Sebtembar 8, 2011, http://careers.state.gov/ff/meet-the-fellows/franklin-fellows/miguel-diaz, la helay Noofambar 16, 2013.
10. Ways and Means Committee, "Statement of Myles Frechette, North American Peruvian Business Council," Aqalka Wakiilada Maraykanka, May 8, 2001.
11. David Ignatius, "Innocence Abroad: Adduunka Cusub ee Afgambiga Basaasnimada," Washington Post ayaa, September 22, 1991.
12. Keane Bhatt, "Halka ceebta ah ee daboolka doorashooyinka Venezuela," Wax-soo-saarka Quursiga (blog), nacla.org, Oktoobar 8, 2012.
13. Human Rights Watch, "Itoobiya: Cabudhinta Dawladdu waxay wiiqaysaa Codbixinta," May 24, 2010.
14. Jeffrey Gettleman, "Meles Zenawi, Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Itoobiya, wuxuu ku dhintey 57" The New York Times, August 22, 2012.
15. Deeqaha Qaranka ee Dimuqraadiyadda, "Josรฉ Miguel Vivanco: 2009 Abaalmarinta Dimuqraadiyadda ee NED Roundtable," Youtube.com, Jun 29, 2009.
16. Eva Saiz, "Indรญgenas de Ecuador denuncian en EEUU la norma de libre asociaciรณn de Correa," El Pais, Oktoobar 28, 2013.
17. Greg Grandin, "Guulaha Doorashada Venezuela si uu u guuleysto Hugo Chรกvez waa Hugo Chรกvez," Nation The, April 16, 2013.
18. Venezuelanalysis.com, "In ka badan 100 khubaro Latin America ah ayaa su'aal ka keenay Warbixinta Venezuela ee Human Rights Watch," December 17, 2008.
19. Guddiga Arrimaha Dibadda, Aqalka Wakiilada, "Dhageysiga: Sugidda Danaha Mareykanka ee Dibadda: Miisaaniyadda Arrimaha Dibadda ee FY 2014," Abriil 17, 2013.
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