Mid ka mid ah aragtiyaha dhaqaale ee ugu xun ee lagu qasbay wadamada saboolka ah, iyo ardayda dhaqaalaha, ayaa loo yaqaan faa'iidada isbarbardhigga. Taas macnaheedu waa in waddan kastaa uu ku takhasuso waxa uu samayn karo, kori karo ama qaban karo 'ugu fiican' (1) taasina waxay u faa'iidaysan doontaa qof kasta. Hadii wadanku leeyahay cimilo sax ah markaas waa in uu xooga saaraa beerista dalagyada u baahan cimiladaas. Haddii ay leedahay mushahar yar, markaas waa in ay diiradda saaraan hawlaha xoogga leh, sida dharka tolida. Aragtidani waa dacaayad. Waxaa jira saddex cilladood oo waaweyn.
Ugu horrayn, faa'iidada ugu weyn ee dalalka saboolka ahi ay haystaan โโwaa shaqaale jaban. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in dad badan oo ku nool waddamada saboolka ah ay haystaan โโdoorasho yar oo aan ahayn inay qabtaan hawlo aad u fudud oo soo noqnoqda sida samaynta dharka dhoofinta. Waxay ku dhamaanayaan inay ku tartamaan midba midka kale si ay u bixiyaan shaqada ugu jaban. Shirkaduhu way ka ciyaari karaan midba midka kale mana bixin karaan wax ku dhow. (Tani waxa lagu sii falanqaynayaa qoraal dambe oo ku saabsan goobaha dhididka ah).
Cilada labaad ayaa ah in dalal badan oo faqiir ah lagu dhiirigaliyay in ay xoogga saaraan in ay hal dalagga dhoofiyaan, sida qaxwaha ama suufka, balse la ogaado in qiimihiisu aad hoos ugu dhacay. Dakhliga laga helo iibinta suufka, laakiin maadaama qiimaha suufku uu yahay mid si joogto ah u hooseeya, ma haystaan โโdakhli ku filan oo ay ku noolaadaan. dhibaatooyinkan 2 markii ay xustay in:
"Istaraatiijiyad horumarineed oo ku salaysan dhoofinta badeecadaha beeraha waxay u badan tahay inay faqiirayaan" (4)
Diirada saaran beerista dalagyada dhoofinta ayaa horseedaysa hoos u dhac ku yimaada tacbashada cuntada gudaha. Dunidu hadda waxa ay soo saartaa cunto ka badan sidii hore, si fududna ugu filan qof walba, laakiin nafaqo-xumada ayaa weli baahsan. Indoniisiya waagii hore way isku filnaan jirtay bariiska laakiin hadda waxay beertaan timir faa'iido badan oo loo dhoofiyo iyo nafaqo-xumo ayaa kordhay.(5)
Qiimuhu wuxuu sidoo kale ku dhacaa alaabada aan la beeran. Chile waxay ku tiirsanayd dhoofinta naxaasta, laakiin qiimihiisu wuu burburay 1996. Venezuela waxay ku tiirsan tahay dhoofinta saliidda marka qiimuhu hoos u dhaco dakhligoodu aad ayuu hoos ugu dhacayaa. Qiimaha badeecadaha ee saliidda, macdanta birta, naxaasta iyo alaabta ceeriin ayaa burburay 2015. Burburka qiimahan kaliya ma keeno dakhli hoose. Waxay u horseedaan nafaqo darro, gaajo iyo dhimasho.
Midda saddexaad, oo laga yaabo inay ugu muhiimsan tahay, cilladdu waa in faa'iidada isbarbardhigga ay ku saleysan tahay waxa waddan kastaa awood u leeyahay inuu hadda sameeyo. Aragtidu waxay iska indho tiraysaa caddaynta in haddii qaababka saxda ah ee waxbaridda, tababarka, maalgashiga iyo qorsheynta muddada fog, dalalku ay horumarin karaan awoodda ay ku qabtaan hawlo aad u casrisan mustaqbalka. Mid ka mid ah qorayaasha ugu wanaagsan mawduucan, dhaqaaleyahanka Cambridge Ha-Joon Chang, ayaa qoray:
"Haddii ay rabaan inay ka tagaan faqriga, waa inay ka soo horjeedaan suuqa oo ay sameeyaan waxyaalaha ugu adag ee u keena dakhli sare." (7)
Haddii wadamada saboolka ahi ay rabaan inay noqdaan wadamo horumaray, qeexitaan ahaan waa inay maalgashadaan tignoolajiyada horumarsan. Waa inay horumariyaan warshado cusub (tani waxaa loo yaqaan warshadaynta) oo ay hore u ilaaliyaan.
Ganacsiga Kafeega - Tusaalaha muuqda ee ka faa'iidaysiga
Bunku waa mid ka mid ah dhoofinta ugu muhiimsan ee dalal badan oo soo koraya. Falanqayn kasta oo faahfaahsan oo lagu sameeyo silsiladda sahayda qaxwaha waxay muujinaysaa in beeralayda ay helaan qadar yar, laakiin qof kasta oo kale oo ku jira silsiladda, soo-saareyaasha, qaybiyeyaasha, alaab-qeybiyeyaasha, shirkadaha gaadiidka, maal-geliyayaasha, caymiyeyaasha iyo dukaamada (inta badan dukaamada waawayn) iyo dukaamada qaxwaha) waxay sameeyaan faa'iido weyn. Shirkadaha waaweyn ee kafeega ayaa faa'iido aad u badan ka hela warshadaynta iyo baakaynta kafeega. Tan waxaa loo yaqaan 'qiimaha ku-darka'. Beeralayda kafeega kaliya waxay iibiyaan digirta qaxwaha ceeriin.
Hay'adda ololaha, Oxfam, waxay ogaatay in laga bilaabo 1990-2000 wadarta iibka qaxwada adduunka oo dhan uu kor u kacay min $30 bilyan ilaa $60 bilyan laakiin dakhliga wadamada beera digirta bunka ayaa hoos uga dhacday $10 bilyan ilaa $6 bilyan. Beeraleydu waxay heleen kaliya qayb yar oo lacagtaas ah. Nidaam isku mid ah ayaa sii socday. 2019, baahida loo qabo qaxwaha ayaa ka badan sidii hore, laakiin qiimaha la siiyo beeralayda ayaa ahaa kii ugu hooseeyay muddo 13 sano ah. toban jeer in ka badan, noloshooda ayaa isbedeli karta, laakiin macaamiisha dalalka qaniga ah ayaa si dhib leh u ogaan doona farqiga u dhexeeya. Beeraley badan, kharashka kafeega koraya ayaa inta badan ka badan inta ay heli karaan. Dhibaatadu waxay noqotay mid aad u xun hal mar taasoo keentay in beeralayda Itoobiya ay joojiyaan kafeega waxayna u beddeleen daroogada.(8)
Waxaa jiray urur ay leeyihiin wadamada kafeega soo saara oo iska kaashaday sidii loo hubin lahaa in beeraleyda ay helaan nolol macquul ah. Nasiib darro, deyn-bixiyeyaasha caalamiga ah sida Bangiga Adduunka ayaa ka caawiyay Vietnam inay bilowdo korinta kafeega 1990-meeyadii. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in qaxwo badan la soo saaray. Qaxwaha xad-dhaafka ah looma baahnayn, markaa way adkayd in qof walba la sii wado mushahar macquul ah oo kafeega ah oo aan qofna iibsanayn. Tani waxay horseeday burburkii ururka 2001(11) iyo beeralaydu waxay helayeen dakhli heer faqri ah tan iyo markaas.
Ganacsiga kafeega wuxuu muujinayaa arrinta dalal gaar ah oo isku dayaya inay go'aansadaan sida looga ganacsado hal adduun oo weyn oo isku xiran. Waxay qaadataa saddex sano in dhirta kafeega ay soo saarto dalaggoodii ugu horreeyay. Waqtigaas, waddamo kale ayaa laga yaabaa inay bilaabeen inay koraan kafeega, markaa qiimaha ayaa isbeddeli kara. Haddii aan si dhab ah isugu dayeyno inaan dadka saboolka ah ka saarno faqriga, kuma aynaan dhiirigelinayno inay xitaa kafee ka sii beertaan. Horumarka oo loo daayo rabitaanka suuqyada caalamiga ah lagama yaabo inay bixiso dakhli joogto ah, oo koraya, dad badan oo sabool ah.
Haddii kafeega lagu kala iibsado si la mid ah khamriga Faransiiska, beeralayda kafeega waxay awood u yeelan lahaayeen in ay farsameeyaan oo ay baakadeeyaan kafeega oo ay ka helaan faa'iido badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, shuruucda ganacsiga ee dalalka qaniga ah, gaar ahaan Yurub, ayaa si badheedh ah u ciqaabaya waddamada saboolka ah haddii ay isku dayaan inay wax ku kordhiyaan. ee shirkadahooda.
FairTrade - Ka Wanaagsan, Laakiin Maaha Xalka
Fairtrade waa nidaam ganacsi oo loogu talagalay in lagu hubiyo in wax soosaarayaasha wadamada saboolka ah ay helaan heshiis cadaalad ah. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay qiimo cadaalad ah oo alaabtooda ah, iyo qandaraasyo waqti dheer ah si ay u sugaan amniga.(13) Doodaha dhaqaale ee ku saabsan faa'iidooyinka iyo khasaarooyinka Fairtrade waa mid aad u adag, laakiin mabda'a guud ee ah inaanan ka faa'iidaysanin shaqaalaha wadamada saboolka ah waa mid. taas oo dadka badankiisu ku heshiin lahaayeen. Shirkadaha Fairtrade waxay dammaanad qaadayaan dakhliga sare ee beeraleyda iyo xaaladaha shaqo ee wanaagsan.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ganacsiga caddaaladda ayaa kaliya qayb ahaan xal u ah dhibaatooyinka dalalka saboolka ah. Qadarka ay bixiyaan beeralayda ayaa weli hooseeya. Adduunyada cadaaladda dhabta ah, suurtogal uma noqon doonto in shirkaduhu ay ka faa'iidaystaan โโshaqaalaha. Qof kasta oo ku lug leh silsiladda sahayda alaabta lagu iibiyo waddan kasta oo horumarsan waa in lagu shaqaaleeyaa shuruudo macquul ah. Haddii wadamadani ay weligood ka baxsadaan faqriga, waa in aan yeelano nidaam ganacsi oo dammaanad qaadaya dadka saboolka ah dakhli wanaagsan oo ay ka helaan waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah sida qaxwaha iyo dharka. Hadday rabaan inay noqdaan dalal horumaray, waxay weli ku qasbanaan doonaan inay warshadeeyaan.
Ganacsiga Xaqdarada ah ee aadka u daran
Fikradda Fairtrade waxay muujineysaa tirada badeecadaha ee wadamada horumaray ee si cadaalad darro ah looga ganacsado. Badeecooyinka intooda badan, qof ku jira silsiladda sahayda ayaa loola dhaqmay si xun meel adduunka ka mid ah. Haddii shaqaalihii dharkaaga sameeyay aanu ka shaqaynayn goob dhididka lagu iibiyo, shaqaalihii beeralayda ee suufka soo gurtay waxa laga yaabaa in lacag yar la siiyo. Haddii shaqaalaha tignoolajiyada ee Shiinaha ay hadda ka mushahar wanaagsan yihiin kuwii hore, dadkii ku baabi'iyay kombuyuutarkaaga Hindiya markay dhammaatay noloshiisii โโshaqo ayaa weli la sumoobay, shaqaalaha macdanta ee soo saara alaabta ceeriin waxay halis ugu jiraan in la toogto haddii ay sameeyaan ururka. Habka ganacsi ee ugu muhiimsan waa ganacsi aan cadaalad ahayn.
Waxaan qoraaladii hore ku soo aragnay in hal sabab oo uu Maraykanku u afgambiyo dawlado shisheeye ay tahay in uu xukunka u dhiibo hogaamiyayaal wadankooda ku maamuli doona siyaasad dhaqaale oo Maraykanka faaโiido u leh. Waxa kale oo aanu aragnay in nidaamka dhaqaale lagu shubtay si ay maalqabeenadu u awoodaan in ay hanti ka soo saaraan cid kasta oo kale. Wadamada qaniga ah marka ay wax ka soo iibsadaan wadamada saboolka ah, waxay bixiyaan wax aad uga yar inta ay istaahilaan. Dadka ku nool dalalka saboolka ah si fudud looma siiyo wax-soo-saarka ay u dhoofiyaan.
Mushaharka ugu Yar ee Caalamiga ah
Dadka iyo ururada qaar ayaa hadda riixaya mushaharka ugu yar ee caalamiga ah, si ay isugu dayaan in ay hubiyaan in shaqaale kasta uu heli karo mushahar macquul ah shaqadooda. Tani waxay awood u leedahay in ay si degdeg ah wax uga beddesho heerka nololeed ee qaar badan oo ka mid ah dadka ugu saboolsan adduunka. ku saabsan mushaharka ugu yar ee caalamiga ah, laakiin in kasta oo ay jiraan arrimo kakan oo ku saabsan sida aan u go'aaminno qaddarka saxda ah iyo sida aan u dhaqangelinno, ma jiraan wax doodo wanaagsan oo ka dhan ah fikradda.
Sii Socodka Gumaysiga
Dadka ka faalooda arrimaha dalalka qaniga ah waxa ay boqollaal sano ogyihiin in sida ugu wanaagsan ee ganacsiga loogu guulaysan karo ay tahay in waddanku uu soo dejiyo agabka ceeriinka ah ee sida caadiga ah raqiis ah, isla markaana dibadda loo dhoofiyo badeecadaha la soo saaro, kuwaas oo inta badan ka qaalisan kana faaโiido badan. Waqtigan xaadirka ah waxaan ku dhiirigelineynaa wadamada saboolka ah inay sameeyaan taas lidkeeda. Siyaasadaha la soo jeedinayo waa isla siyaasadihii ay ku dhaqmi jireen gumeystuhu waagii gumeysiga.(17) Faylal waagaas qarsoodi ahaa, laakiin hadda la kala saaray, waxay muujinayaan in ujeeddadu ahayd in dalalka faqiirka ah lagu hayo. Wadamada qaniga ah waxay ku taliyaan siyaasadahan sababtoo ah waxay awood u siinayaan dadka hodanka ah inay taajiraan. Anagoo ku dhiirigelinayna wadamada saboolka ah inay diirada saaraan warshadaha aasaasiga ah, waxaan dammaanad qaadaynaa inaysan warshadayn doonin oo ay sii ahaan doonaan sabool.
Reading dheeraad ah
Ha-Joon Chang, Laad-kicinta Salaanka, 2002
Kheyraadka Internetka
Jason Hickel, 'Sida loo joojiyo Mashiinka Sinnaan la'aanta Caalamiga ah, Ilaaliyaha, 18 Maajo 2017, at
Fernando Morales-de la Cruz, 'Qiimaha runta ah ee qaxwahaaga subaxdii waxaa iska indhatiray siyaasiyiinta Yurub', The Guardian, 16 Abriil 2015, at
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/apr/16/cost-coffee-ignored-europe-politcians
Marc James Francis, 'Dahab madow', dukumeenti, 2007
tixraacyada
1) Steve Keen, '1,000,000 dhaqaaleyahanno ayaa khaldami kara: khiyaanada ganacsiga xorta ah', 30 Seb 2011, at
1,000,000 dhaqaalayahan ayaa khaldami kara: Khaladaadka ganacsiga xorta ah
2) 'Qiimaha suufka ayaa toban sano hoos ugu dhacay hubanti la'aanta coronavirus', theds, 24 March 2020, at
https://www.themds.com/markets/cotton-prices-hit-ten-year-low-on-uncertainty-over-coronavirus.html
3) Pietra Rivoli. Socdaalladii funaanadda ee dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, 2005
4) David Sogge, 'Wax ka baxsan: daciifnimada gobolka sida marmarsiimo boqortooyo', Achin Vanaik, iibinta US Wars, 2007, p.262
5) Mervyn Piesse, 'Ammaanka cuntada ee Indonesia: Ku tiirsanaanta joogtada ah ee suuqyada shisheeye', FutureDirections International, 1 March 2016, at
6) Katie Allen, wadamada aduunka ugu saboolsan oo ay ruxday hoos u dhaca badeecooyinka iyo dollarka xoogan', Guardian, 10 April 2016, at
7) Ha-Joon Chang. Samaariya Xun: Khayaaliga ganacsiga xorta ah iyo taariikhda qarsoon ee hantiwadaaga, p.195, 2007, at
https://analepsis.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/ha-joon-chang-bad-samaritans.pdf
8) Katy Askew, 'Xiriirku maaha mid waara: Kobcinta qaxwada miyuu ka tagayaa soosaarayaasha?', 17 Oct 2018, at
9) Aaron Maasho iyo Nigel Hunt, 'qiimaha kafeega ayaa hoos u dhaca beeralayda ka dhigaya wax ka yar boqolkii koob', 14 Jan 2019, at
https://www.reuters.com/article/coffee-farmers-idUSL8N1YJ4D2
Macluumaad faahfaahsan oo taariikhi ah oo ku taal Oxfam, 'Mugged: Poverty In Your Coffee Cup', 2002, at
https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/research-publications/mugged-poverty-in-your-coffee-cup/
10) Afrol (2003) โBeeralayda Itobiya waxay ku beddelaan qaxwada dawooyinโ, Dec 8, 2003, at
http://www.afrol.com/articles/10674
11) 'Cartel Coffee Shuts Up Shop', at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1608356.stm
12) 'Brexit: Aan u beddelno ganacsiga wanaag', Fairtrade Foundation iyo Traidcraft, at
Dulmarka taariikhiga ah ee UNFAO, 'Khatarta Ku-tiirsanaanta Dhoofinta Badeecadaha', at www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5419e/y5419e04.htm
13) https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/what-is-fairtrade/what-fairtrade-does/
14) Jason Hickel, 'Sida loo joojiyo Mashiinka Sinnaan la'aanta Caalamiga ah, Ilaaliyaha, 18 May 2017, at
15) Michael Galant, 'Waqtigii ayaa la gaaray mushaharka ugu yar ee caalamiga ah', Inequality.org, 17 Juun 2019, at
https://inequality.org/research/ilo-global-minimum-wage/
16) Paul Constant, 'Sida looga jawaabo 5-ta ugu daalan, doodaha hoos u dhaca ee ka dhanka ah mushaharka ugu yar', Insider Business, 20 Feb 2021, at
https://www.businessinsider.com/debunking-common-arguments-against-15-minimum-wage-2021-2?r=US&IR=T
17) Friedrich List, 'Nidaamka Qaranka ee Dhaqaalaha Siyaasadeed', 1841, at
https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/lloyd-the-national-system-of-political-economy
Ingrid Harvold Kvangraven, '200 sano ee Aragtida Ganacsiga Ricardian: Sidee tani weli tahay shay', Horumarinta Dhaqaalaha, 23 Abriil 2017, at
Dareewalka Usha waa aqoonyahan waqti-dhiman ah oo si gaar ah u xiisaynaya joojinta dacaayadaha Maraykanka iyo Ingiriiska ee casriga ah, iyo sharraxaadda dagaalka, argagixisanimada, dhaqaalaha iyo faqriga, iyada oo aan waxba ka jirin warbaahinta guud. Maqaalkan waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu dhejiyay medium.com/elephantsintheroom
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