Dhaqaale-yahannadu waxay ku heshiiyaan in "Dhaqaalaha Weyn" ee 2008 uu dhammaaday wakhti ku dhow xagaagii 2009. Tani xaqiiqdii waa war aad u wanaagsan 47.6 milyan oo Maraykan ah oo wax cunaya iyada oo ay uga mahadcelinayaan Barnaamijka Kaalmada Nafaqada ee Dheeraadka ah (SNAP), oo inta badan loo yaqaanno "Food stamps" .โ Shakina kuma jiro in 43 milyan oo Maraykan ah oo ku nool meel ka hoosaysa xariiqa faqriga (xogtii ugu dambaysay ee 2007-2011) ay ku raaxaysan doonaan xaqiiqda ah in dhibaatadii dhaqaale ee ugu xumayd ee ku dhawaad โโ80 sano ay dhammaatay 3 sano ka hor.
Guddoomiyaha Bangiga Dhexe ee Federaalka, Ben Bernanke, ayaa muujiyay walaaciisa dhammaan arrimahan isagoo tilmaamaya inuu hoos u dhigi doono dulsaarka dulsaarka si uu u taageero dhaqaalaha oo uu u sii caawiyo soo kabashada. Wuu ka fiicnaa. Waaxda Ganacsiga ayaa sheegtay in dakhliga shakhsi ahaaneed uu hoos u dhacay 3.6 boqolkiiba Janaayo ee la soo dhaafay, taasoo ah hoos u dhaca ugu weyn ee 20 sano.
Iyadoo dhaqaaluhu si tartiib tartiib ah u soo kabanayay, shaqo la'aantu waxay weli u muuqataa inay tahay dhibaato xun.
Heerka cinwaanka ayaa wax yar ka yar 8%. Tani waxay u tarjumaysaa in ka badan 12 milyan oo Maraykan ah oo shaqo la'aan ah, iyadoo 4.8 milyan oo ka mid ah
iyagoo shaqo la'aan ah 27 toddobaad ama ka badan, oo sidaas darteed loo tixgeliyo inay yihiin "muddo dheer" shaqo la'aan.
Cabbirka shaqo la'aanta beddelka ah, iyo mid la soo sheegay in yar, ayaa muujinaya sawir aad u dhib badan. U6, oo cabbiraysa tirada guud ee dadka shaqada ka maqan, oo lagu daray dhammaan dadka shaqeeya waqti-dhiman sababo dhaqaale, oo lagu daray dhammaan dadka sida yar ugu xidhan xoogga shaqada., waxay ku taagan tahay 14.4% cajiib ah.
Sinnaan la'aanta dakhligu sidoo kale waa meesha ugu sarreysa tan iyo wax yar ka hor buufiska weyn. Sannadkii 2010, 1% ee ugu sarreeya ee dakhliga soo gala waxay heleen 93% boqolkiiba kobaca dakhliga sanadkaas. Dadka dhexda ku jira iyaga oo tixgelinaya saamaynta sicir-bararka, maanta dakhliga qoyska wuu ka hooseeyaa tii 1996-kii, celceliska raggaagu wuxuu helay $32,986 2011. 1968 wuxuu sameeyay $ 33,880 (mar kale, wuxuu hagaajiyay sicir bararka).
Waxaas oo dhan sii xumeynaya waxay noqon doontaa natiijada daraasad uu sameeyay Mashruuca Sharciga Shaqada Qaranka (NELP). Waxay ogaatay in inta badan khasaaraha shaqada inta lagu jiro hoos u dhaca ay ku jiraan waxa aan u qaadan karno shaqooyinka mushaharka dhexe. Nasiib darro, inta badan shaqooyinka la abuuray intii lagu jiray soo kabashada (degdegga ah) waxay ku jireen waaxyo loo tixgeliyey inay yihiin shaqooyin mushahar hoose (gaar ahaan shaqooyinka adeegga). Xogta ka soo baxday Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa sawir ka bixineysa sawir ka sii daran, taasoo muujineysa in 25% shaqooyinka Mareykanka ay bixiyaan wax ka hooseeya khadka fakhriga ee qoyska afar ($23,050) iyo in saddex meelood meel dadka waaweyn ee ku nool faqriga ay sidoo kale shaqeeyaan.
Kharashka isticmaaluhu wuxuu xisaabiyaa qiyaastii saddex meelood laba meel dhaqaalaha Maraykanka. Mushahar fadhiid ah, oo ay weheliso wanaag la'aan shaqo bixinta iyo guud ahaan shaqo la'aanta saraysa, si fiican uma soo kabsanayso soo kabasho dhaqaale oo adag mar dhow.
Taariikh ahaan, shaqooyinka wax-soo-saarku waxay leeyihiin, celcelis ahaan, mushahar ka fiican kuwa shaqooyinka adeegga (iyadoo kuwii hore ay sidoo kale bixiyaan faa'iidooyin ka wanaagsan). Laakin wax soo saarka, sida boqolkiiba dhaqaalaha, ayaa ku jiray hoos u dhac muddo tobanaan sano ah hadda. In ka badan 5 milyan oo shaqooyin wax soo saar ah ayaa lumay ilaa 2000 oo keliya.
Laakiin tani ma dhacdo aan laga noqon karin? Daraasad cusub oo ka soo baxday Machadka Teknolojiyadda Massachusetts (MIT) ayaa dhiirigelin siisa kuwa aaminsan in dib-u-soo-nooleynta warshadaha Mareykanka aysan u wanaagsanayn dhaqaalaha oo kaliya, waxay sidoo kale abuuri doontaa xirfad sare iyo shaqooyin mushahar sare leh. Cilmi-baarayaasha MIT waxay soo jeedinayaan in dadaalka la sameeyo si loo ilaaliyo, iyo dib u dhiska, saldhigga wax soo saarka ee dalka.
Warbixintu waxay sidoo kale ku baaqaysaa hab cusub oo lagu eego wax soo saarka. Halkii laga fikiri lahaa in ay yihiin qaar daallan oo duug ah oo laga heli karo suunka miridhku ka jiro ee dalka, waa in loo arkaa koox firfircoon oo horumaraysa oo warshado ah oo ah isha fikrado cusub iyo xirfado cusub. Waxaa intaa dheer, wax-soo-saarku maaha wax si toos ah uga hor imanaya aqoonta ku salaysan dhaqaalaha 21st qarniga.
Cilmi-baarayaashu waxay ku baaqayaan in lagu dadaalo sidii loo horumarin lahaa awoodda hal-abuurka ee dalka, taas oo ay u arkaan inay si dhow isugu xiran tahay wax soo saarka.
Mid ka mid ah helitaanku wuxuu hakad siin karaa dadka kor u qaadayay dhoofinta iyo u beddelashada Maraykanka ugu horreyntii dhaqaale ku salaysan aqoon. Waxa la helay waxay ahayd in marka shirkaduhu ay kala soocaan qaybaha naqshadaynta alaabadooda iyo wax soo saarka dhabta ah, taas oo ah in la yiraahdo, waxay xajiyeen waxqabadyada qiimaha sare leh ee Maraykanka waxayna u direen wax soo saarka dhabta ah qaar ka mid ah waddan mushahar yar sida Shiinaha, fursadaha hufnaanta oo hagaagtay iyo nashqad wanaagsan ayaa luntay.
Madaxweyne Obama ayaa dhankiisa sheegay inay ka goโan tahay dib u soo noolaynta wax soo saarka iyo ka faaโiidaysiga madal lagu abuurayo shaqooyin badan oo dabaqad dhexe ah. Maamulka Obama ayaa sheegay inuu doonayo Congress-ka inuu ansixiyo xirmo dhan $7 bilyan - $6 bilyan oo canshuur dhimis ah oo federaal ah oo loogu talagalay magaalooyinka warshadaha ee u baahan caawinta iyo $ 1 bilyan si loo abuuro xarumo hal abuur leh.
Barnaamijka Madaxweynaha, haddii la fuliyo, waxaa ka mid ah:
ยท Abuuritaanka shabakad ka kooban 25 machadyada hal-abuurka wax soo saarka
Hoos u dhigista heerka cashuurta warshadeeyayaasha oo la gaadhsiiyo 25 boqolkiiba lana balaadhiyo, lagana dhigo mid joogto ah, cilmi baadhista iyo cashuurta horumarinta
Horumarinta iyo dhisidda iskaashi cusub oo lala yeesho bulshooyinka si loo soo jiito shirkadaha wax soo saarka iyo silsiladaha saadka ee la xidhiidha
ยท Kordhinta dadaalka lagu doonayo in suuqyo cusub loogu furo alaabta Maraykanku sameeyo
Dhammaan soo jeedinta kor ku xusan waxay si wacan ula jaan qaadi doonaan natiijooyinka warbixinta MIT, taas oo ku baaqaysa noocyo cusub oo iskaashiga iyo wadaagista khatarta, ugu horrayn iyada oo loo marayo iskaashiga wadajirka ah ee dawladda iyo kuwa gaarka ah iyo heshiisyada warshadaha iyo jaamacadda. Laakiin wakhtigan โkala-soocidaโ, waxaa la is weydiinayaa waxa ay fursad u tahay in wax la qabto.
Ilaa 2001, Maraykanku waxa uu ugu yaraan $1.4 tiriliyan ku kharash gareeyey dagaalladiisa aan la shaacin ee aan la maalgelin ee Afgaanistaan โโiyo Ciraaq. Tan iyo hoos u dhacii 2008, Kaydka Federaalka wuxuu ballan qaaday $ 7.77 tiriliyan si loo badbaadiyo warshadaha maaliyadeed, amaahda ugu yaraan $ 1.2 tiriliyan bangiyada iyo shirkadaha maaliyadeed ee ay saameeyeen dhibaatadu - xiisad, waa muhiim in la ogaado, ee Wall Street ayaa iska leh. Haddii qayb yar oo ka mid ah lacagahan lagu maalgeliyo dhaqaalaha, wax soo saarka ayaa dib loo soo noolayn karaa waxaana laga yaabaa inaan si aad ah ugu markhaati furno nooca labaad ee kacaankii warshadaha.
Haddii aan ku daweynay badbaadinta dabaqadda dhexe isla culeyska aan ku daaweynayno difaaca qaranka, ama isla xawaaraha aan ku siino canshuur bixiyayaasha ay taageerto dammaanad dowladeed si aan u taageerno nidaamka hanti-wadaaga "suuqa xorta ah", xanuunka iyo dhibta ay malaayiin qof u soo mareen waayadii hore. dhowr sano ayaa laga yaabaa in laga fogaado.
Qoraa bioTom McNamara waa kaaliyaha borofisar ka ah ESC Rennes School of Business, France, iyo bare booqasho ah oo ka tirsan Akadeemiyada Militariga Qaranka Faransiiska ee Saint-Cyr, Coรซtquidan, France
Ilo:
"Qorshaha Dib-u-soo-nooleynta Wax-soo-saarka Mareykanka" ee Colleen Curtis, Febraayo 13, 2013, Blog-ga Rasmiga ah ee Aqalka Cad. Laga galay:
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2013/02/13/plan-revitalize-american-manufacturing
"Hordhac ku saabsan Wax-soo-saarka MIT ee Warbixinta Dhaqaalaha Hal-abuurka leh" Waxa soosaaray Machadka Farsamada ee Massachusetts (MIT) ee Komishanka Hal-abuurka Dhaqaalaha (PIE), Febraayo 22, 2013. Laga soo galo:
http://web.mit.edu/press/images/documents/pie-report.pdf
"Bernanke Wuxuu Yidhi Kor U Qaadista Heerarka Dulsaarka Hore ee Khatarta Koritaanka" by Joshua Zumbrun iyo Aki Ito, Maarso 2, 2013, Bloomberg. Laga galay:
"Guddiga Shukaansiga Wareegtada Ganacsiga, Xafiiska Qaranka ee Cilmi-baarista Dhaqaalaha" Xafiiska Cilmi-baarista Dhaqaalaha Qaranka (NBER), Sebtembar 20, 2010. Laga galay:
http://www.nber.org/cycles/sept2010.pdf
"Xogta sirta ah ee Fed ee ay soo diyaarisay Bloomberg ayaa loo sii daayay dadweynahaโ Waxaa qoray Phil Kuntz iyo Bob Ivry, Disembar 23, 2011, Bloomberg. Laga galay:
"Muuqaalka warshaduhu wuxuu leeyahay godad, MIT waxay leedahay" Megan Woodhouse, Febraayo 22, 2013, The Boston Globe. Laga galay:
"Sinnaan la'aanta ayaa dib u celinaysa soo kabashada" waxaa qoray Joseph Stiglitz, New York Times, Janaayo 19, 2013. Waxaa laga soo galay:
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/19/inequality-is-holding-back-the-recovery/
"Ciraaq iyo Afgaanistaan" Xafiiska Miisaaniyadda Kongareeska (CBO)
http://www.cbo.gov/topics/national-security/iraq-and-afghanistan/reports
"Warbixinta Barnaamijyada Kaalmada Nafaqada"Wasaaradda Beeraha ee Maraykanka - Adeegga Cuntada iyo Nafaqada, Noofambar 2012. Waxaa laga galay:
"Soo kabashada mushaharka hooseeya iyo sinnaan la'aanta sii kordheysa" Mashruuca Sharciga Shaqaalaynta Qaranka, Agoosto 2012. Laga soo galo:
http://www.nelp.org/page/-/Job_Creation/LowWageRecovery2012.pdf?nocdn=1
"Kacsanaanta Dhaqaalaha Joogtada ah" ee Erin Hatton, The New York Times, Janaayo 26, 2013. Laga soo galo:
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/26/the-rise-of-the-permanent-temp-economy/
"Warbixinta MIT waxay tilmaamaysaa furayaasha hal-abuurka cusub ee Maraykanka" Peter Dizikes, MIT News, Febraayo 22, 2013. Laga soo galo:
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/production-in-the-innovation-economy-report-mit-0222.html
"Heerarka saboolnimada ee jinsiyada faahfaahsan ee la doortay iyo kooxaha Hispanic ee gobolka iyo goobta:
2007โ2011โ waxaa qoray Suzanne Macartney, Alemayehu Bishaw, iyo Kayla Fontenot, Febraayo 2013, Waaxda Ganacsiga ee Mareykanka, Maamulka Dhaqaalaha iyo Tirakoobka, Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka. Laga galay:
http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acsbr11-17.pdf
Xafiiska Shaqada iyo Tirakoobka Mareykanka. Laga galay:
โU.S. Dakhliga Shakhsi ahaaneed hoos u dhaca ugu weyn 20 sano gudahoodโ waxaa diyaarisay Susanna Kim, ABC News, Maarso 1, 2013. Laga soo galo:
http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/business/2013/03/u-s-personal-income-drop-biggest-in-20-years/
"Aqalka cad wuxuu rabaa $7B si kor loogu qaado waaxda wax soo saarka" by David Shepardson, The Detroit News, Febraayo 13, 2013. Laga soo galo:
http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130213/BIZ/302130440#ixzz2MVwgt5yx
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