Bishii Maajo 2008, Barack Obama ayaa khudbad ka jeediyay Miami halkaas oo uu ku dooday in siyaasadda khaldan ee Madaxweyne Bush ee Bariga Dhexe ay indhahayaga ka saartay abaalmarinta Latin America, taasoo ka dhigtay Maraykanka "in uusan awoodin horumarinta danaha gobolka."
Isaga oo hadalkiisa sii wata waxa uu yidhi, “La yaab ma laha, in dadka demagogues sida Hugo Chavez ay soo galeen faaruqkan. Isku dhafka la saadaalin karo ee khatarta leh ee hal-ku-dhegyada lidka ku ah Maraykanka, dawladda kali-taliska ah, iyo dublamaasiyadda buugga hubinta waxay bixisaa ballanqaad been ah oo la mid ah fikradihii hore ee la isku dayay iyo kuwa fashilmay. "[i]
Dhowr bilood ka dib Shirweynihii Qaranka ee Jamhuuriga, Mitt Romney ayaa ka soo horjeestay in Jamhuuriyaddu, "Waxay xoojin doonaan dhaqaalahayaga oo naga ilaalin doona inaan afduubno [Vladimir] Putin, [Hugo] Chavez iyo [Mahmoud] Ahmadinejad. Marna ma oggolaan doono in Maraykanku dib u gurto xag-jirnimada xun!”[ii]
Qiimaynta qallafsan ee noocan oo kale ah ee Hugo Chavez-sida a demagogue oo leh kaligii taliye sare, qof hantidiisa saliidda ay u ogolaato inuu soo farageliyo gobolka oo lagu sheegay isla neefta ay aaminsan yihiin inay taageersan yihiin "xagjirnimada xun" -waxay noqdeen muuqaal caadi ah oo ka mid ah cagajuglaynta siyaasadeed ee Maraykanka. Bashing Hugo Chavez, waxay u muuqataa, inuu noqday xisbi-labo-gees ah sida ololihii sharafta lahaa uu ballanqaaday inuu dib u habayn ku samaynayo Washington.
Laakiin siyaasiyiintu waxay noqon doonaan siyaasiyiin. Su'aasha saamaynta weyn leh ayaa ah in saxaafadda guud ee Maraykanku ay qaadatay isla maskaxiyan quudhsi. Sida garqaadayaasha dhabta ah, warbaahintu waxay dejisaa yoolalka bulsheed ee sida aan u aragno adduunka oo aan ka hormarino arrimaha bulshada gaarka ah kuwa kale. Habka ay warbaahintu u soo bandhigto wararka ayaa innagu jihaynaysa in aanu arrimaha qaarkood u aragno dhibaatooyin, hawl-wadeenno gaar ah oo qas wadayaal ah, shakhsiyaadka qaarkoodna ay yihiin kuwo qallafsan.
Aqoonyahanada warbaahinta Aqoonso "Frames", ama, qaababka xulashada joogtada ah iyo xoojinta qaab dhismeedka ma aha oo kaliya waxa noqda wararka, laakiin sidoo kale noo muhiim ah sida aan uga fikirno warkaas. Iyagoo dooranaya sifooyin gaar ah oo ka mid ah qalafsanaan siyaasadeed oo loo arko inay muhiim yihiin, saxaafaddu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartaa qulqulka iyo qulqulka awoodda bulsho-siyaasadeed.
Venezuela Mavens ayaa muddo dheer tuhunsanaa in Chavez la siiyay dhamaadka gaaban ee usha warbaahinta Mareykanka. Tusaale ahaan, Mark Weisbrot oo ka tirsan Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Dhaqaalaha iyo Siyaasadda (CEPR) ayaa qoray in dawladda Maraykanku ay si firfircoon isugu dayday "in ay jinniso Chavez oo ay sharciyayso dawladda dimuqraadiga ah ee Venezuela" iyo in "warbaahinta Maraykanka iyo kuwa caalamiga ahi ay si xamaasad leh u aqbaleen arrintan. ajandaha.”[iii] Maqaal cilmiyeed aan ku qoray—“Shaydaan mise Dimuqraadi?: Hugo Chávez iyo US Prestige Press” — kaas oo ku soo baxaya joornaalka dib u eegista Cilmi Siyaasadeed Cusub (Maarso 2009), waxaan si nidaamsan u tijaabiyay hunch Weisbrot. Falanqayntan waxaan ku ogaaday in saxafada sharafta leh ee Maraykanka - oo macnaheedu yahay New York Times, ka Wall Street Journal, Iyo Washington Post-waxa la qaatay afar xidhmo oo waaweyn markii laga warbixinayay Chávez: Qaabka kalitaliska ah, Qaabka xerta Castro, Qaabka Dhaqaale ee Hoos u dhacaya, iyo Qaabka Dhexdhexaadiyaha Gobolka. Daraasaddan ayaa lagu lafo-guray 979-qodob oo ku soo baxay daabacaadyadan muddadii tobanka sano ahayd ee u dhaxaysay 1998-kii oo ahayd sannadkii ugu horreeyay ee loo doortay madaxweynaha iyo December 2007-dii.
"Mudane. Chavez's jackboots"
Hugo Chavez waxa uu ku guulaystay saddex doorasho madaxweyne (1998, 2000, 2006) waxana uu soo saaray dastuur cusub si uu u noqdo mid gacan ka helaya golaha deegaanka (1999). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saxaafadda Maraykanku waxay si joogto ah ugu tusi jireen inuu yahay kaligii taliye ama demagogue leh "ujeeddo madaxbannaan."[iv] Qaabka kalitaliska ahi waxa uu ahaa qaabka ugu sarsareeya ee wararka adag iyo qaybaha ra'yiga labadaba, iyada oo 53.4% dhammaan maqaalada ay u qaabeeyaan Chavez kaligii taliye ama demagogue. The Washington Post Shaqaalaysiisay qaabka ugu badan, ku dhawaad saddex ka mid ah shantii maqaalba waxa ay daabacday (59.8%) oo ay ku xigtay Wall Street Journal (52.4%) iyo New York Times (50.5%).
Xitaa ka hor inta aan Chavez loo dooran madaxweynaha, saxafada Maraykanku waxay dhigayeen aasaaska Qaab-dhismeedka Dictator, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Chávez's detractors inay qeexaan isaga. In a Washington Post Sheekada ka soo baxday raadkii ololaha, mucaaradka Chavez waxa la siiyay meel bannaan oo ay ku hadlaan: "Chavez, oo 44 jir ah, oo uu ku tilmaamay kaligii taliye aan taxaddar lahayn, oo u janjeera dhanka bidix, waxa uu abuuray dareen nafis la'aan soojeedintiisa iyo qaabkiisa ol'olaha u sarreeya. Ololahan "sare-sare" ee noocan oo kale ah ayaa dhab ahaantii ahaa nidar si looga hortago musuqmaasuqa codbixinta iyadoo la hubinayo kormeerayaasha doorashada kuwaas oo hubin kara daacadnimada tirinta codadka.[v]Inta badan saxafiyiintu waxay si buuxda ugu tiirsanaayeen sheegashada xubnaha mucaaradka ah ee aan la aqoonsan ee xanaaqsan. Dhismahan “ayuu yidhi” (badanaa iyada oo aan lahayn “ay tidhi” ee lagu taageerayo siyaasadaha Chavez) ayaa had iyo jeer dhigaya marxaladda dhexe ee sheegashooyinka mucaaradka aan la hubin.
Ka dib markii Chavez uu ku soo baxay madaxweynanimada, warbaahintu waxay laaday adeegsigeeda qaab-dhismeedka kalitaliska ah ee qalabka sare. Tusaale ahaan, maqaalka ciwaankiisu yahay, "Laatin Ameerika, ninkii xoogga lahaa wuxuu ku kiciyaa qabrigiisa," the New York Times ayaa qoray, "Dhammaan Latin America, madaxweynayaasha iyo madaxda xisbiyadu waxay eegayaan garbahooda. Markii uu si weyn ugu guulaystay doorashadii madaxtinimo ee Venezuela 6dii Diseembar, Hugo Chavez waxa uu dib u soo nooleeyay daawade aad looga bartay in madaxda gobolka ay u malaynayeen in ay si badbaado leh u dhexgaleen: kan populist demagogue, ninka kalitaliska ah ee faraska saaran ee loo yaqaan caudillo .”[vi] Sannadihii xigay, Chavez waxaa si joogta ah loogu naanaysi jiray "nin xoog leh," oo ah calaamad inta badan loo qoondeeyay kali-taliyaasha aan la dooran.
Bogagga ra'yiga sidoo kale waxay la dhaceen Qaab-dhismeedka Kali-taliye, kaas oo inta badan la aasaasay in kastoo macquul-urur-eed-eed. Miyiga faallooyinka Mitt Romney ee kore, a Wall Street Journal tafatir ayaa qoray, "Hugo Chavez oo ah ninka xoogga leh ee Venezuela waa xulafada mullahsiyiinta Iran, taageeraha Kuuriyada Waqooyi, saaxiib dhow la ah Fidel Castro iyo macaamiisha wanaagsan ee warshadaha hubka Vladimir Putin."[vii] Dadka la odhan jiray Mary Anastasia O'grady Wall Street Journal waxa uu qalinka ku duugay tiro badan oo ku magacawday Chavez kaligii taliye, eedaymo guud"Xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ee ay fuliyaan militariga Venezuela" iyo in "Mid ka mid ah ayaa looga tagay inuu ka fikiro sababta kooxo badan oo xuquuqul insaanka ah oo muddo dheer isha ku hayay xadgudubyada militariga Latin America ay hadda aad ugu nugul yihiin jackboots-ka Mr. Chavez."[viii] Markii danbe ayay tilmaantay Chavez's "rabitaanka kalitalisnimada" wuxuuna ku dooday in maamulkiisu "ka saarayo xorriyadda ugu dambeysa ee bulshada Venezuela."[ix]
The New York Times raacday tifaftirka 2005 kaas oo iftiimiyay "Khatarta xoogga leh ee awoodda" ee hoos timaada Chavez, "kaligii taliye quasi" kaas oo ku hawlan "doqonnimo xad dhaaf ah." Waxa ay ku soo gebogebaysay, "Maraykanku waa in aanu sii quudin Mr. Chavez's ego oo uu siiyo marmarsiinyo dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan demagogy iyaga oo ula dhaqmaya si adag sidii ay ula dhaqmeen geesigiisii iyo kudayashadiisii, Fidel Castro, afartii iyo badhkii sano ee la soo dhaafay."[X]
Xidhiidhka Castro
Saxafiyiinta sharafta leh ee labaad ee la shaqaaleysiiyay waxay ahayd Castro Frame: isku xidhka Chavez iyo madaxa caanka ah ee Cuba iyo guud ahaan Cuba. Chávez si isdaba joog ah ayaa loogu sawiray inuu yahay xertii Castro, acolyte, tababaray, ama ilaaliye. Dhinac, tani waa run—Chávez waxa uu xidhiidh wanaagsan la leeyahay hogaamiyaha Cuba. Laakiin warbaahintu waxay si joogta ah u yeertay Castro xitaa markii uusan wax lug ah ku lahayn mowduuca maqaalka. Taas marka la barbardhigo, intee jeer ayay warbaahintu soo bandhigtaa madaxweynaha Maraykanka iyada oo ku saleysan saaxiibada ugu dhow ee madaxweynahaas (ay yiraahdeen, Pervez Musharaf) marka ay ka hadlayaan arrimaha gudaha (ay dheh, ilmo iska soo rididda)? Tani waxay dhacdaa kaliya marka saaxiibkaa caalamiga ahi uu khuseeyo sheekada. Muujinta xidhiidhkan Castro waxa kale oo ay taabanaysaa nacaybka Maraykanka ee waara, marka loo eego in Castro uu-ilaa horraantii 1960-meeyadii- ahaa bise noire ee dawladda Maraykanka. Codbixinta ra'yiga dadweynaha ayaa muddo dheer loo arkaa "aan wanaagsanayn," sida 2006 USA Today / Gallup ra'yi ururin oo lagu ogaaday 82% dadka ra'yi ururinta waxay leeyihiin fikrad "aan wanaagsanayn" madaxweynaha Cuba.[xi] Marka, ku xidhida Chavez Castro iyo Cuba waxay la macno tahay in lagu dharbaaxo sumadda "aan wanaagsanayn" ee madaxweynaha Venezuela iyada oo loo marayo dembi urur.
Qaabka xerta Castro wuxuu ka soo muuqday 31.4% dhammaan maqaallada, oo leh Washington Post iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaabka ugu badan (40.6% ee maqaallada), oo ay ku xigto Wall Street Journal (35.6%) iyo New York Times (23.3%). Maqaallada adag iyo qaybaha ra'yiga labaduba waxay si joogto ah u muujinayaan Chávez iyo Castro inay yihiin kuwo ka jilicsan marka loo eego chummy.
Tusaale ahaan, cka soo horjeeda caleema saarka Chavez, ee New York Times ayaa sheegay in "Madaxweyne Castro waxa uu qaatay qoraallo kala duwan intii uu khudbadda jeedinayey Mr. Chavez. Intaa ka dib, hoggaamiyaha Cuba waxa uu isku duubay Mr. Chavez isaga oo laabta laabta ka taagay xaflad waddo ah, waxa uuna salaan sharaf leh u diray taliska sare ee militariga Venezuela, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay la dagaalameen jabhado ay Cuba maalgelisay oo ay tababartay 35 sano ka hor.[xii] Nuxurka khudbada xataa lagama hadlin. Halkii Times doortay inuu diiradda saaro xidhiidhka Castro. "Xod-xodashada Fidel Castro," sida Times u dhig maqaal la magac baxay “VenezuelaHoggaamiyaha Cusub: Dimuqraadiye Mise Kaligii taliye?,” ayaa uumi kor u qaaday sannadihii ay socdeen.[xiii]
Xitaa markii Castro aanu khusayn sheekada, warbaahintu waxay si joogto ah u tixraacday rabitaanka Chavez ee ah in uu ku soo rogo "dawlad la mid ah Cuba" Venezuela.[xiv] Eedayntan ayaa inta badan ka soo baxday xubno mucaarad ah oo aan la aqoonsan iyada oo aan fursad loo siin taageerayaasha Chavez inay ka hadlaan sheegashadaas. A bogga hore Wall Street Journal Maqaalka loo yaqaan Chavez "Fidel Castro wannabe," isaga oo caddaynaya "Dambigii ugu xumaa, dadka dhaleeceeya qaarkood ayaa ku doodaya, waa xiriirka dhow ee uu la leeyahay kaligii taliyihii Cuba Fidel Castro."[xv].
In op-ed Jackson Diehl ee Washington Post isku raacay:"Xidhiidhka dhow ee uu la leeyahay amniga iyo sirdoonka Havana, dhiirigelintiisa gardarrada ah ee kacdoonnada Bolivia iyo meelo kale, iyo kicintiisa joogtada ah ee anti-Americanism-ka Latin-ka ah, Venezuelan la doortay laakiin sii kordheysa ee kali-taliska ah ayaa u soo baxaya inuu yahay bedelka dabiiciga ah ee Fidel. Castro - kaliya Chavez kuma jabna mana ku xidhna fikirkii Soviet ee duugoobay.[xvi]
"Dhaqaale-yahannadu waxay eedeeyaan Mr. Chávez": Qaab-dhismeedka Dhaqaalaha ee Hoos u dhaca
Markii Chavez uu qabtay hoggaanka madaxweynanimada 1999, dhaqaalaha Venezuela wuu xumaaday. Warshadaha saliida ayaa dhawaan laga dhigay qaran ahaan qaab neoliberal ah, iyo dhamaadkii 1998, heerka faqriga ayaa kor u kacay 50%, iyada oo in ka badan mid ka mid ah shantii Venezuelan ay ku nool yihiin faqri aad u daran.[xvii] Iyadoo ay weheliso gaar-yeelaynta, dawladda Venezuela waxa ay caalamiyaysay teendhada shirkadda saliidda dawladda-Petroleo de Venezuela, ama PDVSA — oo hela warshado saliid sifeeya Yurub iyo Maraykanka. Tani waxay u rogtay boqollaal milyan oo doolar shirkado shisheeye. Gudaha Beddelida Venezuela adoo Awood Qaadanaya, Gregory Wilpert ayaa ku doodaya in tani ay keentay "kharashka PDVSA ee aad u weyn ee lagu soo rogay meel ka baxsan Venezuela"iyo"loo soo dhoofiyay' laanta qaranka ee PDVSA, sidaas darteed hoos u dhigista faa'iidada guud iyo wareejinta dawladda."[xviii] Xaqiiqda ah in shirkadda saliidda ee dawladdu maamusho ee Venezuela ay ahayd mid aan waxtar lahayn waxna kama caawin. Marka la isku daro, dhibaatooyinkani waxay hoos u dhigeen awoodda ay dawladdu u leedahay inay bixiso adeegyada bulshada iyo faa'iidooyinka waxbarasho.
Ka dib markii uu Chávez la wareegay xafiiska, Venezuela waxaa culays saaray xasillooni darro siyaasadeed - oo ay ku jiraan afgambigii Abriil 2002 iyo shaqo-joojin batrool oo ba'an laga soo bilaabo Disembar 2002 ilaa Febraayo 2003 - taas oo loo tarjumay riyo dhaqaale. Dhammaadkii 2002dii, heerka faqriga ayaa kor u kacay in ka badan 55% halka saboolnimada ba'an ay gaartay 25% dadweynaha.[xix] Laakiin ka dib markii uu u adkaystay shaqo joojinta saliidda, Chavez wuxuu kormeeray dhaqaalaha si joogto ah u soo hagaagaya, taas oo qayb ka ah kor u kaca qiimaha saliidda. Marka loo eego Mark Weisbrot iyo Luis Sandoval oo ka tirsan CEPR, "Tan iyo rubuci hore ee 2003, dhaqaaluhu waxa uu kor u kacay boqolkiiba 87.3 cajiib ah."[xx] Isla mar ahaantaana, dawladda Chavez waxay kor u qaadday kharashka bulshada ee waxbarashada iyo barnaamijyada akhris-qoraalka iyo sidoo kale daryeelka caafimaadka, guriyeynta, iyo kabidda cuntada ee dadka saboolka ah, laga bilaabo 8.2% GDP 1998 ilaa 13.6% 2006.[xxi]
Hase yeeshee, horumarkan dhaqaale waxa iska indho-tiray saxafada sharafta leh ee Maraykanku, kuwaas oo inta badan sheega in dhaqaalaha Venezuela uu aad hoos ugu dhacay sababtoo ah siyaasadaha iyo shakhsiyadda Chávez. Qaabka Dhaqaalaha ee Hoos u dhaca ayaa ka soo muuqday ku dhawaad saddex meelood meel dhammaan maqaallada (32.0%). The Wall Street Journal loo isticmaalo qaab-dhismeedka heerka ugu sarreeya (43.8%), taas oo aan la yaabin tan iyo markii Journaldiiradda udub dhexaad u ah waa dhaqaalaha. The New York Times Shaqaalaysiiyay qaabka 28.5% wakhtiga ku xiga Washington Post 24.1% Markii uu wakhtigu sii socday, isticmaalka jirku wuu go'ay ka dib markii shaqo joojin saliid la xaliyay horaantii 2003 iyo soo saarista saliida ayaa dib u bilowday si buuxda. Qiimaha saliidda ee cirka isku sii shareeraya ayaa sidoo kale gacan ka geystay in si tartiib tartiib ah u yaraado isticmaalka qaabkan.
Qaabka Dhaqaale ee Hoos u dhacaya waa in aanu noqon mid la yaab leh maadaama, ugu yaraan iyada oo loo marayo shaqo-joojintii saliidda iyo gariirkii ka dambeeyay, dhaqaaluhu wuu dhaawacay. Hase yeeshee, marar badan wargeysyadu waxay xaaladda cakiran u dhigeen ciyaar eedayneed halkaas oo Chávez uu ahaa sababta keliya ee dhaqaale xumada keentay. Si taas loo sameeyo, saxafada sharafta leh waxay inta badan adeegsatay dhaqaaleyahano aan magacyadooda la sheegin. Tusaale ahaan, inta lagu guda jiro shaqo joojinta saliidda, the Wall Street Journal ayaa sheegay in "Dhaqaale-yahannadu waxay ku eedaynayaan Mr. Chavez-kaas oo aad u xiiseeya hadallo kulul oo kacaan ah oo ku farxay saaxiibtinimadiisii Fidel Castro iyo Moammar Gaddafi — qalalaasaha siyaasadeed ee hareeyay dalka shanaad ee ugu weyn dhoofinta saliidda, dhaqaalihiina hakad ku dhow. Dhaqaale-yahannadu waxa ay sheegeen in xaaladda dhaqaale ee Venezuela ay sii ahaan doonto mid ka sii daraysa ilaa inta uu Mr. Chavez diidayo dalabaadka qayb weyn oo ka mid ah bulshada reer Venezuela oo ah in dib loogu yeedho codbixin loo qaado hoggaankiisa, iyada oo loo marayo afti ama doorasho hore.”[xxii]
Mawduuca kale ee caanka ah ee soo baxay ayaa ahaa u janjeerta warbaahinta ee lagu edbinayo Chávez in aanu raacin qufulka mabaadiida iyo dhaqamada hantiwadaaga neoliberal. Xataa doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1998 kii, warfidiyeenku waxa ay su’aalo waydiinayeen dhaqaalihiisa. The New York Times ayaa sheegay in "Hogaamiyayaasha ganacsiga iyo maalgashadayaasha caalamiga ah, Mr. Chavez waa halista cas ee dib loo soo nooleeyay." The Times Waxa kale oo ay soo warisay in suurtogalnimada qorshayaasha dhaqaale ee aan neoliberaalka ahayn - oo lagu daray "akhriskiisa vitriolic iyo taageerada uu u hayo Cuba" - ay "ka argagaxeen heerka sare ee Venezuelans, kuwaas oo u diraya lacagtooda iyo hantidooda kale ee dalka iyagoo ka baqaya cabsida guul Chavez.” The Times ka dibna u jeestay dhaleecayn aan la garanayn kuwaas oo "sidoo kale ka baqaya inuu kor u qaadi doono caqabadaha ilaalinta iyo - kii ugu xumaa - machadyada sarrifka iyo kontaroolada qiimaha."[xxiii] Markii uu Chavez u soo guuray Qasriga Miraflores (madaxweynaha ee deggenaanshaha rasmiga ah), oo uu bilaabay inuu dejiyo barnaamijkiisa dhaqaalaha, kaas oo aan u qaadanayn gaar-ahaantiisa, su'aalo dhab ah ayaa bilaabay inay ka soo baxaan hoggaankiisa.. Ka dib markii ay dhacday masiibo dabiici ah oo ba'an sannadkii 2000, ayaa Washington Post ayaa soo wariyay, "Calaamadaha dhibka leh… ayaa soo baxaya oo ku saabsan jiritaanka mustaqbalka fog ee ajendaha Chavez." Maqaalku wuxuu tixraacay Jose Errada, oo ah sarkaal kaniisad ah, kaas oo gartay, "Waxaa suurtagal ah in dhammaan Chavez uu samayn doono waa abuurista bulshooyin ay dadku ka tagi doonaan saboolka ilaa faqri waqti ka dib."[xxiv] Dhawaan ku filan, the Wall Street Journal ahaa si joogto ah isaga oo tixraacaya "dawladdiisa joogtada ah ee faragelinta dhaqaalaha"[xxv]
Sida ilaalada neoliberalismka, the Journal waayo-aragnimo la'aan garasho la'aan ah markii Chavez uu ka leexday caqiidooyinka "suuqa xorta ah". Maryan op-ed Mary Anastasia O'Grady waxay ku tidhi, "Siyaasadaha dhaqaale ee tirakoobku waxay leeyihiin diiwaan wax soo saar laga xumaado oo xaaladan oo kale rikoorkaas aad uma badna in la hagaajiyo. Dhibaatada ugu weyn ayaa ah in Chavez uu Venezuela saaray waddo dhaqaale oo udub dhexaad u ah oo aan ka duwanayn tijaabooyinkii fashilmay ee qarnigii 20-aad.[xxvi] Dareenkan ayaa la weyneeyey Janaayo 2005 markii Chavez uu ku dhawaaqay qorshooyinka waxa uu ugu yeeray "21st hantiwadaagga qarniga." Saxaafaddii sharafta lahayd ayaa ku soo duushay, iyadoo adeegsanaysa "dhaqaaleyahannada caadiga ah" - tusaale ahaan taageerayaasha hanti-wadaaga neoliberal - si ay u weeraraan barnaamijyadiisa iyo siyaasadihiisa dhaqaale. The New York Times ayaa sheegay in "Falanqeeyayaasha siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalayahannada caadiga ah ayaa ka digaya hoos u dhaca waxayna si dhab ah u ogaadaan in maalgashiga shisheeye uu yahay saddex meelood meel meel sidii ay ahayd shan sano ka hor. Waxay yiraahdeen faa'iidada saliidda weyn ee Venezuela waxay siinaysaa dhalanteedka barwaaqada - heerka kobaca dhaqaaluhu waa 9.3 boqolkiiba - laakiin haddii qiimaha hoos u dhaco, ama kharashka sii kordhaya ee Venezuela uu qabsado, dhaqaaluhu wuxuu abuuri karaa."
Saxnimada ayaa sidoo kale loo huray tiro badan Maqaallada sheegaya in saboolnimada ay ku sii badanayso Venezuela, taas oo aan sax ahayn. O'Grady waxa uu ahaa dambiilaha khaladkan in ka badan hal jeer, isagoo qoray Noofambar 2005 in "faqrinimada Venezuela [ay] sii kordheyso"[xxvii] iyo Janaayo 2006 in "Lix sano ka dib Chavez, Venezuelans, mar ay ku faraxsan yihiin kacaankooda Bolivarian, waxay si qoto dheer ugu sii qulqulayaan faqriga."[xxviii] The Wall Street JournalXisaabaadka wararka adag ayaa sidoo kale sheegay "Venezuela wax yar ayay ka horumartay arrimaha ay ka midka yihiin dhimista faqriga"[xxix] markii ay dhab ahaantii hoos u dhigtay heerka saboolnimada 62% 2003 ilaa 33% 2007dii.[xxx]
Waxaa ka jira gobolka...
Qaabka afraad iyo kan u dambeeya ee warbaahintu u adeegsatay si ay u daboosho Chavez waxa ay ahayd Dhexdhexaadiyaha-Gobolka dhexdiisa. Tani waxay qaadatay saddex nooc oo waaweyn: (1) Chávez oo ah miisaan dhaqaale oo ka dhan ah ururada caalamiga ah sida Bangiga Adduunka iyo Sanduuqa Lacagta Adduunka, (2) Chávez oo farageliyay arrimaha gudaha Colombia iyada oo loo marayo taageerada kooxda fallaagada bidix ee Ciidamada Kacaanka ee Colombia ( FARC), iyo (3) Chavez oo aan u hoggaansamin "Dagaalka Maandooriyaha." Halkii laga muujin lahaa dadaalka Chavez ee isku dhafka Latin America - tusaale ahaan iyada oo loo marayo Bank of the South - oo ah qorshe u eg is dhexgalka reer Yurub ee la socda khadadka Midowga Yurub, saxafada sharafta leh waxay u janjeertay inay dhaleeceeyaan, si cad ama si qarsoodi ah, iskudaygiisa. Isku darka dhammaan saddexda wargeys, ku dhawaad saddexdii maqaalba mid (31.3%) ayaa soo bandhigay kala duwanaanshiyaha Dhexdhexaadiyaha Gobolka, oo leh Washington Post inta badan isticmaalkeeda (35.3%), oo ay ku xigto Wall Street Journal (30.5%) iyo New York Times (29.5%). Qaabkani wuxuu ahaa mid aad u baahsan intii u dhaxaysay 2003 iyo 2007.
Xagaaga 2005, the New York Times ayaa qoray, "Ballanqaadka dawladda Venezuela ee joojinta daroogooyinka ayaa u muuqday mid calamad leh.”[xxxi] Waa maxay sababta marka waddan Latin America ah uu si fagaare ah ula kulmo Maraykanka, waxay ku jiraan tit-for-tat dublomaasiyadeed oo loogu magac daray "La dagaalanka Maandooriyaha"
Dedaalladii Chavez ee ahaa in miisaan culus la saaro awoodda Maraykanka waxa lagu tilmaamay khiyaano, xisaabin iyo in aanu midna kaalmadiisa dibadda-ha ahaado mid la dhimay qiimaha saliidda ama deymaha—ay ka soo baxeen walaacyo kale, oo ka sii wanaagsan. Tani waa wax la yaab leh maadaama Chávez uu ku nuuxnuuxsaday inuu isku dayayo inuu fuliyo mashruuc Bolivarian ah - oo loogu magac daray hogaamiyaha Koonfurta Ameerika Simón Bolívar - kaas oo wanaajinaya isdhexgalka dhaqaale iyo saaxiibtinimada juqraafiyeed ee Latin America. Chavez xitaa wuxuu u dhaqaaqay inuu beddelo magaca waddanka ee Dastuurkiisa 1999, laga bilaabo Jamhuuriyadda Venezuela ilaa Jamhuuriyadda Bolivarian ee Venezuela. Waxa uu abuuray hindiseyaal badan oo ka fogaaday xamaasadda sareynta faa'iidada-arrinta-caadiga ah isaga oo door biday horumarinta wadajirka Latin America, isaga oo door bida iskaashiga halkii uu tartami lahaa.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ajandaha Bolivarian ee Chavez ayaa inta badan lagu dhaleeceeyay saxaafadda sharafta leh. Gudaha New York Times, Juan Forero waxa uu ku tilmaamay caalimnimada Chavez in ay tahay "in balaayiin doollar oo dabaysha saliida dalkiisa uu ku bixinayo mashaariicda xayawaanka ee dibadda."[xxxii]The Wall Street Journal wuxuu u tarjumay dadaalka iskaashiga ee Chavez inuu yahay isku dayo uu ku iibsanayo saaxiibo-siyaasadeed: “Mr. Chavez wuxuu u isticmaalayaa balaayiin shidaal si uu u iibsado saaxiibo oo uu saameyn ugu yeesho quruumaha, laga bilaabo basin Caribbean ilaa Patagonia. Sanadkii la soo dhaafay, Venezuela waxa ay u soo baxday sidii nooc kuleyl ah oo ah Sanduuqa Lacagta Adduunka, iyada oo bixisa heshiisyo la dhimi karo saliidda iyo ka soo iibsashada boqollaal milyan oo doollar oo curaarta ah ee waddamada dhaqaale ahaan dhibaataysan sida Argentina iyo Ecuador.[xxxiii]
Bogagga ra'yiga ayaa si toos ah u soo bandhigay qaabka. Wax ku qorida New York Times, Muuse Naciim, Wasiirkii hore ee ganacsiga Venezuela iyo naqdiye Chavez hadda ayaa qoray, "Venezuela ma sii caajiso. Waxay noqotay riyo ku dhacday dadkeeda, khatarna ku ah deriskeeda oo keliya, balse Maraykanka iyo xataa Yurub.[xxxiv] The Washington Post guddiga tifaftirka ayaa qoray in Chavez uu ahaa "faragelinta arrimaha deriskiisa iyo kicinta dhaqdhaqaaqyada dimuqraadiga ah."[xxxv]
Shaki la'aan waa mid ka mid ah "dhaqdhaqaaqyada dimuqraadiga ah" ee Post Waxa uu ula jeeday madaxweyne-ku-dhowaad si dimuqraadi ah loo dooranayo ee Bolivia, Evo Morales, kaas oo ku guulaystay doorashadii Diseembar 2005. Saxafada sharafta leh ayaa aad u dhaleeceysay kor u kaca Morales ee awooda tanina waxay wax badan ku lahayd xiriirkiisa sare ee Chávez. Tusaale ahaan, horraantii 2006dii, Wall Street Journal qoray, "Tan iyo markii Evo Morales uu xafiiska la wareegay bishii Janaayo, kookaha wuxuu isu rogay siyaasi hantiwadaag ah wuxuu dalkiisa la safnaa si aad u dhow Hugo Chavez ee Venezuela oo ay mararka qaarkood adagtahay in la sheego halka ay dowlad ka bilaabato iyo tan kale."[xxxvi]
Demon du Jour xiga?
2005 Washington Post op-ed Jackson Diehl waxa uu soo buuxiyay feedh afar gees ah oo xoog badan:Dalka Venezuela, madaxweyne Hugo Chavez waxa uu kaga jawaabay guushii uu ka gaadhay aftidii dib u celinta ee muranka dhalisay isaga oo si ba’an ugu dhaqaaqay in uu meesha ka saaro madax-banaanida warbaahinta iyo garsoorka, dambiile ka dhigo mucaaradka, iyo in la dhiso maamulka dawladda ee dhaqaalaha. Waxa uu sidoo kale u isticmaalayaa dakhliga saliida ee dalkiisa oo kor u kacaya si uu u kobciyo kalitaliska Cuba ee Fidel Castro oo mar go’doomiyay, uu kafaalo qaado dhaqdhaqaaqyada dimuquraadiyadeed ee wadamada kale ee Latinka iyo iibsashada saamaynta gobolka. Toddobaadkii hore waxa uu si dhab ah u iclaamiyay dagaal ka dhan ah beero ay dad gaar ahi leeyihiin, isaga oo u diray ciidan si ay u qabsadaan mid ka mid ah xoolaha ugu waaweyn ee dalka.”[xxxvii] Qaabaynta warbaahinta noocan oo kale ah waa wax aan caadi ahayn. Iyo goorma warku ma waafaqsana afarta qaybood ee ugu waaweyn, saxafiyiintu ama waxay ku noqdaan xayndaabkooda ama si fudud ayay iskaga indho tiraan macluumaadka.
Dhammaan daboolida xun ee Chavez waxay ka muuqataa ra'yiga dadweynaha ee Maraykanka. Sannadkii 2007, Xarunta Cilmi-baarista ee Pew ayaa soo saartay 47-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey, taas oo ogaatay in 55% dadka la codeeyay ee Maraykanka ay wax yar (17%) ama kalsooni la'aan (38%) Chavez hogaamiye ahaan. Dhanka kale kaliya 18% ayaa sheegay in ay qaarkood ama kalsooni badan ku qabaan isaga halka 27% ay sheegeen in aysan garanayn.[xxxviii] Ka dib markii ay si dhow u fiirsadeen warbaahinta Mareykanka ee ku saabsan madaxweynaha Venezuela, tirooyinkani waa in aysan noqon wax la yaab leh.
Dabool hal-dhinac ah oo bacaad ka saaraya cidhifyada kakanaanta juqraafiga si fiican uguma adeegto akhristayaasha. Waxay nooga tagaysaa inaan u nugulno sheegashooyinka shakiga leh ee ku saabsan jinka xiga du jour kuwaas oo ficilada hanjabaada ah ee loo malaynayo inay "baahi" u yihiin" duulaanka militariga Mareykanka si loo ilaaliyo aduunka "badbaadada dimuqraadiyadda."
[i] http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/05/renewing_us_leadership_in_the.html
[ii] http://portal.gopconvention2008.com/speech/details.aspx?id=51
[iii] Mark Weisbrot, "Isbeddel Horumarineed ee Venezuela iyo Latin America," Nation The online, 6 December 2007, http://www.thenation.com/doc/20071224/weisbrot
[iv] Marc Lifsher, "Venezuela waxay doonaysaa Shirkad Ganacsi inay Saliid ku iibiso Maraykanka - Heshiiska ku lug leh Jack Kemp iyo kaydka Istaraatiijiga ah ayaa ka walaacsan qaar ka mid ah warshadaha, " Wall Street Journal, 2 Juun 2003, A13.
[v]Serge F. Kovaleski, "Hogaamiyihii hore ee afgambiga ayaa u horseeday tartanka madaxweynaha Venezuela," Washington Post, 20 Sebtembar 1998, A27.
[vi] Larry Rohter, "Laatin Ameerika, ninkii xoogga lahaa wuxuu ku dhex kiciyaa qabrigiisa," New York Times, 20 December 1998, p.4.
[vii] "Dial Joe-4-Chavez," Wall Street Journal, 28 Noofambar 2006, p.A14.
[viii]Mary Anastasia O'Grady, "Chavez's Sharciga: Garaacdu way sii socon doontaa ilaa uu Morale ka hagaagayo,” Wall Street Journal, 24 Janaayo 2003, p.A13.
[ix] Maryan Anastasia O'grady, "Akhri Daabacaadda Wanaagsan ee ku taal weerarka Chavez Charm, " Wall Street Journal, 23 May 2003, p.A11.
[xi] Codbixintan ayaa laga heli karaa PollingReport.com, http://www.pollingreport.com/cuba.htm.
[xii] Clifford Krauss, "Madaxa cusub ee la dagaallama 'kansar' ee Venezuela, " New York Times, 3 Febraayo 1999, p.A8.
[xiii] Larry Rohter, "VenezuelaHoggaamiyaha Cusub: Dimuqraadi mise Keligii taliye? New York Times, 10 Abriil 1999, p.A3.
[xiv] Fiiri Ginger Thompson, "Rasaas ayaa ku dhimatay 2 qof oo ka dhacday Venezuela iyadoo March isku beddeshay dagaal waddo, " New York Times, 4 Janaayo 2003, p.A3.
[xv]Marc Lifsher, "Sida Nation Wobbles, Hogaamiyaha Venezuela wuxuu xoojiyaa xajintiisa - Hugo Chavez Xeerarka by Digreeto, Isticmaalka Xorta ah ee Telefishanka, " Wall Street Journal, 12 Juun 2003, p.A1.
[xvi]Jackson Diehl, "The Facade of Latin American Democracy," Washington Post, 6 Juun 2005, p.A19.
[xvii] Mark Weisbrot iyo Luis Sandoval, "Cusbooneysiin: Dhaqaalaha Venezuela ee Sanadaha Chavez," Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Dhaqaalaha iyo Siyaasadda, Febraayo 2008, http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela_update_2008_02.pdf, p.13.
[xviii] Wilpert, Beddelka Venezuela Adigoo Awood Qaadanaya, p.91.
[xix] Weisbrot iyo Sandoval, "Cusbooneysiin," p.13.
[xx] Weisbrot iyo Sandoval, "Cusbooneysiin," p.5.
[xxi] Weisbrot iyo Sandoval, "Cusbooneysiin," p.12.
[xxii]Jose de Cordoba iyo Alexei Barrionuevo, "Venezuela waxay joojisay ganacsiga lacagaha - kontoroolka raasumaalka ayaa raaci doona ganaaxa shanta maalmood ah; Maxkamaddu waxay diiday Febraayo 2 cod," Wall Street Journal, 23 Janaayo 2003, p.A12.
[xxiii] Diana Jean Schemo, "Sarkaalka Renegade ayaa lagu doortay doorashada Venezuela maanta, " New York Times, 6 December 1998, p.3.
[xxiv] Serge F. Kovaleski, "Duufaantii ka dib, dadka reer Venezuela waxay u leexdaan gudaha dalka, " Washington Post, 24 Febraayo 2000, p.A13.
[xxv] Raul Gallegos, "Chavez's Ajandaha Qaabka Leeyahay; 'Maaraynta Wadajirka' waxay gacan ka geysataa Horumarinta Bulshada ee Venezuela,"Wall Street Journal, 27 December 2005, p.A12.
[xxvi]Mary Anastasia O'Grady, "Oil Wells waxay diideen inay addeecaan amarada Chavez," Wall Street Journal, 20 May 2005, p.A15.
[xxvii] Mary Anastasia O'grady, "Waa maxay sababta uu Fox u xanaaqay? Dhexdhexaadinta Chavez ee Mexico,” p.A17.
[xxviii] Maryan Anastasia, O'GradyJidka Evo," Wall Street Journal, 27 Janaayo 2006, p.A9.
[xxix] David Luhnow, Bill Spindle, iyo Guy Chazan, "Saliida daciifka ah miyuu ku kici karaa Venezuela, Iran? Wall Street Journal,29 Janaayo 2007, p.A2.
[xxx] Weisbrot iyo Luis Sandoval, "Cusbooneysiin," p.13.
[xxxi]Juan Forero, "Mareykanku wuxuu kala noqday fiisaha 3 sarkaal oo Venezuela ugu sarreeya oo looga shakisan yahay ka ganacsiga daroogada," New York Times, 13 Agoosto 2005, p.A6.
[xxxii] Juan Forero, "Chavez Wuxuu Adeegsadaa Gargaarka Si uu Taageerada Ameerika ugu guuleysto," New York Times, 4 Abriil 2006, p.A1.
[xxxiii]David Luhnow iyo Jose de Cordoba,Saliid, Chavez wuxuu u ciyaaraa si badbaado leh; Madaxweynaha Venezuela wuxuu riixayaa shirkadaha shisheeye kaliya ilaa hadda, " Wall Street Journal, 29 Ogosto 2005, pA7.
[xxxiv] Naim, "Hugo Chavez iyo Xadka Dimuqraadiyadda," p.A23.
[xxxvi] Jose de Cordoba iyo David Luhnow,Wejiga Bidix: Madaxweynaha cusub ayaa Bolivia u socdaa inuu garaaco Chavez; Dadweynaha Venezuela oo riixaya Isbahaysiga Laatiinka ee Ka-horjeedka Maraykanka; Ma fogaaday?; Dhakhaatiirta Cuba ee Guriga jooga, Wall Street Journal, 25 March 2006, p.A1.
[xxxvii] Jackson Diehl, "Dhibka Ka Taagan Deyrkeena Dambe: Laatiin Ameerika, Dimuqraadiyaddu way sii liicaysaa, " Washington Post 17 Janaayo 2005, p.A17.
ZNetwork waxa lagu maalgeliyaa oo keliya deeqsinimada akhristeyaasheeda.
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