Jebinta badheedhka ah ee dimoqraadiyada doorashada ayaa ka dhacay wadamo dhawr ah bishii Juun 2009. Laba kiis ayaa si gaar ah xusid mudan: doorashadii madaxtinimada ee June 12 ee Iran taas oo Maxamuud Axmadi Najad oo hadda xilka haya ayaa si weyn loogu eedeeyay musuq maasuq doorashada, iyo 28-kii bishii June ee sanadkan militariga ay afgambiyeen madaxweynihii Honduras Manuel Zelaya. Sida saxda ah waxa ku dhacay arrinta Iran—taas oo ah, heerka khiyaanada lagu sameeyay iyo haddii ay ahayd mid go’aan qaadata iyo in kale—malaha maaha mid si cad u caddaynaya kiiskii Honduras, halkaas oo hoggaanka milatarigu si aan xishood lahayn uu xilka uga tuuray hoggaamiyihii la doortay ee dalkaas. Laakiin iyada oo aan loo eegin xaqiiqada dhabta ah ee ku xeeran dhacdo kasta, waxa waddan kasta ka jiray nidaam cad oo cabudhin dawladeed ah ka dib dhacdadaas. Labada xaaladoodba cabudhintaasi waxay u dhacday qaab dil, jirdil, iyo falal rabshado yar yar oo kala duwan sida faafreebka saxaafadda, bandow, iyo xarig wadareed aan loo meel dayin.

 

Iran, sida Amnesty International sidaana Bishii Disembar ee la soo dhaafay, "kumanaan qof ayaa si aan sharciga ahayn loo xiray, daraasiin ayaa lagu dilay waddooyinka ama waxay ku dhinteen xabsiga, qaar badanna waxay sheegeen in la jirdilay ama si kale loo silciyey." AI waxay dhalleeceysay "rabitaanka mas'uuliyiinta si ay u adeegsadaan rabshado iyo tillaabooyin aan loo meel dayin si loo xakameeyo mudaaharaadyada iyo diidmada." Ururada xuquuqul insaanka Iran ayaa sawir la mid ah sameeyay sawir. Tirada saxda ah ee dhimashada ayaa weli lagu muransan yahay, waxaana laga yaabaa inaan waligood la ogaan karin, laakiin waxaa hubaal ah inay gaareysay ugu yaraan tobaneeyo [1].

 

Dalka Honduras, Comité de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos en Honduras (COFADEH) ayaa soo aruuriyay dukumeentiyadii ugu wanagsanaa ee ku saabsan xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ee raacay afgambigii Juun 28. COFADEH waxay leedahay xaqiijiyay Toban dil oo siyaasadaysan labadii bilood ee afgambiga xigay, oo ay ku jiraan afar labadii toddobaad ee ugu horreeyay gudahood; Febraayo 2010 wadartoodu waxay ahayd afartan. Inta badan dhibanayaasha ayaa ka mudaaharaadayay afgambiga, waxaana mid ka mid ah uu ahaa wariye u soo tabin jiray mudaaharaadyada saxaafadda Honduras. Ururada xuquuqul insaanka ee ajaanibka ah ayaa xaqiijiyay sheekadan aasaasiga ah, inkastoo aan laga faa'iidaysan joogitaan joogto ah oo dhulka ah. Booqasho ay Amnesty International ku tagtay Honduras bil kadib afgambiga helay in "[e] xoog badan oo bilayska iyo militarigu ay ahaayeen kuwo joogto ah oo boqolaal dibad-baxayaal nabadeed ah ayaa lagu xukumay xabsi aan sharci ahayn." AI waxay kaloo xaqiijisay in ugu yaraan laba mudaaharaad nabadeed lagu dilay rasaas. Wakiilka Sare ee Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha ayaa soo saaray sidan oo kale Natiijooyinka bisha March ee sanadkan. Tan iyo bishii Maarso, todoba wariye ayaa la dilay. Sanad guuradii koowaad ee afgambiga, afhayeen u hadlay Amnesty International cambaareeyay "xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ee ba'an" ee socday tan iyo markii dawladda Porfirio Lobo la rakibay Janaayo, isagoo xusay in Lobo "wuu ku guul daraystay inuu qaado talaabo uu ku ilaalinayo"Xuquuqda aadanaha ee Honduras [2].

 

Isku dayga in lagu "darajo" ama la qiyaaso dhibaatada bini'aadamka waa hawl adag oo laga yaabo inay tahay hawl foolxun, laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa inaan si ku-meel-gaar ah u soo gabagabeyno in caburinta dowladda ee labada dal ay ugu yaraan qiyaas ahaan isbarbardhigi karto. Warbaahin joogta ah oo daacad ah ayaa sidaas awgeed laga filan karaa inay u hurto ugu yaraan heerar la barbardhigi karo dareenka iyo xanaaqa labada kiis. Taa baddalkeeda, daboolka saxafada ee labada kiis ayaa tusaale u ah Edward Herman iyo Noam Chomsky's "qaabka borobagaandada," kaas oo saadaaliyay in daboolka wararka Mareykanka uu si joogto ah u dhaleeceynayo ka soo horjeeda dawladda Mareykanka iyo kafaala-qaadayaasha shirkadda iyadoo ay muujinayaan dabacsanaan aad u weyn xagga xulafada rasmiga ah. Hal dhinac oo udub dhexaad u ah qaabka ayaa saadaalisay in saxaafaddu ay muujin doonto naxariis weyn oo ku wajahan dhibanayaasha cadawga Mareykanka - "Dhibanayaasha mudan" -iyaga oo iska indhatiraya ama hoos u dhigaya dhibaatada "dhibanayaasha aan u qalmin," kuwa ku dhibtoonaya gacmaha saaxiibada Mareykanka. 3]. Iran, iyada oo aan la odhan, waa cadaw Maraykan ah. Halka mawqifka maamulka Obama ee ku wajahan talisyada Micheletti iyo Lobo ee Honduras uu ahaa mid aan si cad loo qeexin—Obama wuxuu markii hore soo saaray cambaarayn afka ah oo ku saabsan afgambiga wuxuuna jaray qaar ka mid ah gargaarka Mareykanka - inta badan falalka maamulka ee sanadkii la soo dhaafay ayaa muujinaya in Honduras ay tahay xulafo Maraykan ah oo xooggan [4].

 

Neda iyo Isis: Dhibbanayaasha mudan iyo kuwa aan u qalmin

 

Marka laga hadlayo Iran, New York Times iyo Washington Post labaduba waxay si sax ah u hureen dhul ballaadhan oo caburin ah oo ka dhashay doorashooyinkii. Xogta Lexis-Nexis ee raadinta "Iiraan + Doorashooyinka" labadii bilood ee ka dambeeyay doorashooyinkii ayaa soo saaray 234 natiijadood Times iyo 178 ee gudaha Post. Bogagga ra'yiga ayaa dhanka kale ka da'ayay caro: the Post daabacay gabal ra'yi ah oo loogu talagalay in lagu dhaleeceeyo tallaabooyinka cadaadiska ee dawladda Iran qiyaastii 3-4 jeer toddobaadkii [5].

 

Mid ka mid ah dhibbanayaasha Iran ayaa helay naxariis gaar ah. Haweeney 26 jir ah oo lagu magacaabo Neda Agha Soltan ayaa lagu dilay dibad bax dhacay 20-kii June, waxaana dilkeeda lagu qabtay cajalado waxaana lagu faafiyay internetka. The Post Neda lagu sheegay wadar ahaan sagaal iyo toban jeer laba bilood gudahood; Toddobaadkii ugu horreeyay ee dhimashadeeda ka dib, waxay daabacday laba tafatir, laba op-eds, hal warqad, iyo hal maqaal oo boggiisa hore ah oo loogu talagalay cambaaraynta dhimashadeeda. The Times daabacay laba op-ed si isku mid ah. 

 

Jaantuska 1:

 

Tifaftirayaasha iyo Op-eds Diiradda lagu saaray Cambaaraynta Cadaadiska ee Iran,

 

Juun 13 - Ogosto 13, 2009

 

*Tirooyinka kuma jiraan tifaftirayaasha iyo op-eds tixraacaya kaliya si kooban ama si kooban cadaadis, ama taas oo Iran aysan ahayn diiradda ugu weyn

 

 

Marka la barbardhigo, daboolida cabudhinta taliskii Micheletti ee Honduras waxay ahayd mid aan jirin. Wadarta daboolida Honduras ayaa aad uga yarayd daboolida Iran. Waxaa intaa dheer, gudaha jirka maqaallada u go'ay inqilaabka (69), kaliya 28 boqolkiiba (19) ayaa xitaa xusay mid ka mid ah tallaabooyinka cadaadiska ee xukuumadda Micheletti. Inta badan waxaa loo tixraacaa faafreebka dowladda, isticmaalka sunta dadka ka ilmeysiisa, iyo falal la mid ah oo aan halis ahayn; kaliya todobo ka mid ah sagaal iyo tobankaas maqaal ayaa sheegay dhimashada mudaaharaadayaasha Honduras. Sidaa darteed, cabudhinta Honduras waxay u qalantay in ka yar wadarta guud ee lagu sheegay dhammaan daboolida wararka marka loo eego tirada qaybaha ra'yiga (50) ee ay keentay cadaadiska la midka ah ee Iran, saamiga wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 2: 5. Ma jiro hal tafatir ama op-ed oo cambaareeyay cadaadiska Honduras; in badan oo xaqiiqo ah ayaa sameeyay caksigeeda, iyaga oo doonaya in ay qiil u raadiyaan inqilaabka oo ay eedeeyaan Saylac (hoos eeg).

 

Jaantuska 2:

 

Daboolista Saxafada ee Cadaadiska Nidaamka Micheletti ee Honduras,

 

Juun 29 - Ogosto 29, 2009

 

 

Honduras-ka ugu dhow ee Neda wuxuu ahaa 19-jir Isis Obed Murillo, oo lagu dilay rasaas madaxa 5-tii Juun isaga oo sugayay Zelaya (ku guuldareystay) soo degista garoonka diyaaradaha ee Toncontín. Magaca Isis ayaa caan ka noqday dadka u ololeeya isbahaysiga ee adduunka oo dhan, waxaana macluumaadka dhimashadiisa si weyn looga helay internetka toddobaadyadii xigay. Laakiin Isis waxaa lagu sheegay magaca laba jeer oo keliya Boostada (magaciisa oo si khaldan loo higaadiyay), waligiisna Times. Labada qodob midkoodna dhimashadiisa looma go'aamin; Labaduba waxay dileen dilkiisa caddayn ahaan "bulshada Honduras oo si qoto dheer u kala qaybsan" [6]. Taas beddelkeeda, ujeeddada cad ee laga lahaa tebinta geerida Neda waxay ahayd in la muujiyo naxariis-darrada taliska Iran. Warbixinno ku saabsan Neda ayaa si aad ah u saameeyay iyada, iyada oo u sheegaysa akhristayaasha sida ay u baranaysay muusikada iyo falsafada oo ay si geesinimo leh u diiday inay ku labisato dharka dhaqanka Islaamka ee haweenka [7].

 

Caymiska isbarbardhigga ah ee dhimashada Neda iyo Isis ayaa xaqiijinaya saadaasha Herman iyo Chomsky ee ku saabsan " dhibbanayaasha u qalma iyo kuwa aan u qalmin." Silica bini'aadmigu wuxuu mudan yahay in loo naxariisto kaliya haddii dembiilaha uu yahay mid ka mid ah cadawga Washington.

 

Xalaal iyo Doorashooyin Been abuur ah

 

Warfidiyeenada Maraykanka ee doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 12-kii Juunyo ee Iran iyo doorashadii November 29 ee Honduras ayaa raacay qaab la mid ah: shaki iyo eedeymo cad oo khiyaano ah oo ku saabsan kiiska Iran, ammaanta kiiska Honduras.

 

Sida saxafiga iyo dhaleeceynta warbaahinta Michael Corcoran uu leeyahay xusay, Saxafada Maraykanku waxay adeegsadeen "wax aan madmadow ku jirin" labada doorasho. The Times, Post, iyo xarumo kale ayaa si degdeg ah u cambaareeyay doorashadii 12-kii June ee Iran, iyagoo sheegay in "hubaal waxay u egtahay khiyaamo. " Taas bedelkeeda, Times waxay u sacbiyeen dabeecadda "nadiif iyo cadaalad" ee doorashadii Honduras ee Noofambar 29, halka Boostada ay sheegtay inay ahayd "inta badan nabdoon." Isla xarumahaas ayaan wax dareen ah siinin eedeymaha halista ah ee wax isdaba marinta ama warbixinnada hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ee diiwaangelinaya cabsi-gelinta baahsan ee codbixiyayaasha iyo caburinta dowladda ee mucaaradka. Ma jirin wax dareen ah oo la siiyay qaadacaada mucaaradka Honduras ee doorashada, lamana soo hadal qaadin dhammaan xaqiiqda in musharraxa ugu horreeya mucaaradka, hoggaamiyaha ururka Carlos Reyes, ay ciidammada dowladdu weerareen 30-kii Luulyo, gacantana laga jabay, Reyes uu markii dambe ka tanaasulay musharraxnimadiisa si uu uga fogaado in uu xalaaleeyo doorashada. Iyadoo ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dawladaha shisheeye iyo ururada kormeerka doorashada ay cambaareeyeen doorashada oo ay ku tilmaameen mid aan sharci ahayn, saxaafadda Mareykanka, sida dowladda Mareykanka, way aqbaleen [8].

 

Corcoran waxa kale oo ay bixisaa caddaymo qiyaas ah oo ku saabsan eexashada kiiska New York Times:

 

The Times waxa uu qoray 37 maqaal oo ku saabsan arrintan—in ka badan 38,000 oo kelmadood guud ahaan, oo ay ku jiraan 15 maqaallo boga hore ah—10 maalmood ka dib doorashadii Iran. Waraaqda ayaa sidoo kale daabacday 12 op-eds, lix qaybood oo falanqaynta wararka ah, laba tafatir, iyo in ka badan 2,600 oo kelmadood oo waraaqo ah oo tifaftiraha. Taas bedelkeeda, 10ka maalmood ee xiga doorashada Honduras, Times Lix sheeko oo keliya ayaa go'ay, oo ay ku jireen afar maqaallo, hal tafatir (kaas oo, sida kor lagu xusay, loogu yeedhay doorashada "nadiif" iyo "caddaalad") iyo hal war oo kooban. Maqaallada midkoodna laguma daabicin bogga hore, mana jirin waraaqo la daabacay oo loo diray tafatiraha ama op-eds. Isku soo wada duuboo, Times Waxa la daabacay kaliya 3,000 oo erey oo ku saabsan xiisadda Honduras, ku dhawaad ​​35,000 in ka yar intii ay u hurtay doorashadii Iran ee khaldanayd. [9]

 

 

Natiijooyinkan, oo ay weheliyaan warbixinnada goob-joogayaasha xuquuqul insaanka, ayaa ka dhigaya wax aan suurtagal ahayn in lagu khilaafo gabagabada Corcoran ee ah in saxafada Maraykanku ay "ku hawlan tahay carqaladaynta dimuqraadiyadda Honduras."

 

Sida kiiska dhibanayaasha u qalma iyo kuwa aan u qalmin, qaabka dacaayadda saadaasha aasaasiga ah ayaa la xaqiijiyay. Isbeddelkani waxa uu ahaa mid joogto ah tobannaan sano [10]. Caqliga Imperial aad ayuu u cad yahay, waxaana marmar qiray saraakiisha Mareykanka iyo khubarada waqtiyada daacadda ah. Sannado ka hor, iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhaleeceynta ah in dawladda Maraykanku ay ku dhaqmayso laba-beeg oo lagu cambaareynayo doorashooyinkii Sandinista ee Nicaragua iyada oo la tixgelinayo sharcinimada doorasho cad-cad oo El Salvador ah (oo ah xulafada Maraykanka), diblumaasi Maraykan ah ayaa yiri "[ Mareykanka kuma qasbana in uu ku dabaqo isla heerka xukunka dal ay dawladiisu si cad ugu cadawsan tahay Maraykanka sida wadan, sida El Salvador, halkaas oo aanu ahayn" [11]. Sida ku habboon, sannadku wuxuu ahaa 1984.

 

"Inqilaabka Honduras waa qaladka Madaxweyne Zelaya": Thesis The Provocation

 

Marka laga soo tago in si dhow loogu hoggaansamo qaabka dacaayadda, daboolista saxaafadda ee Honduras ayaa sidoo kale dib u warshadayn ku samaysay koobab badan oo xididdo qoto dheer ku leh hadalka Imperial iyo Orientist [12]. Akhristayaasha Times iyo Post waxaa si joogto ah loogu soo bandhigaa sawirada awood-gaajaysan "xoog leh" oo khiyaameeya tirada yar ee dhallaanka ah, kuwaas oo "in badan indho la'aan ah natiijooyinka" [13]. Dhanka kale, iska caabinta caanka ah ee boqortooyooyinka iyo oligarchy waa natiijada kicinta dibadda sida Hugo Chávez halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen cabashooyin ama rabitaan sharci ah. Chávez, oo ah "socialist-emperor," waa wakiil ka socda Latins xun: kuwa u beddelaya dalalkooda kali-talisnimo hal nin ah oo u horseedaya dhaqaalahooda inay burburaan, "si aad ah uga duwan inta kale ee Latin America," Laatiinka wanaagsan kuwaas oo "qabta caalimaynta" [14]. Xaqiiqooyinka aasaasiga ah ee ugu badan waa kuwo aan khusayn ilaa ay taageeraan sheekoyinkii hore.

 

Iyadoo boosku ka hortagayo falanqaynta qoto dheer, hal qaab ayaa si gaar ah xusid mudan. In ka badan kala badh dhammaan maqaallada iyo tiirarka ra'yiga ee Honduras labadii bilood ee ka dambeeyay afgambigu waxay keentay akhristayaasha inay rumaystaan ​​​​in Zelaya uu ugu yaraan qayb ahaan mas'uul ka ahaa afgambiga - xaaladaha qaarkood, iyagoo si cad u sheegaya "inqilaabka Honduras waa khaladka Madaxweyne Zelaya" ( cinwaanka 1-da Luulyo Post op-ed by qoraaga Peruvian-American ee garabka midig Alvaro Vargas Llosa) [15]. Saldhigga koowaad ee sheegashadan ayaa ahayd eedeymaha ah in Zelaya uu doonayay in uu kordhiyo ama meesha ka saaro xaddidaadda muddada madaxweynaha, taas oo ku dhaqmaysa xadgudub ku ah Dastuurkii Honduras ee 1982. Xaqiiqda, sida ay sheegeen goob-joogeyaal aad u xeel dheer, ra’yi ururin aan qasab ahayn oo dadweynaha reer Saylac u muddeeyeen 28-ka June waxa kaliya oo ay waydiin lahaayeen codbixiyayaasha haddii ay door bidayaan in su’aal la saaro doorashada bisha November si ay go’aan uga gaadhaan in la qabanayo iyo in kale. golaha cusub ee dastuuriga ah. NACLA qoraa Robert Naiman, in a muhiim ah baahinta wararka afgambiga, waxay xustay in "su'aashu aysan ka hadlin xaddidaadaha muddada" [16].

 

Tifaftirayaasha at Times iyo Post waxaa laga yaabaa in uu ka warqabay xaqiiqadan. Kaliya maaha in akhristayaasha xog-ogaal ah ay u qoraan waraaqo si ay u baraan xaqiiqada dhabta ah ee jirta, laakiin maqaal 30-kii June ee Times Waxa uu soo xigtay sarkaal Maraykan ah oo magaciisa la qariyay kaas oo qirtay in ra'yi ururinta la qorsheeyay ay ahayd oo kaliya "sahan aan xidhnayn" oo dadweynaha ah. Laakiin tidbit this si deg deg ah ayaa la ilaaway in ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan caymiska xiga, iyo mid ka mid ah weriyayaasha kuwaas oo la-qori maqaalka ma qoraan wax articles dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan Honduras inta ka hartay xagaaga [17]. Taa beddelkeeda, qaybo ka mid ah ra'yiga iyo wararka si isku mid ah ayaa si joogto ah u sheegay ama si toos ah u sheegay in Zelaya uu kiciyay afgambiga isaga oo doonaya in uu dib u qoro Dastuurka iyo/ama uu kordhiyo muddada xilka. Wararka caadiga ah ayaa sheegaya in "Siilaya xilka looga tuuray sababtoo ah wuxuu dhigayey afti u ogolaan karta inuu mar labaad isku soo sharaxo xilka" cudud ka danbeysa ka saaristiisa” [18]. Tifaftirayaasha iyo tiirarka op-ed ayaa sidoo kale lagu sheegay inay xaqiiqo tahay rabitaanka lagu eedeeyay Zelaya ee ah "inuu ka gudbo xilliga xaddidan ee ku khasbi lahaa inuu xafiiska ka tago," qaar badanna waxay si cad ugu eedeeyeen Zelaya inqilaabka [19]. Maqaallada ugu "xattaa gacmaha" waxay soo tebiyeen eedeymaha mucaaradka ee ka dhanka ah Zelaya laakiin waxay ku tilmaameen inay tahay sheegashada mucaaradkiisa halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen runta injiilka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qoraalo kooban oo keliya ayaa waxa ku jiray jawaab toos ah oo Saylac ama taageerayaashiisu ka bixiyeen—oo tilmaamaya in eedaymahaasi ay u badan tahay mid lagu kalsoonaan karo—mana jirto cid si toos ah uga hortimid xaqiiqada eedda.  

 

Jaantuska 3:

 

Baahinta Saxafada Oo Ku Eedaysay Zelaya, Gebi Ahaanba Iyo Qayb Ahaanba, Afgembigiisa.

 

Juun 29 - Ogosto 29, 2009

 

 

*Tirooyinka waxaa ka mid ah maqaallada wararka, tafatirayaasha, iyo op-eds; qoraalo iyo warqado aan la xusin ayaa laga saaray

 

 

Fikradda ah in dhibanayaashu ay mas'uul ka yihiin kicinta dembiyada iyaga ka dhanka ah-mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaan "thesis kicinta" - waxay ahayd isbeddel soo noqnoqda oo ku saabsan hadalka imbaraadooriyadda casriga ah. Dheeraad ah! qoraaga Mark Cook qoraallada in ka dib 1964tii afgambigii militariga Brazil, New York Times iyo kuwo kale oo eeda dusha u saaray Madaxweynihii xilka laga qaaday João Goulart, midkee Times qoraaga lagu eedeeyay inuu isku dayay "ku dheereeyo [muddadiisa] isaga oo meesha ka saaraya mamnuucida dastuuriga ah ee ka dhanka ah isku xigxiga madaxweynenimada" [20]. Ka dib markii uu Maraykanku taageeray afgambigii milatari ee ka dhanka ahaa madaxweynaha Chile Salvador Allende bishii Sebtembar 1973 Times ayaa mar kale ku eedaysay madaxweynihii xilka laga tuuray "in uu riixo barnaamij hantiwadaag ah oo baahsan oo uusan lahayn amar caan ah" [21]. Xataa taariikhyahannadii xorta ahaa waxay ku eedeeyeen fallaagada bidixda ah iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha waddaniyiinta horusocod u ah kelitalisyadii millatariga ahaa ee ku habsaday qaaradda sannadihii 1960-meeyadii, 1970-aadkii, iyo 1980-aadkii. "Kacdoonka," ayuu qoray mid ka mid ah goobjoogayaasha caanka ah ee Guatemala, "waxay xoojiyeen sababaha garabka dilaaga ah ee sarkaalka midba midka kale ka dib" [22].

 

* * *

 

Mar labaad, xitaa wargeysyada xorta ah ee ka dhex jira warbaahinta shirkadu maalgeliso waxay u muuqdaan kuwo aan awoodin ama aan dooneynin inay si daacad ah u daboolaan dhacdooyinka Latin America - taas oo ah, ka madax bannaan dawladda Maraykanka ama mudnaanta shirkadaha. Waxbarida iyo ku cadaadinta weriyayaasha iyo dhexdhexaadiyayaasha ee daabacaadyadan waxay mararka qaarkood yeelan kartaa xoogaa saamayn togan, waana mudan tahay dadaalka [23]. Laakiin hadda, in ka badan sidii hore, helitaanka macluumaadka la isku halayn karo ee ku saabsan adduunka iyo doorka Maraykanku ku leeyahay waxay u baahan tahay in aan ka gudubno ku tiirsanaanta warbaahinta ay shirkaduhu leeyihiin iyo kuwa ay maalgeliyaan, taas beddelkeedana u weecanno xarumo madax-bannaan sida Z, NACLA, UpsideDownWorld.org , iyo Dimuqraadiyadda Hadda! wararkayaga ku saabsan Latin America. 

 

Notes:

 

[1] AI, Iran: Doorashada waa lagu tartamay, cabudhinta ayaa ka dhalatay, 10 December 2009; Difaacayaasha Xarunta Xuquuqal Insaanka, Warbixinta Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Saddex-biloodlaha ah ee Difaacayaasha Xarunta Xuquuqal Insaanka (Guga-Xagaaga 1388 [2009]).

 

[2] COFADEH, "Diiwaangelinta Dhimashada Rabshadaha Shakhsiyaadka Siyaasad ahaan, Juun 2009 ilaa Febraayo 2010" (Turjumaada Xarunta Quixote ee Tercer informe situación de derechos humanos en Honduras en el marco del golpe de Estado: Octubre 2009-Enero 2010 [Resumen ejecutivo]); AI, Honduras: Qalalaasaha Xuquuqul Insaanka ayaa halis gelinaya marka ay sii kordhaan cadaadiska, 19 Agoosto 2009, bogga 6-7; Xafiiska Wakiilka Sare ee Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha, Warbixinta Wakiilka Sare ee Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee ku saabsan Xadgudubyada Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Honduras tan iyo afgambigii dhicisoobay ee 28kii Juun 2009, 3 March 2010; AI, "Honduras waxay ku guuldareysatay inay wax ka qabato xadgudubyada xuquuqda inqilaab," UpsideDownWorld.org, 28 Juun 2010. Sidoo kale eeg Bill Quigley iyo Laura Raymond, "Hal sano ka dib: iska caabinta Honduras oo xoogan inkastoo Maraykanku uu taageeray afgambi, " Soo bandhig! 28 Juun 2010, iyo, ka UpsideDownWorld.org, Belen Fernandez, "Honduras Hal sano ka dib," 27 Juun 2010, iyo Joseph Shansky, "Inqilaabku ma dhammaan: Xuska sannad iska caabinta Honduras, " 28 Juun 2010 — kan dambe in kasta oo ay khaldan tahay sifada Honduras sida “tinqilaab millatari ee ugu horeeyay ee Latin America ah muddo tobanaan sano ah” (haddii afgembi militari lagu qeexo inuu yahay millatariga afgembigii madaxweyne iyo rakibidda qof kale, tiro ka mid ah tusaalayaal kale oo dhawaanahan ayaa mudan in la xuso, sida Venezuela 2002 iyo Haiti 1991 iyo 2004 ).

 

[3] Hadalka caadiga ah waa Edward S. Herman iyo Noam Chomsky, Ruqsadaha Warshadaha: Dhaqaalaha Siyaasadeed ee Warbaahinta Warbaahinta (New York: Pantheon, 2002 [1988]). Tijaabooyin dheeri ah oo qaabka ayaa laga helayaa Noam Chomsky, dhalanteedka lama huraanka ah: Xakamaynta fikirka ee Bulshooyinka Dimuqraadiga ah (Boston: South End Press, 1989). Qaabka ayaa xoogaa ka adag marka loo eego hordhacan kooban; Hal shay, ma dhigayso inay dawladdu si toos ah u maamusho warbaahinta, taas beddelkeedana waxay ku doodaysaa in baahinta warbaahintu ay u janjeerto inay ka tarjumayso is-afgaradka dawladeed iyo kuwa shirkadaha leh. Mana aha "shirqool" - dhab ahaantii, sharraxaadaha Herman iyo Chomsky waxay xooga saarayaan hababka "suuqa xorta ah" oo aad uga badan "shirqoolka" tooska ah ee shakhsiyaadka. Eeg hordhaca daabacaadda 2002 ee Ruqsadaha Warshadaha iyo sidoo kale jawaabta Chomsky ee dhaleeceynta gudaha dhalanteedka lama huraanka ah.

 

[4] Calaamadaha waxaa ka mid ah US diidmada in cadaadis weyn lagu saaro Micheletti; aamusnaanteeda dhammaystiran ee ku saabsan xad-gudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee dawladda tan iyo afgambiga; hawlgalkeeda joogtada ah ee Soto Cano saldhiga milatari ee Honduras; Tababarkeeda joogtada ah ee Honduras ee caanka ah Iskuulka Ameerika; Aqoonsiga degdega ah ee Lobo "doorashadiisa" wakhti ay dawlado kooban sidaas samaynayeen; Hillary Clinton tamarteeda ololaha aqoonsiga gobolka ee nidaamka Lobo; iyo dib u soo celinta dhawaanta ee US gargaar ciidan ee maamulka Lobo. Tilmaamaha aasaasiga ah ee mawqifka maamulka Obama ee bishii December ee la soo dhaafay eeg Mark Weisbrot, "Tobanka dariiqo ee ugu sarreeya ee aad ku sheegi karto dhinaca ay dawladda Maraykanku ku jirto ee ku saabsan afgambigii milatari ee Honduras," CommonDreams.org, 16 Diseembar 2009, iyo ilaha lagu xusay qoraalka 2 ee sare.

 

[5] Si aad u hesho naqdi hore ee farqigan, diirada saaraya Times, arag Michael Corcoran iyo Stephen Maher, "Iran vs Honduras: Horumarinta Dimuqraadiyada Xulashada ee Times," Dheeraad ah! (Ogosto 2009).

 

[6] Mary Beth Sheridan iyo Juan Forero, "Clinton waxay ogolaatay inay la kulanto Zelaya; Waxaa la xoojiyay dadaallada lagu xallinayo dhibaatada,” Washington Post, 7 Luulyo 2009, sek. A, p. 8; Juan Forero, "Bulshada Honduras ee si qoto dheer u kala qaybsan, xaalad guban karta, Post, 15 Luulyo 2009, sek. A, p. 8.

 

[7] Tusaale, Kathleen Parker, "The Codadka Neda; Xabadda Toogashada Siisay Dhaqdhaqaaqa Astaanteeda” (op-ed), Post, 24 Juun 2009, sek. A, p. 27.

 

[8] Dhammaan xigashooyinka laga soo xigtay, ama laga soo xigtay, Corcoran, "Sheeko Laba Doorasho: Iran iyo Honduras," Warbixinta NACLA ee Mareykanka 43, maya. 1 (Maarso/Abriil 2010): 46-48. Macluumaadka Reyes ayaa si weyn looga heli karaa meel ka baxsan Maraykanka; Waxaan u mahadcelinayaa Jesse Freeston oo ka tirsan Shabakadda Wararka Dhabta ah si uu dareenkayga ugu soo jeediyo xaqiiqda ah in saxaafaddu ay diiday inay ka warbixiso rabshadaha ka dhanka ah Reyes qiyaastii isla waqtigaas oo ay soo bandhigtay dhacdo la mid ah (iyo laga yaabo inay ka yar tahay rabshado) ee cadaadiska ka dhanka ah siyaasiga caanka ah. Mohamad Khatami ee dalka Iran habeenka ciida Ashura ee dabayaaqadii Diseembar (tusaale, Nazila Fathi, "Mudaaharaadayaasha Tehraan ayaa diiday mamnuucida iyo isku dhaca ay la galeen booliiska iyo ciidamada militariga, " New York Times, 27 December 2009, sek. A, p. 6).

 

[9] Corcoran, "Sheeko Laba Doorasho," 48.

 

[10] Si aad u hesho caddaymo dhammaystiran oo laga soo bilaabo 1980-yadii eeg Herman iyo Chomsky, Ruqsadaha Warshadaha, Iyo Chomsky, dhalanteedka lama huraanka ah.

 

[11] Waxaa laga soo xigtay Thomas W. Walker, Nicaragua: Ku noolaanshaha Hadhka Gorgorka, daabacaadda afraad (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003), 158.

 

[12] Qaar ka mid ah isbeddelladan arag aniga "Tijaabinta Tusaalaha Dacaayadda: Warbixinta Warbaahineed ee Mareykanka ee Venezuela iyo Colombia, 1998-2008," ZNet, 19 December 2008; ka gaaban version soo muuqday Warbixinta NACLA ee Mareykanka 41, maya. 6 (Noofambar/Diseembar 2008): 50-52.

 

[13] "Mr. Hubka Chavez: Iyadoo dhaqaaluhu hoos u sii dhacayo, ninka xoogga badan ee Venezuela ayaa sii qulqulaya" (tafatir), Post, 8 Abriil 2010, sek. A, p. 20; Jackson Diehl, "Taageerada Iibsashada ee Latin America" ​​(op-ed), Post, 26 Sebtembar 2005, sek. A, p. 23.

 

[14] Roger Cohen, "Xidhiidhinta Venezuela's Chavez [sic]" (op-ed), NYT, 29 Noofambar 2007, sek. A, p. 31; Juan Forero, "Venezuela ee Saliida hodanka ku ah waxaa ku habsaday Xiisad Dhaqaale," Post, 29 Abriil 2010, sek. A, p. 7.

 

[15] Vargas Llosa ayaa sidoo kale la siiyay boos-op-ed gudaha Times Juun 30: "Guulaystaha ee Honduras: Chavez" [sic], sec. A, p. 21.

 

[16] Naiman, "Warbaahinta Mareykanka ayaa ku guuldareysatay ka warbixinta afgambiga Honduras," Warbixinta NACLA ee Mareykanka 42, maya. 6 (Noofambar/Diseembar 2009).

 

[17] Helene Cooper iyo Marc Lacey, "Inqilaabkii Honduras, Ruuxii Siyaasadihii hore ee Maraykanka," NYT, 30 Juun 2009, sek. A, p. 1. Cooper wax maqaalo ah kama qorin Honduras muddada dib loo eegayo.

 

[18] William Booth, "Hoggaanka Honduras wuxuu u taagan yahay diidmo; Xukuumadda Cusub Oo Ku Dhawaaqday Dadaalka Caalamiga Ah Ee Dib Loogu Soo Celin Lahaa Madaxweynihii Xilka Laga Tuuray” Post, 3 Luulyo 2009, sek. A, p. 10; Ginger Thompson, "Qaar ka mid ah shuruudaha ayaa la gaaray Honduras Muran” NYT, 17 Luulyo 2009, sek. A, p. 9.

 

[19] "Difaac dimoqraadiyadda: Honduras, taasi waxay ka dhigan tahay in ka badan soo celinta madaxweynaha xafiiska," Post, 30 Juun 2009, sek. A, p. 12.

 

[20] Qoraaga Arthur Krock, oo laga soo xigtay Mark Cook, "Dib loogu soo celiyay Honduras: Inqilaabkii dib looga warshadeeyay Brazil '64' Dheeraad ah! (Sebtembar 2009).

 

[21] "Masiibo ka dhacday Chile" (tifaftir), NYT, 12 Sebtembar 1973, b. 46; cf. Charles Eisendrath, "Dhammaadka Dhiiga ee Riyada Marxist," Time (24 Sebtembar 1973), b. 45. Labaduba waxa lagu soo xigtay Devon Bancroft, "Inqilaabkii Chile iyo Fashilka Warbaahinta Maraykanka" ( qoraal-gacmeed aan la daabicin oo laga helay qoraaga).

 

[22] David Stoll, oo laga soo xigtay laguna naqdiyay Greg Grandin iyo Francisco Goldman, "Miro qadhaadh oo loogu talagalay Rigoberta," Nation The (8 Febraayo 1999).

 

[23] Dhowr warbixinood oo gu'ga 2010 ee Washington Post, tusaale ahaan, ayaa soo jeediyay dareenka xaqiiqda ah in Honduras uu ahaa dalka ugu dhimashada badan suxufiyiinta ilaa hadda sanadkan, iyadoo ugu yaraan todobo la dilay March iyo April; waraaqo joogto ah, iimaylo, iyo wicitaano telefoon oo ka yimaadda dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha midnimada ombudsman@washpost.com iyada oo laga jawaabayo baahin xun tan iyo markii afgambiga laga yaabo inuu qayb ka qaatay. Fiiri, tusaale ahaan, Anne-Marie O'Connor, "Todobada Warbaahineed ee Honduras oo la dilay ilaa iyo Maarso 1," Post, 24 April 2010, sek. A, p. 7; AP, "Kooxda Warbaahinta: 17 Suxufi ayaa la dilay bishii Abriil," Post (nooca khadka tooska ah), 28 Abriil 2010. Sida ay sheegtay Amnesty International, toddoba wariye ayaa la dilay tan iyo bishii Maarso ("Honduras waxay ku guuldareysatay inay wax ka qabato xadgudubyada xuquuqda inqilaab," UpsideDownWorld.org, 28 Juun 2010).

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