Boqorka ugu dambeeya
Oktoobar 20, iyada oo laga aargudayo Madaxweynaha Bolivia Carlos Mesa'a ansixinta 'tijaabinta mas'uuliyadda,' wakiilada kongareeska ee ku xiran madaxweynihii hore ee Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada xisbigiisa, MNR (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Kacaanka Qaranka), ayaa u codeeyay Sharciga Hydrocarbons ee ay soo bandhigeen Isku-dhafka Komishanka Horumarinta Dhaqaalaha. Marka la eego in MAS (Movement Toward Socialism) uu hogaamiyo komishanka, MNR waxay u codeeyeen nacayb hore oo ka dhan ah cadaw cusub. Biilka Madaxweynaha Mesa - kaas oo u doorbiday shirkadaha saliida shisheeye si loo ilaaliyo Sanchez de Lozada's Degree 1689 - xitaa si dhab ah looma tixgelin. Keliya ergada gobolka ee Tarija ee koonfurta iyo qaar ka mid ah MIR (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Bidixda Kacaanka) ayaa ka soo horjeestay sharcigii ka soo baxay seddexdii marxaladood ee hore ee sharci ilaa sharci.
Iyada oo la raacayo fasiraadda MAS ee natiijadii aftidii Luulyo iyo dalabyadii kacdoonkii Oktoobar ee sannadkii hore, sharciga cusub wuxuu u baahan doonaa qandaraasyada la saxiixay sida waafaqsan Digreetada 1689 in dib looga wada xaajoodo, iyada oo boqolkiiba sare ee lahaanshaha loo gudbinayo shirkadda shidaalka iyo gaasta ee dawladda. (YPFB), oo ay weheliso kor u kaca cashuuraha laga bilaabo 18% ilaa 50%. Sida laga soo xigtay shirkadaha shidaalka ee ka soo horjeeda, haddii sharciga aan si dhab ah wax looga beddelin inta lagu jiro marxaladda labaad ama ugu dambeysa ee November, waxay halis gelin doontaa $ 3 bilyan oo raasumaal shisheeye ah oo la galiyay tan iyo 1999.
Wareysi uu October 22 la yeeshay guddiga tifaftirka ee Miami Herald, Sanchez de Lozada wuxuu ku eedeeyay Mesa inuu yahay afgambi. Markii uu la tashaday qareennadiisa shirkadda Miami ee Steel, Hector, iyo Davis, 'Goni' wuxuu ka noqday bayaanadii hore ee ku saabsan rabitaankiisa inuu ka soo muuqdo maxkamad Bolivia ah. Hadda waxa uu diiday in uu u hoggaansamo codsiyada dib-u-celinta mustaqbalka, maadaama sida laga soo xigtay Sanchez de Lozada ee Bolivian ay jirto 'jawi qallafsan'. shirqoolka uu Mesa qaybtiisa ka qaatay. Isaga oo ka faalloonaya sheegashada Sanchez de Lozada, wasiirkii hore ee waxbarashada Hugo Carvajal, isaga laftiisu ka qaybqaata mid ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadeed ee Sanchez de Lozada *, ayaa yidhi, 'Waxa dhacay Oktoobar ma ahayn wax soo saarka 'narcoguerrillas' iyo 'narcoguerrillas' ama mid ka mid ah in. Ma jirin wax shirqool ah'ยฆ. Waqtigaas, wuxuu sheegay inay jirtay tallaabo ka dhan ah dowladda la dhisay, laakiin waligiis ma uusan soo bandhigin wax caddayn ah ama u sharraxin arrinta si waafi ah'(La Prensa, October 23).II. Imperialism, Sub-imperialism, iyo Saliida Weyn
Sida madaxiisii โโhore, Madaxweyne Mesa waxa kale oo uu ka noqday hadaladii hore. Ka soo horjeeda sharciga Hydrocarbons ayaa si degdeg ah uga soo ururay jihooyin badan taas oo Mesa gees ka dhaqaaqday oo aanay samayn dadaal weyn oo ay ku horjoogsato. Kuwo kale ayaa daryeeli lahaa taas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaadka wiigga ee Oktoobar 23-24, si kastaba ha ahaatee, Wasiirka Madaxweynaha Jose Galindo ayaa hawada ku shubay digniino ah in haddii sharciga Hydrocarbons aan si weyn wax looga beddelin inta lagu jiro marxaladaha soo socda, shirkadaha saliidda ee ajnabiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan Petrobras, ayaa qaadi doona oo ka tagi doona Bolivia. Dhankeeda, dawladda Brazil waxay sheegtay in 600 milyan oo doolar ee dhibcaha dhismaha waddooyinka, ee waddan ay 80% waddooyinka aan laamiga ahayn, ay ku xidhan tahay ansixinta sharci aan gelinayn maalgashiga Brazil - taasoo la macno ah kuwa Petrobras- khatar ku jirta.
Charles Shapiro, Kaaliyaha Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka ee Gobolka Andean, ayaa yimid La Paz Oktoobar 21-keedii, wuxuuna si degdeg ah u galay faaruqa uu abuuray go'aanka Mesa ee 'ixtiraamka' madaxbannaanida sharci-dejinta. Shapiro wuxuu tilmaamay farqi u dhexeeya in sharciga cusub uu soo bandhigi doono sharciyada hagaya FTAA, oo ah nooca ay dawladda Maraykanku rajaynayso in lagu rakibo gobolka Andean sanadaha soo socda. Maamulka Bush ayaa hadda ka wada xaajoonaya heshiisyada ganacsiga xorta ah ee Ecuador, Colombia, iyo Peru, iyadoo Bolivia 'ay ilaalinayso,' Shapiro wuxuu ku qaatay dhammaadka Oktoobar 23-24 xisbiyada siyaasadeed inay dib u soo nooleeyaan sharciga si Bolivia aysan u lumin ' fursad' aad uga mid noqon karto kooxda ganacsiga gobolka ee uu Maraykanku xukumo. Sida Shapiro u dhigay, 'Maraykanku sidoo kale wuxuu leeyahay sharciyo.'Kulan uu la yeeshay Evo Morales's MAS, oo guddigiisa baarlamaanku ay naqshadeeyeen sharciga hoggaanka Santos Ramรrez, ayaa lagu daray ajandaha Xoghayaha-Xoghayaha ee usbuuca.
Xisaab kasta, Evo Morales iyo MAS waxay ka dhaliyeen guul la yaab leh labadaba maamulka Mesa iyo dawladda Mareykanka - iyadoo ay ugu mahadcelinayaan aargoosiga Sanchez de Lozada's MNR! Haddii biilku uu ka dhigo labada marxaladood ee soo socda si sax ah, Mesa waa inuu diidaa diidmada qayaxan, sidaas darteed luminaya wax kasta oo ka haray sharcinimada caanka ah; ama waa inuu ka daawado geesaha marka ay dawlada Maraykanku dib u habaynayso sharciga si loo ilaaliyo maalgashiga caalamiga ah ee batroolka. Labada xaaladoodba, Mesa waa laga badiyay, waxaana guuleystay Morales. Sida haddii la muujiyo qodobka, dawladda Brazil ayaa ku dhawaaqday in wakiilkeedu uu la kulmi doono Morales halkii uu la kulmi lahaa Mesa, taasoo ka tarjumaysa qiimeyn dhab ah oo dhinaca Lula iyo lataliyayaashiisa ah oo ku saabsan halka khatarta ah ee faa'iidooyinka batroolka caalamiga ah. Kuwa rajo ka qaba isbahaysiga Kirchner-Chavez ee abuuraya Petrosur, oo ugu dambeyntii ku jira iskaashi lala yeesho Petrobras, ayaa laga yaabaa inay sabab u tahay shakiga marka la tixgelinayo diidmada adag ee Petrobras ee sharciga cusub ee Hydrocarbons ee Bolivia, iyo go'aanka dawladda Brazil si ay u tirtirto iyada oo u ololaynaysa Morales.III.
Dib-u-noqoshada Gobolnimada
Marka lagu daro jawaabaha ka imanaya awoodaha waaweyn ee hemisphere, Bolivia ansixinta sharciga waxay kicisay falcelinta saxda ah ee koonfurta (Tarija) iyo bari (Santa Cruz). Horaantii usbuuca, iyo markii ugu horeysay, Madaxweyne Mesa wuxuu la kulmay ururka saxda ah ee beeralayda-warshadaha isagoo ku dhawaaqay in waaxda Santa Cruz, halkaas oo qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah kaydka gaaska Bolivia ay been sheegto, ay tahay inay muujiso 'midnimada' waaxyada kale. Halkii ay isku dayi lahaayeen in ay xoogooda iyo maalkooda ku xoojiyaan kharashkooda.
Xitaa ka hor inta aan la ansixin sharciga MAS, polarization ee xuduudaha gobolku waxay bilaabeen inay sii qotomaan, sharciga cusubna wuxuu ku daray dabka. Tarija iyo Santa Cruz, Guddiyada Madaniga ahi waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad ugu faraxsan 'maamulka dhexe' ee gobolladooda - xukunka MAS, MNR, iyo MIR waxay dejiyeen sharciga. Guddiyada Madaniga ah iyo ururada ganacsigu waxay dalbadeen in dib loo qoro sharciga. Sida 'Federaaliyiin' ka yimid La Paz dhamaadkii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, oo xukunka ku yimid guul dagaal sokeeye, maanta gobolleydu waxay u adeegsadaan qaddarka aan la qiyaasi karin ee dakhliga gobolladooda ay u gudbiyaan dowladda dhexe si ay ugu doodaan madaxbannaani siyaasadeed.
Marka laga tago khuraafaadka 'gobolka wax soo saarka, casriga ah, ganacsiga' kaas oo isu soo jiiday kabaha - is-qeexidda ugu weyn ee Santa Cruz - horraantii maamulkii Hernan Siles Suazo (1956-60), bariga hoose ee hoose waxa loo door biday in la horumariyo iyada oo ay dawladu kabto warshadaha macdanta ee Highland iyo sidoo kale daymaha iyo credits shisheeye. Kala wareejintan ula kac ah ee hantida iyo awooda bariga ayaa si buuxda loogu habeeyey kaligii taliye General Hugo Banzer Suarez (1971-78), kuwaas oo taageerayaashooda asaasiga ah ay ahaayeen beeralayda-warshadaha abaabulan ee Guddiga Madaniga ah ee Santa Cruz iyo FSB. Afgambiyadii foosha xumaa ee 1979 iyo 1980 - kii dambe ee ay abaabuleen dibad-baxyadii Nazi-gii hore, calooshood u shaqeystayaal neo-Nazi ah, iyo baron kokain ah, oo ay si firfircoon u taageereen kaligii taliskii Brazil - ayaa loo akhriyi karaa isku dayo goboleed quus ah oo lagu joojinayo guusha xarun horumarsan. -Isbahaysiga bidix ee fadhigiisu yahay buuralayda galbeed iyo dooxooyinka.
Haddaba siyaasadda ay af-hayeennada isku magacaabeen (ma aha dumarka) ee koonfurta iyo barigu ay kor u qaadaan waa kacaan-diid marka la eego macne taariikhi ah oo la taaban karo. Waxay ujeeddadeedu tahay dib-u-soo-noqoshada ajendaha Oktoobar ee madax-bannaanida qaranka ee soo saarista, sifaynta, isticmaalka, iyo dhoofinta khayraadka dabiiciga ah. Madaxa Rugta Warshadaha, Ganacsiga, Adeegyada iyo Dalxiiska (CAINCO), Svonko Matkovic, ayaa u digay Congress-ka Santa Cruz Association of Enterprise Private in Baanka Horumarinta ee Inter-American (IDB) iyo IMF ay xayireen credits ilaa a sharci cusub ayaa la diyaarin karaa. Hysteria ma noqon doonto kelmad aad u adag oo lagu qeexo jawaabta ka timid ururada ganacsiga ee gobolka iyo Guddiyada Madaniga ah, kuwaas oo aan lagu tilmaamin MNR inay u codeeyeen sharciga cusub, laakiin waxay ka soo horjeedaan Mesa, kaas oo sharcigiisa uu tuuray dadka caalamiga ah iyo dhibtooda. o la wadaaga inta badan lafaha ay waydiisteen, kor u qaadista cashuuraha ilaa ugu badnaan 32%.
La yaabka leh ayaa ah in xitaa markii xisbigiisu uu u codeeyay sharciga su'aasha ah, Sanchez de Lozada wuxuu leeyahay xulafo dhow oo ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hay'adaha maaliyadeed ee caalamiga ah - sida Alfonso Revollo, Wasiirkii hore ee 'Capitalization' (privatization), oo madax ka ahaa Miiska Bolivia ee Bangiga Adduunka ilaa maamulka Mesa uu ka dalbaday qof cusub, markaas oo Revollo uu ka mid noqday 'Kooxda Casriyeynta ee Gobolka' ee IDB. Kulan ay la yeesheen Guddiga Maaliyadda ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada, wakiillada labada IDB iyo Bangiga Adduunka waxay ka walaacsan yihiin suurtagalnimada cillad la'aanta adeegga deynta haddii sharciga cusub ee Hydrocarbons la ansixiyo iyada oo aan dib-u-eegis dhab ah lagu samayn. IV. Waayihii Hore Ee Hadda?
Waqtigan xaadirka ah ee lagu xusay qiimaha saliidda cayriin ee rikoodhka ah, duqeymo habeenimo ah oo Maraykanku ku hayo xaafadaha Ciraaq, iyo iska caabin gumeysi-diid ah oo ku xiran, xeelad ahaan, baabuurta qaraxyada, afduubka, iyo muuqaalada madaxa-goynta, waxaa laga yaabaa inay ku raaxaystaan โโโโin la ogaado taas. meel ka mid ah, daawashada Bolshevism ayaa weli ku mashquulsan fikradda kacaanka; iyo in ansixinta sharciga Hydrocarbons-ka cusub ee heerkiisii โโugu horreeyay uu ku filnaa in uu kiciyo buuqaas, iyo sidoo kale waxa qoraaga William T. Vollmann ugu yeedhay 'cabsida dhalaalaysa' ***.
Forrest Hylton waxaa lagala xiriiri karaa at [emailka waa la ilaaliyay].
Notes:
* Bishii Sebtembar 2003, Carvajal wuxuu iska casilay xilkii wasiirnimo ee waxbarashada, wuxuuna fadhiistay kursigiisii โโbaarlamaanka si uu u doorto musharraxa MNR ee xafiiska Difaaca dadka mar haddii MNR uu ku qasbay Ana Marรa Campero oo aadka loo jeclaa ordaya. Carvajal ayaa markaas iska casilay kursigiisii โโbaarlamaanka si uu u sii wato shaqadiisa wasiirka waxbarashada.
** Sida lagu xusay 'Goni guriga ku gal!' ilaa 'Goni a Chonchocoro!'' , Madaxweyne Mesa wuxuu dhawaan gorgortan ka galay heshiis uu la galay Morales, MAS, iyo ururada shaqaalaha ee beeralayda kokaca si loogu ogolaado kato (.5 hektar) oo kookaha qoyskiiba. US AID waxay amaantay heshiiska sababtoo ah waxay u ogolaanaysaa US AID inay fuliso qorshayaasheeda horumarineed ee ka duwan jawi colaadeed oo aad u yar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Charles Shapiro iyo danjiraha Mareykanka David Greenlee labaduba waxay ogaadeen inay ka walwalsan tahay in Bolivia ay ku guuldareysato inay ilaaliso waxa loogu yeero 'waajibaadkeeda caalamiga ah,' oo ka kooban ballanqaadkii dowladda Mareykanka ee ahaa in la cirib tiro 8,000 hektar oo kookaha ah 2004, kaas oo 6,000 oo hektar mar hore la cirib tiray. Iyadoo siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Maraykanka ee ku wajahan Bolivia ay weli tahay mid aan is waafaqsanayn, ma jiro kala qaybsanaan cad oo u dhexeeya Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibedda iyo Pentagon-CIA.
*** Gudaha Argall (Viking, 2001), Vollmann wuxuu adeegsadaa weedha si uu u qeexo sida gumaystihii Ingiriisku u dareemay labaatankii sano ee ugu horreeyay qarnigii toddoba iyo tobnaad ee ku saabsan u dhawaanshaha kooxaha asaliga ah ee aagga Chesapeake Bay, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga James.
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