Duufaanta Gustavo iyo Ike, oo ku dhufatay gobolka Kariibiyaanka bilihii Agoosto iyo Sebtembar 2008, ayaa si gaar ah u dilay waddamo gaar ah sida Haiti, Jamaica iyo Dominican Republic, halkaas oo dhowr boqol oo qof ay ku naf waayeen. Gudaha Mareykanka Gustavo wuxuu sababay dhimashada 26 iyo Ike 51.
1
Dhanka Kuuba, waxa ay lahayd toddobo dhimasho oo keliya oo ay sabab u tahay duufaannada, iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay daadgureynta ballaaran ee ka hortagga ah ee ay mas'uuliyiintu fuliyeen oo ilaalinaysay dadka. In ka badan 2.5 milyan oo qof ayaa la dhigay meelo ammaan ah waxaana loo adeegsaday in ka badan 10,000 oo baabuur. 87,000 oo qof ayaa loo abaabulay ilaalinta nafta bini'aadamka.2
Shaqaalaha Difaaca Madaniga ah ee Qaranka ayaa soo wariyay in "khasaaraha toddobo qof oo bini'aadan ah ay sabab u tahay marinkii dhowaa ee duufaantu asal ahaan ma aha oo kaliya natiijada tooska ah ee saameynta Ike, laakiin la'aanta ilaalinta adag ee tallaabooyinka lagu amray nidaamka Difaaca Madaniga ah. " Dhab ahaantii, dhibbanayaasha qaarkood waxay ku noqdeen guryahoodii ka hor inta aysan mas'uuliyiintu siin iftiinka cagaaran, kuwa kale waxay diideen inay ka guuraan ama waxay ka qoomameeyeen taxadar la'aan iyagoo isku dayaya inay soo dejiyaan anteenada telefishinka oo ay koronto ku qabatay.3
Dhanka kale, waxyeellada maadada ayaa ahayd mid aad u badan. Dalku waa burburay. Duufaanta Gustavo ayaa burburisay ku dhawaad 125,000 oo guri.4 Duufaanta Ike ayaa waxyeeleysay 323,800 kale. Wadar ahaan, in ka badan 450,000 oo guri ayaa ay saameysay heerar kala duwan, sida uu sheegay machadka guryeynta qaranka.5
Beeraleydu waxay soo gaadhay dharbaaxo xun. Inta badan dalagyadii ayaa saameeyay waxaana bakhtiyay dhowr boqol oo kun oo xayawaan ah, taas oo dalka ka abuuri karta dhibaato cunto xumo. In ka badan 700,000 oo tan oo cunto ah ayaa la burburiyay. Wax soo saarka iyo qaybinta cuntada ayaa noqotay mudnaanta ugu sarreysa ee dawladda Kuuba. Dukaamada waawayn ee jasiiradda waxa ka jira dhibaato sahayda oo aad u daran.6
Mas'uuliyiinta Cuba ayaa ku qiimeeyay khasaaraha ilaa shan bilyan oo doolar. Kaabayaasha korantada ayaa si xun u waxyeeloobay iyadoo ilaa 100% ay waxyeelo soo gaadhay Isla de la Juventud. Kayd badan oo biyaha la cabbi jiray ayaa baaba’ay. Dawladdu waxay ku nuuxnuuxsatay in "sanado shaqo adag ah" ay sugayaan Cuban.7
Maamulka ayaa si cad ula hadlay muwaadiniinta waxayna ku dhawaaqeen waqtiyo adag:
"Waxay noqon lahayd mid caqli-gal ah ama ujeedo-xumo ah in loo maleynayo in kaydka agabka ah ee uu abuuray waddan yar sida Cuba, oo leh awood dhaqaale oo xaddidan iyo dagaal dhaqaale oo ka soo horjeeda in ka badan nus qarni, ay si ku filan u xallin karto masiibada qaran ee duufaanta Gustavo iyo Ike Kaliya waxay sababtay […]. Suurtagal maaha in lagu xalliyo baaxadda musiibada iyadoo la adeegsanayo agab la heli karo.8
Dhammaan kaydadka qaranka, oo loo abuuray si looga taxadaro gardarrada millatariga Mareykanka, ayaa loo geliyey dadweynaha: cuntada, shidaalka, qalabka dhismaha, dawooyinka, iwm. Qeybta guud Carlos M. Lezcano Pérez, Madaxa Machadka Qaranka ee Kaydka Qaranka , wuxuu ku nuuxnuuxsaday in "dhammaan kaydka, iyada oo aan laga reebo, loo isticmaalo in lagu qanciyo baahida dadka."9
Munaafaqnimada Aqalka Cad
Midnimada caalamiga ah waxay ahayd isla markiiba in kastoo aan ku filnayn. Dhowr waddan sida Venezuela, Russia, Spain, China, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina iyo Brazil, iyo kuwo kale, waxay siiyeen gargaar bini'aadantinimo degdeg ah Cuba oo si degdeg ah u timid.10 Spain, Ruushka, Shiinaha iyo Venezuela ayaa ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay ee si degdeg ah oo hufan uga jawaabay.11 Dabcan, dhammaan quruumahaas waxay ku caawiyeen Cuba shuruud la'aan.
Dhinaca kale, xukuumadda Washington, ayaa Cuba u soo jeedisay 100,000 oo doollar oo gargaar bini'aadantinimo ah. “Maraykanku waxa uu ugu dhawaaqay dawladda Kuuba in ay diyaar u yihiin in ay gargaar bini’aadantinimo oo degdeg ah u fidiyaan dadka reer Cuba ee ay saamaysay duufaantii Gustavo,” ayay tidhi Sara Mangiaracina, oo ah afhayeenka wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda.12
Laakiin dalabka Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa munaafaqnimo. Dhab ahaantii, laba shuruud ayaa lagu soo rogay Cuba. Dhinac Havana waxay ku qasbanaatay inay aqbasho kormeerka koox khubaro Maraykan ah si ay u qiimeeyaan waxyeelada iyo baahiyaha, sidii dadka Kuuba aanay awood u lahayn inay fuliyaan qiimayn noocaas ah. Dhanka kale, gargaarka waxaa loo qaybin doonaa si gaar ah in kasta oo ururada aan dawliga ahayn, taas oo ah, ururada midigta daran ee Florida, ay si adag uga soo horjeedaan dawladda kacaanka.13
Jaziirada dhexdeeda, caqli-galnimada Washington iyo adeegsiga siyaasadeed ee masiibada dabiiciga ah ee ku dhufatay dadka Kuuba ee wadnaha qoto dheer ayaa la mahadiyay. Dhab ahaantii, Washington waa caasimadda kaliya ee gargaarkeeda ku xidhay shuruud, halka waddamada kale ay bixiyeen gargaar degdeg ah iyada oo aan la soo rogin wax dalab ah. Kuuba waa dalka kaliya ee ay ku dhufteen duufaano taasi oo ay Washington soo bandhigtay shuruudo ku xiran. Dabeecadda takoorka ah ee mawqifka Maraykanku waxa loo arkayay inay tahay cay ka dhacday Cuba.
Frank Mora, oo ku takhasusay Cuban oo ka tirsan Kuliyadda Dagaalka Qaranka ee Washington ayaa dib u xasuusiyay: "Mareykanka, waagii hore, wuxuu u dhaqmay si sharaf leh oo degdeg ah isagoo ka jawaabaya duufaannada Bartamaha Ameerika, tsunami ee Indonesia iyo dhulgariirrada Pakistan: waxay soo galaan marka hore, oo leh dhaqaalihii ugu badnaa iyo shuruud la’aan taasi may ahayn arrin laga xishoodo oo laga xishoodo in siyaasaddu is gelisay xilli dad badan oo Cuban ah ay ku dhibaataysan yihiin jasiiradda. 14
Soo jeedinta Mareykanka si dhab ah looma tixgelin karo. Halka Kuuba uu soo gaadhay khasaare u dhiganta shan bilyan oo doollar, Washington, oo ahayd quwaddii ugu horreysay ee adduunka, waxay bixisay oo keliya qaddar aan qiimo lahayn oo 100,000 dollar ah. Marka la barbardhigo, East Timor, oo ah jasiirad yar oo ku taal Pacific, oo leh dhibaatooyin badan oo dhaqaale iyo bulsho, ayaa bixiyay gargaar shan jeer ka badan.15
Sidoo kale, Aqalka Cad wuxuu Haiti siiyay 20 milyan oo doolar oo gargaar ah, taas oo ah, lacag 200 jeer ka badan dalabkii Cuba, halka waddanku leeyahay laba jeer ka yar jasiiradaha Kariibiyaanka iyo waxyeelada agabka, inkasta oo la taaban karo, waa in ka yar Cuba.16
Xitaa Jorge Mas Santos, oo madax ka ah National Cuban American Foundation, oo ah hay'ad xaq u leh oo fadhigeedu yahay Florida, si weynna uga soo horjeeda dawladda Havana, ayaa ku tilmaamay gargaarka Cuba ee uu soo jeediyay maamulka Bush "inay tahay aflagaado daacad ah."17
Jawaabta Havana
Dhanka kale, xubnaha dublamaasiyadda Kuuba waxa ay kaga jawaabeen war-murtiyeed ay u soo saareen wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda oo ay ku muujinayaan laba wajiile. Ugu horreyntii, Havana waxay xasuusisay, in u dirida koox khabiiro ah si ay u qiimeeyaan waxyeeladu aanay daruuri ahayn tan iyo "Cuba waxay lahayd khabiiro ku filan" si ay u fuliyaan shaqadaas.18
Marka xigta, Wasiirka Xidhiidhka Dibadda ayaa si cad u sheegay: "Haddii dawladda Maraykanku ay rabto inay la shaqeyso dadka Cuba, waa inay codsato ogolaanshaha iibinta alaabta lagama maarmaanka ah, sida saqafka iyo alaabta kale ee lagu dayactirayo guryaha iyo in dib loo dhiso korantada,” ayaa lagu nuux-nuuxsaday war-murtiyeedka. Cuba waxa ay sidoo kale weydiisay Washington haddii ay meesha ka saari karto xannibaadaha ka hortagaya shirkadaha Mareykanka in ay siiyaan dhibco ganacsi oo gaar ah jasiiradda si ay cunto u soo iibsadaan. Dhab ahaantii, cunaqabataynta dhaqaale ayaa ka mamnuucaysa muwaadiniinta Maraykanka ah inay cunto amaah ah ku iibiyaan Cuba. 19
"Dawladda Maraykanku waxay u dhaqantaa si xishood leh" ayay tidhi Havana, oo aan rumaysnayn rabitaanka Washington ee iskaashiga. "Maxay dawladda Maraykanku u diidaysaa in ay Cuba u ogolaato in ay halkaas ka soo iibsato alaab ay ku dayactirto guryaha, saqafyada saqafka ama qaybaha si ay dib ugu soo celiso koronto?" Dowladda Raul Castro ayaa waydiisay? "Waa maxay sababta ay uga mamnuucday shirkadaha Maraykanka iyo kaabayaasheeda dal kasta, kuwaas oo Cuba u diidey credit si ay u iibsadaan cuntooyinka hadda lagama maarmaanka ah si loo dammaanad qaado cuntada dadka ay dhibaatadu saameysey iyo in dib loo soo celiyo kaydka dalka si looga taxadaro duufaano cusub?" 20
Cuba waxa ay xasuusisay in aanay wax raalli ah ka waydiin Maraykanka, "kaliya, in loo ogolaado in la iibsado." "Inta kale waa hadal-hayn saafi ah, marmarsiinyo, iyo cudurdaar aan qofna rumaysan," Havana ayaa tilmaamay. 21
Maamulka Kuuba waxa ay xasuusiyeen in cunaqabataynta dhaqaale ee dhaqan galaysa tan iyo 1960-kii sanadkiiba ay qaranka ugu kharash badan yihiin waxyeelada ay keento duufaanta Gustavo. Sannadkii 2007dii, xannibaadda dhaqaale ee dalka waxa ay ku kacday lacag yar oo dhan 3.7 bilyan oo doolar. "Waxa kaliya ee saxda ah iyo anshaxa, qancinta sharciga caalamiga ah iyo rabitaanka ku dhowaad midaysan ee Golaha loo dhan yahay ee Qaramada Midoobay, waxay noqon doontaa in gebi ahaanba la tirtiro xannibaadda birta iyo arxan darada ah ee dhaqaale, ganacsi iyo maaliyadeed ee lagu dabaqay muddada nus qarniga ah ee ka dhanka ah our. dalka,” ayay ku soo gabagabeeyeen.22
Dabeecad canaan leh
Markii warbaahinta reer galbeedka ay su'aalo ka weydiiyeen Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda dabeecadda takoorka ah ee gargaarka Cuba, Sean McCormak ayaa awoodi waayay inuu ka jawaabo. 23 Sidoo kale, Xoghayaha Arimaha Dibada Condoleezza Rice waxay si cad u diiday fikrad kasta oo lagu dabcinayo cunaqabataynta adag ee saamaynaysa dadka. "Uma maleynayo in macnaha guud ee aan hadda aragno in qaadista cunaqabateynta ay noqon doonto mid caqli-gal ah," ayay tiri. 24 Xitaa way diiday fikradda joojinta ku meel gaadhka ah. 25
The New York Times Waxa uu si adag u cambaareeyey go’aankii maamulka Bush,
"Cunaqabateynta ka dhanka ah Cuba waxay ku saabsan tahay siyaasad madax khaldan sida qofku samayn karo. Washington waxay diidaysaa codsiga Cuba ee ah inay soo iibsato qalabka dhismaha ee Maraykanka si ay dib ugu dhisto guryaha iyo dayactirka koronto ee mangled waxay, ilaa hadda, diiday in la qaado xayiraadaha lacagta ay Cuban-Maraykanku dib ugu celin karaan qaraabadooda."26
Dhab ahaantii, Aqalka Cad tan iyo 2004-tii ayaa si aad ah u xaddiday qaddarka ay Cuban-ka Mareykanka u diri karaan qaraabadooda, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in la neefsado dadka jasiiradda ah. Kaliya boqol doolar ayaa la diri karaa bishii oo kaliya ayaa loo diri karaa awoowayaasha, dhibka iyo walaalaha, xaaska iyo carruurta. Abti, abti, abti iyo abti xataa boqol boqol ma heli karaan.
Musharaxa madaxweyne Barack Obama, Kaniisadda Katooliga iyo xubno badan oo ka tirsan Congress-ka ayaa ku booriyay George W. Bush inuu qaado xayiraadaha lacageed iyo sidoo kale kuwa la xiriira safarrada. Wax aan waxba tarayn. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, booqashooyinka Cuban-ka ee waddankooda asal ahaan waxay ku xaddidan yihiin 14 maalmood oo aad u saddex sano ah - xaaladaha ugu wanaagsan -, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay helitaanka oggolaansho Waaxda Maaliyadda.27
Isbarbardhigga kale ee codkarnimada leh: sida laga soo xigtay Hay'adda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah (USAID), Washington waxay bixisay ku dhawaad 45 milyan oo doolar si loo afgembiyo dawladda Kuuba 2007. Waxaa lagu daray 46 milyan oo doolar oo loogu talagalay raadiyaha iyo TV-ga qaran dumisnimada iyada oo loo marayo Raadiyaha iyo TV-ga Martí . Taasi waa, wadar ahaan 91 milyan oo doolar. Si loo caawiyo dhibanayaasha xanaaqa dabeecadda, kaliya wadar yar oo 100,000 doolar ah ayaa la bixiyay, taasoo ku soo rogtay shuruudo aan la aqbali karin Havana.28
Arrinkani waxa uu muujinayaa sida Maraykanku naxariis darada ugu muujin karo dadka Cuba. Cuqdad iyo munaafaqnimo ayaa mar kale astaan u ah maamulka Bush. Halka dadka jasiiradda ku nool ay isu arkaan fowdo xun oo ay soo food saartay dhibaato cunto oo halis ah, Washington waxay si cad u diidday gargaar kasta oo halis ah oo la siiyo Cuba.
Dhanka kale, sidee ayay suurtogal u tahay inay si dhab ah u tixgeliso deeq kasta oo ka timaada Maraykanka, iyada oo la og yahay in dhammaan maamulladii laga soo bilaabo 1959, gaar ahaan maamulka Bush, ay sameeyeen wax kasta oo ay awoodaan si ay u baabi'iyaan dadka Kuuba? Sidee loo qiyaasi karaa isla markiiba in Kuubanku ay aqbali doonaan deeq, in kasta oo ay noqon karto mid la taaban karo, oo ka timid ummad si naxariis darro ah u xannibaysa nus qarni?
Madaxweynihii hore ee Cuba Fidel Castro ayaa muujiyay dareenka Cuban ee la xiriira yaboohkii ugu dambeeyay ee Mareykanka ee bixinta shan milyan oo doolar oo gargaar ah, wuxuuna ku macneeyay in loo diiday "sharaf awgeed." "Haddii halkii shan milyan ay noqon lahayd hal bilyan, waxay la kulmi lahaayeen jawaab isku mid ah. Khasaaraha kumanaanka nolosha ah, silica iyo in ka badan 200 bilyan oo doolar oo xannibaadda iyo gardarada Yankee ay ku kacayso waxba laguma bixin karo."29
Dhinaca kale, Washington kama aysan laba labeynin inay khiyaanto ra'yiga dadweynaha iyadoo sheegtay inay u oggolaanayso iibinta alwaax iyo alaabada cuntada ee Cuba qaddar dhan 250 milyan oo doolar. Warbaahinta reer galbeedka ayaa soo bandhigtay in si gaar ah ay u tahay tallaabo aan caadi ahayn oo ay Mareykanka wakiil uga tahay ka jawaabista burburka ka dhashay duufaanta. Xaqiiqda, waxba kama foga runta tan iyo markii Cuba ay awood u yeelatay in ay ka hesho alwaax iyo wax soo saarka cuntada ee shirkadaha Maraykanka tan iyo 2002. 2002 ganacsiga u dhexeeya Cuba iyo Maraykanka wuxuu ahaa 173.6 milyan doolar, 327 milyan 2003, 431.1 milyan 2004, 473 sanadkii 2005, 484.3 milyan 2006, 515.8 milyan 2007 iyo 425 milyan qeybtii hore ee 2008. Sida si fudud loo xaqiijin karo, bayaannada Mareykanka waa muraayad qiiq ah.30
Isbarbardhigga wax dhisid
Isbarbardhigga kama dambaysta ah: ka dib weerarradii Sebtembar 11, 2001, Cuba waxay dhigtay dhammaan garoomadeeda diyaaradaha ee Maraykanka iyada oo aan wax shuruud ah ku xidhin. Sannadkii 2005, ka dib musiibadii Katrina ee burburisay New Orleans, Havana waxay soo jeedisay in loo diro 1,500 dhakhaatiir ah si ay u arkaan dhibanayaasha iyada oo aan dalban wax beddel ah.
Dhinaca kale, dawladdii kacaanku waxay garanaysaa inay meel iska dhigto khilaafaadka si loo badbaadiyo nolosha aadanaha. Midda kale, nacaybka iyo xanaaqa ayaa ka sarreeya kuwa kale, xitaa marka ay la kulmaan musiibo ay ka mid yihiin Ike iyo Gustavo. 31 Xagjirnimada Aqalka Cad ayaa u muuqata mid aan xad lahayn.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka Kuuba wax cadaawad ah uma qabaan dadka Mareykanka. Xukuumadda Havana weligeed ma dhiirigelin cadhada dadka deriska ah ee waqooyiga. Taas beddelkeeda, waxay had iyo jeer qeexday in xukuumadda Washington ay tahay cadowga kaliya ee adag ee Cuba.
Kooxda Kubadda Cagta Mareykanka, oo ciyaartii ugu horreysay ku ciyaartay Cuba tan iyo 1947-kii Sebtember 6, 2008, ayaa waxaa si diiran u soo dhaweeyay dadka ku dhaqan jasiiradda. Tim Howard, goolhayaha xulka qaranka Mareykanka, ayaa la yaabay intii uu joogay. "Dhammaan dadka ku soo laabtay guryahoodii, waa meel fantastik ah. Wax aan jacayl ahayn nama ay siin halkan."32
Havana ayaa dhowr laamood oo saytuunka ah u fidisay Washington, kuwaas oo si xun loo diiday. Dawladda Maraykanku waxay doonaysaa in dadka Kuuba ay si shuruud la'aan ah isugu dhiibaan, waxayna weli diidan yihiin inay cafiyaan caasigoodii 1959. Laakiin carruurta José Martí waxay hore u muujiyeen in aanay diyaar u ahayn inay ka xaajoodaan madax-bannaanidooda, qiimo kasta oo ay ku kacayso. Waxaa la joogaa waqtigii la soo afjari lahaa cadaalad darada, dowlad la’aanta, iyo wax kasta oo ka sarreeya cunaqabateynta dhaqaale ee bini’aadminimada ka baxsan.
Notes
1The Associated Press, "Ike-La Xiriira Dhimashada Duufaannada Gobol ahaan", Sebtembar 17, 2008.
2Granma, «Lamentable pérdida de siete vidas humanas al paso de Ike», Sebtembar 12, 2008.
3Ibid.
4 Ronald Suárez Rivas, "Guriyeynta, Caqabadda ugu Weyn", Granma, September 2, 2008.
5Taariikhda Axadda, «Ike a endommagé 200 000 habitations à Cuba», Sebtembar 11, 2008; Marta Hernández, "Más de 320.000 casas dañadas", Granma, September 11, 2008. Orfilio Pelaez, "Pérdidas millonarias en la vivienda", Granma, September 13, 2008.
6Granma, «Cuba prioriza alimentación de damnificados por huracán Gustav», Sebtembar 5, 2008, Saxaafadda Latinka, «Cuba prosigue evaluación de daños y recuperación tras huracán Ike», Sebtembar 11, 2008; Freddy Pérez Cabrera, "Recuperar todo lo relacionado con la producción de alimentos", Granma, Sebtembar 11, 2008; EFE, «Los supermercados de La Habana presentan problemas de abastecimiento», Sebtembar 16, 2008; Wilfredo Cancio Isla, "Perdidas 700.000 toneladas de alimentos", El Nuevo Herald, September 12, 2008.
7 Andrea Rodríguez, "Cuba estima iyo 5.000 millones de dolares daños dejados por Ike y Gustav", Associated Press/El Nuevo Herald, Sebtembar 15, 2008; The Associated Press, «Qiyaasta Cuba Gustav, Khasaaraha Ike ee US$5 Billion», Sebtembar 16, 2008; Granma, «Información oficial de datos preliminares sobre los daños ocasionados por los huracanes Gustav e Ike», Sebtembar 16, 2008.
8 María Julia Mayoral & Raúl Abreu, "Amparan las reservas suministros vitales al pueblo", Granma, September 12, 2008.
9Ibid.
10 Granma, «Numerosas muestras de solidaridad y apoyo a Cuba», Sebtembar 4, 2008;
11 Anneris Ivette Leyva, "Arriban primeros artículos de ayuda humanitaria rusa", Granma, Sebtembar 5, 2008; Granma, «Donación de China a Cuba para resarcir daños por huracán», Sebtembar 5, 2008; Granma, «Agradece Cuba ayuda humanitaria de España», Sebtembar 5, 2008.
12 Juan Carlos Chavez, «EEUU condiciona la ayuda a Cuba», El Nuevo Herald, September 6, 2008.
13 Anita Snow, "Kuuba way diiday Qiimaynta Musiibada Maraykanka Gustav ka dib" The Associated Press, September 6, 2008.
14 Frances Robles, "Khilaaf Siyaasadeed oo Dib u dhigaya Kaalmada Duufaanta Mareykanka ee Kuuba", Miami Herald The, September 13, 2008.
15Granma, «Acuerda Consejo de Ministros de Timor Leste donción de 500 000 dolares a Cuba para ayudar a restañar daños del huracán Gustav», Sebtembar 5, 2008.
16 Frances Robles, "Khilaaf Siyaasadeed oo Dib u dhigaya Kaalmada Duufaanta Mareykanka ee Kuuba", op. cit.
17 Frances Robles, "Oferta de ayuda de EEUU provoca choque político", El Nuevo Herald, September 12, 2008.
18 Ministère cubain des Relations extérieures, «Cuba saldrá adelante», Granma, September 11, 2008.
19Ibid.
20Ibid.
21Ibid.
22Saxaafadda Latinka, «Cuba reclama a EEUU eliminación definitiva del bloqueo», Sebtembar 7, 2008. Eeg sidoo kale Wakaaladda Wararka Faransiiska ee El Nuevo Herald, «Cuba pide a EEUU levantar el embargo», Sebtembar 7, 2008; Andrea Rodríguez, "Cuba: embargo causa daños por 95.000 millones de dolares", The Associated Press, September 18, 2008.
23 Ministère cubain des Relations extérieures, «Cuba saldrá adelante», Granma, op. cit.
24 Matthew Lee, "Rice: Ma caqli gal ahayn in la joojiyo cunaqabataynta dhaqaale ee Cuba hadda", The Associated Press, September 7, 2008.
25 Frances Robles, "Gobierno cubano rechaza ayuda humanitaria de Estados Unidos", El Nuevo Herald, September 16, 2008.
26The New York Times, «Caawinta Cuba iyo Haiti», Sebtembar 11, 2008.
27 Anita Sow, "Kuuba way diiday Qiimaynta Musiibada Maraykanka Gustav ka dib", Sebtembar 6, 2008; Casey Woods & Lesley Clark, "Ike desata dood sobre las sanciones a Cuba", Miami Herald The, September 10, 2008.
28Granma, «Ayuda para Cuba y Haití», Sebtembar 13, 2008; Andrea Rodríguez, "Cuba: Embargo causa daños por 95,000 millones de dolares", The Associated Press, September 18, 2008.
29 Fidel Castro, "El papel de bueno, ¿a costa de quién?", Granma, September 17, 2008.
30 Fidel Castro, "Dos veces la misma mentira", Doodii Cuba, September 18, 2008.
31 Maurice Lemoine, "Cuba dans l'œil du cyclone", Le Monde diblomaasiyadeed, September 11, 2008.
32 Will Weissert, "Mareykanku wuxuu ugu sarreeyaa Cuba 1-0 Safarkii 1aad ee Jasiirada 61 Sano", Sebtembar 7, 2008.
Salim Lamrani waa bare Faransiis ah oo wax ka dhiga Jaamacadda René Descartes Paris V iyo wariye ku takhasusay xiriirka Mareykanka iyo Cuba. Waxa uu daabacay buugaag kala ah: Washington oo ku taal Cuba (Pantin: Le Temps des Cerises, 2005), Cuba waxay wajahaysaa a l'Empire (Genève: Timeli, 2006) y Fidel Castro, Cuba iyo Etats-Unis (Pantin: Le Temps des Cerises, 2006). Hadda ayuu daabacay Mooraal laba jibaaran. Cuba, l'Union européenne iyo les droits de l'homme (Paris: Editions Estrella, 2008). Contact:
[emailka waa la ilaaliyay]
Waxaa tarjumay Dana Lubow.
ZNetwork waxa lagu maalgeliyaa oo keliya deeqsinimada akhristeyaasheeda.
Nalasoo