Hoos Ka Daawo Sawirada
Joornaalka caafimaadka ee Ingiriiska Lancet ayaa dhawaan si weyn uga warhelay Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Kongo (DRC) marka loo eego dhammaan warbaahinta reer galbeedka marka la isku daro. Koox dhakhaatiir ah ayaa sheegay in ilaa 4 milyan oo qof ay dhinteen tan iyo markii uu รขโฌลsi rasmi ahรขโฌTM u dillaacay dagaalka Kongo 1998-kii (1). BBC-da ayaa sheegtay in dagaalka Kongo uu galaaftay nolosha in ka badan dagaal kasta oo hubaysan tan iyo dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka (2). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khubarada ka shaqeysa Kongo, iyo kuwa ka badbaaday Kongo, ayaa tiradooda lagu sheegay in ka badan 10 milyan oo qof oo dhintay tan iyo markii uu dagaalku billowday 1996-kiiรขโฌโma aha 1998-kii duullaankii Mareykanka uu taageeray ee lagu afgambiyay Madaxweynihii Zaire Joseph Mobutu. Iyadoo saxaafadda reer galbeedku ay qiyaasaan dhimashada Afrika mar walba, ma jirto wax tirakoob ah oo lagu qiyaasi karo dhibaatada Congo.
Dadka qaarkiis waxay ogyihiin in dagaalka Congo uu ka dhashay rabitaanka soo saarista alaabta ceeriin, oo ay ku jiraan dheeman, dahab, kolumbium tantalite (coltan), niobium, cobalt, copper, uranium iyo petroleum. Macdanta Kongo ee shirkadaha reer galbeedka waxay ku socotaa heer aan hore loo arag, iyo
waxaa la sheegay in ilaa 6 milyan oo doolar oo cobalt ceyriin ah oo keliyaรขโฌโcunsurka superalloys-ka muhiimka u ah warshadaha nukliyeerka, kiimikada, hawada iyo difaacaโ uu ka baxo DRC maalin kasta. Falanqaynta kasta oo lagu sameeyo geopolitics ee Kongo waxay u baahan tahay fahamka dambiyada abaabulan ee lagu sameeyo ganacsiyo caalami ah, si loo fahmo sababaha dadka Kongo ay la kulmeen dagaal aan dhammaad lahayn tan iyo 1996.
Dadka qaar ayaa ammaanay horumarka weyn ee laga gaaray soo bandhigida macdanta sharci darrada ah ee DRC, gaar ahaan kooxda Human Rights Watch (HRW), oo warbixinteeda 2005-tii รขโฌลHabaarkii Dahabkaรขโฌ ayaa kashifay saraakiisha Uganda iyo shirkado caalami ah oo si qarsoodi ah dahabka uga soo gudba malleeshiyo beeleed maxalli ah. . Kooxaha fallaagada ah ee la soo xigtay waxay kala ahaayeen Nationalist iyo Integration Front (FNI) iyo Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Congo (FAPC). Shirkadaha reer galbeedka ee HRW ay beegsatay ayaa kala ahaa Anglo-Ashanti Gold oo ah shirkad xarunteedu tahay Koonfur Afrika iyo Metalor oo ah shirkad Swedish ah. Warbixinta HRW waxay ku guuldareysatay inay xusto in Anglo-Ashanti uu la shaqeeyo Anglo-American, oo ay leeyihiin qoyska Oppenheimer oo ay iskaashi la sameeyeen Barrick Gold oo fadhigiisu yahay Kanada oo hoos lagu sharaxay (3). Shirkadda Anglo-American Plc ee fadhigeedu yahay London. waxay leedahay saami 45% ah DeBeers, oo ah shirkad kale oo Oppenheimer ah oo caan ku ah monoboliga ku dhow ee warshadaha dheemanka caalamiga ah (4). Sir Mark Moody-Stuart, oo ah agaasimaha Anglo-American, waa agaasimaha Royal Dutch/Shell iyo xubin ka tirsan Guddiga La-talinta Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay Kofi Annan (5). Warbixintu waxay sidoo kale xakamaysay caddaymihii ugu foosha xumaa ee ay ogaadeen cilmi-baarayaasha HRW ee ahaa in Anglo-Ashanti ay qareenadeeda ugu sarreeya u dirtay bariga DRC si ay u caawiyaan hoggaamiyeyaasha maleeshiyada fallaagada ee lagu xiray halkaas.
Dhowr shirkadood oo macdan qodis ah oo wadamo kala duwan leh ayaa dhif ah haddii weligood lagu xuso warbixinta xuquuqul insaanka. Mid waa Barrick Gold, oo ka hawlgala magaalada Watsa, oo waqooyi-galbeed ka xigta magaalada Bunia, oo ku taal geeska ugu rabshadaha badan ee Kongo. Ciidanka Difaaca Dadka Uganda (UPDF) ayaa si aan kala go' lahayn u maamulay miinada intii uu dagaalku socday. Saraakiisha Bunia ayaa ku andacoonaya in madaxda Barrick ay u duuleen gobolka, iyagoo wata UPDF iyo RPF (Rwanda Patriotic Front) oo galbinayey, si ay u sahamiyaan una eegaan danahooda macdanta (6).
George HW Bush wuxuu u shaqeeyay sidii lataliye lacag ah Barrick Gold. Agaasimayaasha Barrick waxaa ka mid ah: Brian Mulroney, Ra'iisul Wasaarihii hore ee Kanada; Edward Neys, safiirkii hore ee Maraykanka u fadhiyay Kanada, ahaana guddoomiyaha shirkadda gaarka ah ee PR Burston-Marsteller; Senator hore ee Maraykanka Howard Baker; J. Trevor Eyton, xubin ka tirsan Senatka Kanada; iyo Vernon Jordan, mid ka mid ah qareennada Bill Clinton (7).
Barrick Gold waa mid ka mid ah shirkadaha macaamiisha ee shirkadda u ololaynta caalamiga ah ee Goodworks ee Andrew Young. Andrew Young waa Duqii hore ee Atlanta, iyo qabanqaabiyaha muhiimka ah ee Golaha Saaxiibtinimada US-Uganda. Young waxa u doortay Madaxweyne Clinton inuu guddoomiyo Sanduuqa Horumarinta Ganacsiga Koonfurta Afrika bishii Oktoobar 1994. Macaamiisha GoodworksรขโฌTMama la-hawlgalayaasha ganacsiga xaaladaha qaarkoodรขโฌโwaxaa ku jira Coke, Chevron-Texaco, Monsanto, iyo dawladaha Angola iyo Nigeria (xusuusnow). Hubka laga soo xawilay Nigeria ee hoos ku xusan). Young waa maamulaha Cox Communications iyo Archers Daniels Midlandรขโฌโsupermarket-ka aduunkaรขโฌ iyo kafaala qaadaha Raadiyaha Dadweynaha Qaranka oo agaasimeyaashooda ay ka mid yihiin Brian Mulroney (Barrick) iyo G. Allen Andreas, xubin ka tirsan Guddiga La-talinta Yurub ee Carlyle Koox.
Wada-hawlgalayaasha Macdanta ee Barrick Gold waxaa ka mid ahaa Adastra Mining oo hore loogu magacaabi jiray America Mineral Fields (AMFI, AMX, magacyo kale), oo hore u ahaan jiray Hope, Arkansas, magaalada Bill Clinton. Adastra waxay xiriir dhow la lahayd Lazare Kaplan International Inc., oo ah shirkadda ugu weyn ee dallaalka dheemanka ee Maraykanka, oo madaxweynaheeda, Maurice Tempelsman, uu ahaa lataliyaha arrimaha Afrika ee dawladda Maraykanka, wuxuuna ahaa Qunsulka Guud ee Sharafta ee Maraykanka ee Kongo ilaa 1977. (8).
Maurice Tempelsman waxa uu Bill Clinton ku weheliyay socdaalkiisii โโAfrika ee 1998-kii, waxana uu la shiraacday Clintons oo ka baxsan Martha's Vineyard. Wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa Golaha La-talinta Caalamiga ah ee Sarrifka saamiyada Mareykanka, waana maamulaha Machadka Woods Hole Oceanographic, a
รขโฌลSayniskaรขโฌ oo horudhac u ah macdantiisa dheeman-badeedka ee baddaรขโฌโ isaga oo sariirta badda ku iloobaysa.
Adastra waxa kale oo ay iibsatay heshiis dheeman ah oo ku taal xuduudka Kongo iyo Angola shirkadda calooshood u shaqeystayaasha Belgian ee Difaaca iyo Amniga Caalamiga ah (1998), waxayna hadda heshiisyo kobalt iyo naxaas ah ku leedahay gobolka Katanga (Shaba) ee Kongo (9). Adastra waa xubin ka mid ah Golaha Shirkadaha ee Afrika, oo ay weheliso Goodworks, Halliburton, Chevron-Texaco, Northrop Grumman, GE, Boeing, Raytheon, Bechtel iyo SAICรขโฌ โlabada dambe waxay yihiin sirdoon sir ah iyo hay'ado difaac oo ku lug leh sir iyo supra- รขโฌลmashruuc madowรขโฌ oo dawladeed.
Bishii Abriil 1997, Jean-Ramon Boulle, oo ah aasaasihii Adastra (ka dibna AMFI), wuxuu helay heshiis $ 1 bilyan oo doollar ah oo ku saabsan macdanta Kongo ee Kolwezi (cobalt) iyo Kipushi (zinc) oo ka yimid Isbahaysiga Dimuqraadiga ee Laurent Kabila Xoogagga Xoreynta Zaire (ADFL) ka hor inta aysan xitaa si rasmi ah xukunka u hayn. ADFL xitaa waxaa loo ogolaaday inay isticmaasho diyaarada gaarka ah ee Boulle (10). Dhanka kale, agaasimayaasha Adastra sidoo kale waa agaasimayaal hore oo Anglo-American ah (11). Aasaasayaasha kale ee Clinton ku xidhan ee Adastra waxaa ka mid ah Michael McMurrough iyo Robert Friedlandรขโฌโlabadaba waxay ku lug leeyihiin hadh, dambiile, ganacsiyo xeebaha Indonesia, Afrika, Burma iyo Ameerika (12).
Barrick waxay qandaraas-hoosaadyo la gashay Caleb International, kaasoo sidoo kale la shuraako la ahaa Adastra waagii hore. Kaleb waxaa maamula madaxweynaha Uganda Yoweri Museveni oo ay walaalo yihiin Salim Saleh, oo hore u ahaan jiray ku-simaha guud ee UPDF. Markii Uganda ay ka baxday Kongo 2002dii ka dib heshiis loogu yeero รขโฌลNabadรขโฌ , Saleh waxa uu bilaabay in uu tababaro kooxaha dableyda ah si ay ula dhaqmaan Ugandan proxies si ay u joogteeyaan qulqulka macdanta Uganda (13).
Salim Saleh waa saamile ku leh shirkadda Catalyst Co. ee Kanada, kaas oo 100% xiiseeya beeraha dahabka ee Kaabong ee Uganda (14). Isagu waa qayb ka mid ah mulkiilaha Saracen, shirkad milatari oo gaar loo leeyahay oo ay abuurtay shirkadda calooshood u shaqeystayaasha-kireysiga ee Natiijooyinka (15). Guddiga khubarada Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan ka faaโiidaysiga sharci darrada ah ee kheyraadka macdanta ee Congo ayaa ku taliyay Salim Saleh in la saaro xayiraad dhanka socdaalka ah oo la xayiro hantidiisa, balse waxba lama qaban.
Faragelintii ugu dambeysay ee howlgalka nabad ilaalinta Qaramada Midoobay ee Congo (MONUC) ayaa xoogga saaray in hubka laga dhigo ama la baabi'iyo xoogagga xoreynta dimuqraadiga ah ee Rwanda (FDLR), jabhadda ka soo horjeeda Rwanda, iyo Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), oo fallaago ah. kooxda ka soo horjeeda Uganda. (Ogsoonow in militariga Ruwaanda ay iskaashi la sameeyeen รขโฌลcadowgiiรขโฌ รขโฌโFDLRรขโฌ markii ay lagama maarmaan noqotay in la sugo hantida la dhacayo halka Ugandhana ay leedahay qaab u gaar ah oo ay ula shaqeyso cadawgeeda รขโฌลcadowga ah. .) Ka saarida kooxahan fallaagada ah waxay si wax ku ool ah uga nadiifin doontaa bariga Kongo si ay u helaan macdan-qoris ballaaran oo caalami ah. Maleeshiyada Mai-Mai, oo hadafkoodu yahay รขโฌลinay Congo ka difaacaan duullaanka Ruwanda iyo Ugaandhaรขโฌ ayaa geystey xad-gudubyo ka dhan ah xuquuqda aadanaha, haddana waxay u muuqdaan kuwo ka baxsan ajandaha MONUC. Mai-Mai waxay ka shaqeysaa waqooyiga Katanga (Shaba) iyo Kivus.
Maleeshiyada Katanga iyo baacsiga ayaa ku xiran shabakado dambiilayaal ah oo ganacsato ah, oo ay ku jiraan madaxweynaha Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe, Billy Rautenbach, John Bredenkamp, โโiyo Marc Rich. Maurice Tempelsman oo u dhashay dalka Maraykanka ayaa ka faa'iidey tanaasulaadkii Katanga tan iyo waagii Kennedy. Lawrence Devlin, madaxii hore ee saldhiga CIA ee Lubumbashi ee hoos yimaada Eisenhower, waxa uu ilaalin jiray dambiyada Tempelsman oo xiriir toos ah la lahaa madaxweynihii hore ee Zaire Mobutu, ka dibna waxaa u shaqaaleysiiyay Tempelsman (16).
Kooxda Forrest ayaa leh taariikhda ugu dheer ee ka faa'iidaysiga Congo, iyagoo helay tanaasulaadkii ugu horreeyay ee macdanta ka hor inta aysan Congo ku dhawaaqin madax-bannaanida Belgian. Kooxda, oo ay ku jirto Kooxda OM ee fadhigeedu yahay Ohio, ayaa tanaasulaad badan ku leh Katanga (Shaba). Guddoomiye George Forrest waa guddoomiyihii hore ee shirkadda macdanta ee dawladda Koongo ee GECAMINES, iyo mulkiilaha shirkadda hubka samaysa ee New Lachaussee.
Macdanta Coltan waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa hawada hawada iyo warshadaha elektiroonigga ah capacitors, superconductors iyo transistor ka dib marka lagu sifeeyo tantalum. Maraykanku wuxuu gebi ahaanba ku tiirsan yahay ilo shisheeye oo tantalum ah, tignoolajiyada awood u siinaysa capacitors ee lagama maarmaanka u ah hubka hawada sare iyo bog kasta, taleefanka gacanta, kumbuyuutarka, VCR, CD player, PDA iyo TV. Diiwaanada soo dejinta Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya boodboodka wax iibsiga ee ka yimid Rwanda iyo Uganda waqtigii ay ka tahriibinayeen Tantalum iyo Cobalt Congo.
Sony waxay si aad ah u kordhisay soo dejinta Coltan ka dib markii la sii daayay Playstation-kooda 2, halka Compaq, Microsoft, Dell, Ericsson, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Nokia, Intel, Lucent, iyo Motorola ay yihiin macaamiil baaxad leh (17). Madaxweyne ku xigeenka fulinta Sony ee hadda iyo La-taliyaha Guud Nicole Seligman wuxuu ahaa lataliye sharci oo hore Bill Clinton iyada oo loo sii marayo shirkadda DC Williams iyo Connelly, LLP, kuwaas oo macaamiishooda ay ku jiraan Bill Clinton iyo Oliver North (18). Madaxweyne ku xigeenka fulinta Sony iyo madaxa dhaqaalaha Robert Wiesenthal waa bangi hore oo ka tirsan First Boston, taageere dadaallada gargaarka bini'aadantinimo ee Refugees International ee xeryaha qaxootiga Rwanda ee Bariga Congo, wax yar ka hor dhicitaanki Mobutu 1995; Wiesenthal wuxuu kaloo ahaa la taliyaha dhaqaalaha ee Cox Communications, OM Group, Time Warner iyo The New York Times (19).
Walter Kansteiner, oo uu dhalay ganacsade Coltan ah oo ku sugan Chicago, waa Kaaliyaha Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Afrika iyo xubin hore oo ka tirsan Waaxda Difaaca ee Macdanta Istaraatiijiga ah. Khudbadii Kansteiner ee Madasha Siyaasadda Caalamiga ee Oktoobar 1996 wuxuu ku dooday in Kongo (kadib Zaire) loo qaybiyo dawlado yaryar oo ku salaysan isir-qowmiyad (20). Waxaase yaab leh, iyadoo hadalka la jeediyay, Laurent Kabila iyo ADFL-kiisii โโwaxay bilaabeen socodkoodii ay ku afgambiyeen Mobutu iyagoo kaashanaya Rwanda, Uganda, iyo US (21). Kansteiner waa wakiilka Hay'adda Duurjoogta Afrikaรขโฌโ waji kale oo faaqidaad ah oo ku aaddan soo iibsiga kheyraadka ee Congo.
Bechtel, oo ah shirkad dhismo hawada sare ah oo Maraykan ah, ayaa bixisay khariidado dayax-gacmeed oo sawiro sahamin ah oo ay qaadeen ciidamadii Mobutu ee duulaankii ADFL ee Congo 1996; waxay kaloo sameeyeen khariidado infrared ah oo kaydka macdanta Congo ah (22). Jabhadda Waddaniga ah ee Ruwaanda (RPF), oo uu hoggaamiyo Paul Kagame, oo hadda ah Madaxweynaha Rwanda oo ka qalin jabiyay dugsiga saraakiisha ciidamada Mareykanka ee Fort Leavenworth, ayaa adeegsaday khariidadaha NASA ee Bechtel si ay u helaan dad rayid ah oo Hutu ah oo Rwanda ka soo cararay masiibadii Rwanda 1994-kii. qiyaastii 800,000 oo qaxooti ah ayaa lagu ugaarsaday laguna dilay kaymaha Congo (23). Saaxiibada Bechtel ee meelaha sare waxaa ka mid ah Xoghayihii hore ee Arimaha Dibada George Shultz (Guddiga Agaasimayaasha), Xoghayihii hore ee Difaaca Casper Weinberger (Lataliyaha Bechtel) iyo General USMC hawlgab ah Jack Sheehan (Madaxweyne Ku Xigeenka Sare), oo sidoo kale xubin ka ah Siyaasadda Difaaca ee Pentagon (24). Riley P. Bechtel wuxuu ku jiraa guddiga JP Morgan (25). Shirkadda Nexant ee Bechtel waa qandaraaslaha koowaad ee mashruuca dhuumaha ee Uganda-Kenya, oo la rumeysan yahay inay ugu dambeyntii fududeyso gaadiidka batroolka ee ka baxa Semliki Basin ee harada Albert.
Kooxda khubarada ee Qaramada Midoobay waxay magacaabeen Cabot Co. oo fadhigoodu yahay New England si ay u sameeyaan dhaqamo ganacsi oo anshax-marin ah (26). Cabot waa mid ka mid ah soosaarayaasha tantalum ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ku-xigeenka Agaasimaha Maaliyadda ee Maraykanka, Samuel Bodman, wuxuu ahaa maamulaha guud iyo guddoomiyaha guddiga Cabot 1997-2001 (27). Agaasimaha hadda John H. McArthur waa la-taliye sare Paul Wolfowitz ee Bangiga Adduunka (28).
Qandaraaslayaasha Militariga gaarka ah (PMCs) ayaa sidoo kale ganacsi weyn ku leh Afrika. Brown & Root, oo ah shirkad hoos timaada Halliburton, ayaa gacan ka geysatay dhisidda saldhig ciidan oo u dhow Cyangugu, Rwanda oo ku dhow xadka Congo iyo Rwanda. รขโฌ Si rasmi ah, Brown iyo Root waxa ay u joogeen si ay u nadiifiyaan miinooyinka dhulka, laakiin taa badalkeeda waxa ay dejiyeen calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Military Professional Resources Inc. Dib-u-soo-gallaantii ciidamada Rwanda 1996-kii, ka dib
Laurent Kabila wuxuu eryay Rwandans, Ugandans, Bechtel iyo IMF (29). Sirdoonka Faransiiska ayaa sheegay in ciidamada gaarka ah ee Mareykanka iyo calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka tirsan MPRI ay ka qeybqaateen dilka qaxootiga Hutu-ga Rwanda ee lagu dilay webiga Oso ee u dhow magaalada Goma sanadkii 1996-kii oo ay xitaa sheegteen in ay soo rogeen meydka labo askari oo Mareykan ah oo lagu dilay dagaal ka dhacay agagaarka Goma (30) . Duruufaha ku xeeran soo kabashada aan rasmiga ahayn ee labadan askari ee Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u dahsoon (31).
MPRI waxay ku taal Arlington, Virginia waxaana ka shaqeeya oo ay maamulaan 36 jeneraalo Maraykan ah oo hawlgab ah. Waxay qandaraas ku siisay Pentagon-ka si ay u fuliso Hindisaha Ka jawaabista Dhibaatada Afrika (ACRI). Barnaamijkan waxaa ka mid ah ciidamada Uganda, waxaana uu tababar ciidan oo ku saabsan dagaalka jabhadda ah siiyay saraakiil Ugandan ah oo ku sugnaa Fort Bragg, North Carolina bishii Luulyo 1996. Intii lagu guda jiray duullaankii Congo 1998, askarta Uganda ayaa laga helay qalab ACRI ah halka Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty Caalamigu waxay lug ku yeesheen guutooyinka Uganda ee ay ACRI u tababartay kufsiga, dilka, baadda, iyo garaaca rayidka Uganda (32).
Aasaasaha Natiijooyinka Fulinta Tony Buckingham waxa uu aasaasay shirkado kale oo milatari oo gaar loo leeyahay oo ka hawlgala Afrika. Buckingham's Heritage Oil & Gas wuxuu si dhow ula shaqeeyaa PMC Sandline International si uu u maamulo fursadaha batroolka ee agagaarka harada Albert, waxaana la rumeysan yahay inuu heshiisyo heshiis la saxiixday ciidamada iyo dowladaha ku dagaalamaya labada dhinac ee xadka Uganda iyo Kongo. Tamarta Laanta waa shirkad kale oo xiriir la leh Buckingham oo ka shaqeysa gobolka harooyinka waaweyn.
Baaritaanada lagu sameeyay hubka sharci darrada ah ee laga iibiyay Rwanda sanadkii hore, taasoo xadgudub ku ah cunaqabateynta hubka ee Qaramada Midoobay saartay gobolka, ayaa waxaa caqabad ku noqday dowladda Rwanda oo diiday inay bixiso liiska lambarada taxanaha ah ee 5000 AK-47 ee halkaas lagu geeyay. Dalka maraakiibta ee Bulgaria, ayaa sidoo kale diiday inay bixiso lambaro taxane ah, waxayna xaqiijinaysaa kaliya in hubkaasi si sharci ah looga iibiyay wadan aan cunaqabatayn saarnayn, Nigeria, una sii jeeday Rwanda iyo DRC. Dawladaha Uganda, Kongo, Koonfur Afrika iyo Equatorial Guineaรขโฌโ oo ah ilaalinta batroolka ugu weyn ee Maraykankaรขโฌโ ayaa si isku mid ah u danbi ah taageeridda hubka qarsoon ee gobolka (33).
Shixnadaha hubka ee doonyaha kaga imanaya Tansaaniya, iyo doorka dawladda Tansaaniya ee taageerada dagaalka DRC, marna su'aal lagama waydiiyo. Tan waxa laga yaabaa in ay wax ku yeelato shatiga macdanta ee Barrick Gold ee dhulalka Masaai ee Tansaaniya. Diyaaradaha u kala goosha Tansaaniya, DRC, iyo Kenya, waa loo ogolyahay inay sidaas sameeyaan iyada oo aan la haysan dukumeenti sax ah, kaydin ama kormeerid kastam.
Mid kale oo hadh รขโฌลganacsade aan la taaban karinรขโฌ oo hubka ka ganacsada oo ka shaqeeya daaha gadaashiisa ee gobolka waa Hindi-Mareykan ah oo lagu magacaabo Mr. Kotecha. Danaha Kotecha ee Koonfurta Kivu waa wax la taaban karo, waxaana si cad loogu farayaa inuu ka ganacsado lacagaha la dhaqo, hubka, coltan iyo dheemanka. Ka dib duulaankii ugu horeeyay ee Mareykanku uu ku qaaday Kongo sanadkii 1996-kii, Kotecha waxaa la og yahay in uu marar badan ku faanay in uu yahay รขโฌลQunsuliyada Mareykankaรขโฌ ee Koonfurta Kivu. Kotecha waxay haysataa baasaboor Maraykan ah, waxayna guri guri ku leedahay California.
Markii difaace maxalli ah oo si cad u sheegay xuquuqda aadanaha oo u shaqeynayay NGO yar (Pascal Kabungulu of Heritiers de la Justice) ayaa lagu dilay xagaagii 2005 Bukavu, dilaaga lagu eedeeyay, oo uu ku jiro taliye ciidan oo Congolese ah, ayaa la aqoonsaday laakiin MONUC iyo caalamiga ah. รขโฌลBeeshaรขโฌ ma aysan qaadin wax tallaabo ah. Dilku waxa uu ku saabsanaa doorkii uu ku lahaa soo bandhigida taliyayaasha Kongo ee ku lug lahaanshiyaha tahriibinta (oo maanta socota).
Guddi khubaro ah oo Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa warbixinta soo socota ku xujeysan doonta shirkado iyo shirkado badan oo duullimaadyo sharci darro ah (sharci darro ah, qarsoodi ah, aan diiwaangashanayn ama si been abuur ah uga diiwaangashan) gudaha iyo dibadda DRC. Mid ka mid ah shirkado badan oo caan ah oo sida muuqata ku xiran shabakadaha ka ganacsiga hubka ee Victor Bout's waa Simax, oo ah shirkad Oregon ah oo adeegsata ciwaanka Sierra Leone. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, guddiga khubarada ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa mar kale iska indho tiray qaar ka mid ah hay'adaha reer galbeedka "taariikhda hawlaha sharci darrada ah" kuwaas oo duullimaadyadoodu ay yihiin kuwo si isku mid ah loo qarinayo oo aan lala xisaabtamin. Liiska ugu sarreeya waxaa ku jira hay'adda samatabbixinta caalamiga ah (IRC)รขโฌโ agaasimayaasha waxaa ka mid ah Henry Kissinger รขโฌโoo duullimaadyadiisa ka baxa Congo, duullimaadyada gudaha iyo kuwa ka baxa garoommada go'doonsan ee bariga DRC, ayaan gebi ahaanba kormeerin hubka MONUC. kormeerayaasha cunaqabataynta. Bukavu, tusaale ahaan, dhammaan dayuuradaha fudfudud waxa ay saaran yihiin MONUC baadhista cunaqabataynta hubka, laakiin duullimaadyada IRC kuma jiraan amarka MONUC. Sida mid ka mid ah Kormeeraha Militariga ee MONUC uu qirtay, รขโฌลIRC waa in ay hoos timaadaa heerar la mid ah kuwa kale; haddii kale waa in aan u qaadannaa in ay hub soo rareen, sababtoo ah nooma ogola in aan xaqiijino in aysan ahayn.รขโฌ
Sidoo kale, iyadoo guddiga khubarada ee Qaramada Midoobay ay baaritaan ku sameeyeen oo ay ka warbixiyeen qaar ka mid ah shabakadaha dambiyada sharci darrada ah iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada Kongo, waligood kama qayb galin heshiisyada heerka sare ah ee ay albaabada u xiran yihiin maamulayaasha Adastra, Anglo-American, shirkadaha Iswidhan. s Adolph Lundin (saaxiibka dhow ee George HW Bush), kaasoo gacanta ku haya heshiisyada macdanta Lubumbashi, Kolwezi iyo Mbuji Mayi ee gobollada Katanga (Shaba) iyo Kasai. Phelps Dodge ee fadhigiisu yahay Maraykanka waxa iska kaashaday Katanga naxaasta/mashruuca macdan qodista cobalt ee ay leedahay Lundin's Tenke Mining. Agaasimaha Phelps Dodge Douglas C. Yearly sidoo kale waa maareeyaha Lockheed Martin, iyo Sanduuqa Duurjoogta Adduunka oo iskaashi la leh USAID iyo CARE รขโฌล ilaalintaรขโฌ รขโฌโakhri: lahaanshahaรขโฌโmashruucyo ka socda Kongo oo dhan halka CAREรขโฌโขs โฌลAjandaha bini'aadantinimada waxaa sidoo kale maalgeliyay Lockheed Martin.
รขโฌลDanta ilaalintaรขโฌ ayaa ilaalinaysa galitaanka galbeedka Afrikada dhexe: USAID, WWF, AWF, iyo Conservation International ayaa hogaaminaya dacwada. Caddaynta kiisaska USAID ee Congo oo dhan waxay si dhakhso ah uga hor imanaysaa dhammaan dareenka ku saabsan USAID oo keenaysa รขโฌลmashruuc horumarineed oo bulsho waaraรขโฌ ama รขโฌล waara. Inta badan waxaa xusid mudan Iskaashiga Gobolka Bartamaha Afrika ee Deegaanka (CARPE) iyo Iskaashiga Kaynta Doomaha ee Kongo (CBFP), laba barnaamij oo riixaya ajandayaasha qarsoon ee millatariga, sirdoonka iyo dhaqaalaha. Waxaa xusid mudan, National Juquraafi waxay ku lug leedahay sii wadida khuraafaadka ilaalinta, dimuqraadiyadda, horumarinta bulshada, ama adeegga bushimaha ee lagu bixiyo ixtiraamka iyo taageerada dadka asaliga ah.
Photos
Kufsiga waxa loo adeegsaday hab habaysan oo argagax lagu galinayo
dadka ku nool DRC. Gabadhan (20 jir) waxay ka soo carartay bariga DRC oo ka gudubtay
waddan lugaynaya si aad xoogaa gabaad uga hesho Galbeedka DRC.
FDLR โxasuuqa โ caruur qoryo sita - bariga DRC.
Ciidamada Pakistan ee wata MONUC - Hawlgalka Birta Fist, Bariga DRC, oo ay la socdaan maleeshiyada FDLR ee u dhow Ninja, South Kivu
Dadka DRC ayaa loo geystaa dambiyada dagaal ee ugu xun iyo dambiyada ka dhanka ah bini'aadminimada, sida ka dhaca baadiyaha Koonfurta Kivu. Askarta FARDC (Ciidanka Armee Rep ee Kongo) ee asalka ah.
Ciidamada gaarka ah ee Uruguaya MONUC oo ugaarsanaya FDLR ee Kahuzi Beiga National Park ee hoos yimaada Hawlgalka Falcon Sweep.
ZNetwork waxa lagu maalgeliyaa oo keliya deeqsinimada akhristeyaasheeda.
Nalasoo