Inta badan dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa, waxaa la siiyay in mashiinka dacaayadda ee aan naxariista lahayn ee loo yaqaan warbaahinta guud ay tahay caqabad cad oo aad u muuqata oo hortaagan isbeddel bulsho oo horumarsan. Markaa aad bay waligeed uga muhimsan tahay in bulshada horumarka leh ay si wadajir ah uga wada shaqeeyaan sidii ay dib u habayn ugu samayn lahaayeen warbaahinta caadiga ah, iyo in ay xoojiyaan warbaahinta kale ee ay hawl-wadeennadu ku tiirsan yihiin sheekooyinka xog-warran, awood-siinta iyo madaddaalada leh. [1]
Taageerada warbaahinta beddelka ah waxay caadi ahaan ku timaadaa qaab lacag, ama gargaar iskaa wax u qabso ah: haddana maskaxdayda, waa isku mid, haddaysan ka sii muhiimsanayn in akhristayaasha, daawadayaasha iyo dhegaystayaasha, ay xoojiyaan oo xoojiyaan heerarka garaadka ee warbaahinta beddelka ah iyada oo la hoos gelinayo. waxay u tahay dhaleeceyn feker leh (aan joogsi lahayn). Kooxaha sida Medialens (Koox ilaaliye warbaahineed oo fadhigeedu yahay Ingiriiska) waxay u socotaa sidii ay kor ugu qaadi lahayd yoolkan bulsho, maadaama toddobadii sano ee la soo dhaafay ay daaha ka rogayeen habab aan si khiyaano lahayn oo Herman iyo Chomsky's Propaganda Model gudahood "horumarka leh" ee guud xarumaha warbaahinta (the Guardian, Independentiyo BBC). [2] Kooxaha ilaalada la midka ah daruuri uma aha warbaahinta kale, laakiin dhaleeceynta socota sida kuwa ay bixiso Medialens iyo taageerayaashooda muwaaddiniinta ah waxay caawin karaan oo kaliya horumarinta tayada warbaahinta kale. Nasiib darrose, waxay u muuqataa in dhammaan inta badan dhaqdhaqaaqayaashu ay ku bixiyaan ku dhawaad โโdhammaan xooggooda iyo maalkooda si ay u diidaan una soo bandhigaan wax-is-daba-marinta iyo been-abuurka Midigta, oo aanay ilaalinayn daacadnimada Bidixda. Arrin tusaale u ah waxa ay ahayd in bulshada horuumarku ay hagaajiyaan horumarinta siyaasadaha neoliberal-ka ee samafalayaasha muxaafidka ah, taas oo ka tagtay dhaleeceeyayaasha in ay soo bandhigaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada dimuqraadiga ah ee ka soo horjeeda ee aasaaska xorta ah ee xagjirka ah ee xitaa warbaahinta kale - taas oo murugo leh sidoo kale waxay dhacdaa inay si weyn ugu tiirsan tahay maalgelinta aasaaska liberaaliga ah. [3]
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Midigtu, waxay si dhakhso ah u qaadatay daciifnimada taatikada aasaasiga ah ee Bidixda, waxayna bilaabeen laba jibbaaran oo ka dhan ah. Tii ugu horreysay iyo tan ugu wanaagsan ee la diiwaangeliyay waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa inay tahay รขโฌหbadรขโฌโข, oo ku lug leh falal dahsoon, xog-warran, qasbid iyo xoog badheedh ah; Laakiin waxa laga yaabaa in hubka ugu waxtarka badan ee xaqa ahi uu yahay u ololaynta nabadda, xuquuqul insaanka iyo dimuqraadiyadda, ama waxa lagu tilmaami karo "wanaagsan" ama "dimuqraadiyadda" Tusaalaha dhow ee guusha istiraatijiyaddan "dimuqraadiyadda" ayaa dhawaan isku muujisay cadadka dayrta 2006 ee mid ka mid ah majaladaha horumarka ugu badan ee Ameerika, Siyaasadda Bulshada. Maqaalka su'aasha waxaa cinwaan looga dhigay รขโฌหCiyaarinta Garoonka: Wadahadal lala yeeshay Ivan Marovic, Hardy Merriman, iyo Steve Yorkรขโฌโข, waxaana lagu saleeyay ku lug lahaanshaha seddexda la wareystayaal ee soo saarista ciyaar kombuyuutar ku jihaysan dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqdhaqaaqa. kaas oo la sii daayay Febraayo 2006). Haddaanan aqoon hore loo lahayn dadka la waraystay xidhiidhka hay'adaha, akhristaha caadiga ah ee maqaalku waxa laga yaabaa in aanu u arkin wax lidi ku ah mawduuca. Tani waa sababta oo ah dhammaan ujeeddooyinka iyo ujeeddooyinka ciyaarta su'aashu waxay u muuqataa inay muujinayso dadaal horudhac ah si looga faa'iidaysto (inta badan dimoqraadi-diidka) awoodda iyo saameynta ciyaaraha kumbuyuutarka si loogu dhiirrigeliyo dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha inay si xeeladaysan uga fikiraan isticmaalkooda iska caabin aan rabshad lahayn. Markaa ciyaartu waxay u muuqataa inay ka mid tahay dhawr ciyaarood oo kombuyuutar ah oo loogu talagalay in lagu xoojiyo dimuqraadiyadda halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd dheelitirnaanta bangiga.
Magaca ciyaartan cusub ee u muuqata horumar waa Xoog ka awood badan: Ciyaarta Istaraatiijiyada Rabshadla'aanta, kaas oo ku salaysnaa buuga Awood xoog badan: A qarniyadii Khilaafaadka aan rabshadda wadin (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000). Buuggu waxa kale oo uu ka horray soo saarista laba qaybood oo taxane ah, oo la sii daayay 1999kii, oo ku socday isla magac, lagana sii daayay PBS sanadka xiga. Hadda oo aan ka soo qaadno in buugga, filimka, iyo ciyaaruhu ay ahaayeen kuwo taariikh ahaan sax ah oo waxtar u leh dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha horumarka, miyay markaa muhiim tahay in dadka ku hawlan soo saarista kheyraadkan ay si dhow ugu xiran yihiin National Endowment for Democracy (NED) iyo inta badan US- ku salaysan รขโฌหdimoqraadiyad kor u qaadida? Waxaan soo jeedin lahaa in jawaabta su'aashan ay tahay haa, iyo in xiriiriyeyaashani ay muhiimad weyn leeyihiin.
Akhristayaasha aan aqoon u lahayn NED iyo kooxaheeda ka soo horjeeda dimuqraadiyadda, ka dib hordhac kooban oo ku saabsan shaqada Professor William I. Robinson ayaa habboon. Si fudud, waxa uu malo-awaal ku tilmaamay in natiijadii ka dhalatay dib-u-dhacii dadweynaha ee lagaga soo horjeeday siyaasaddii dibadda ee dawladda Maraykanka ee cabudhinta iyo dahsoon ee sannadihii 1970-meeyadii, siyaasadda arrimaha dibedda ee samaynaysay dad caan ah oo la doortay si ay culayska weyn u saaraan habab cad oo lagu afgambiyo รขโฌหdhibaato jirtaรขโฌ dawladaha iyada oo loo marayo istiraatijiyad istiraatijiyadeed ee bulshada rayidka ah. 1984kii, fikirkan รขโฌหcusub waxa la asaasay iyada oo la abuuray urur aan dawli ahayn, National Endowment for Democracy, kaas oo u shaqeeya sidii hay'adda isku dubaridka u ah ururrada dhiirrigelinta dimuqraadiyadda sida USAID iyo CIA. In si dhow loo wada shaqeeyo ururadan รขโฌหdimuqraadiga ah' waxay adeegsadaan xeelado isug jira oo qarsoon iyo kuwo cad si ay u soo farageliyaan รขโฌลdhaqdhaqaaqyada ballaaran ee dimoqraadiyadda iyo hannaanka dimoqraadiyeynta ee daba-galka ahรขโฌยฆ iyada oo loo marayo tiro badan oo ah siyaasad, dhaqaale, ciidan, diblomaasiyadeed, iyo habab fikradeed. โฌ . [4] Robinson waxa uu xusay hadafka koowaad ee kooxaha kor u qaadida dimoqraadiyada waa kor u qaadida dimuquraadiyada polyarchy ama dimoqraadiyad hooseeysa qaabab badan oo la taaban karo oo maamul dimuqraadi ah, awoodna u siinaya รขโฌล beddelka hababka qasabka ah ee xakamaynta bulshada iyo kuwa la isku raacsan yahay. .รขโฌ [5] Buuggiisa hormoodka ah ee mawduucan. Kor u qaadida Polyarchy (1996), waxay bixisay baaritaan faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan doorka รขโฌหdimuqraadiyadda kor u qaada ee fadhigeedu yahay Mareykanka ee ku aaddan burburinta dimuqraadiyadda Nicaragua, Filibiin, Chile iyo Haiti. Tan iyo markaas, cilmi-baarisyo badan ayaa taageeray natiijooyinkiisa, iyagoo bixinaya tusaalooyin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan faragelinta dimuqraadiga ah ee adduunka oo dhan. [6]
Markaa ku soo noqoshada ciyaarta kumbuyuutarka, waa dooddeyda inay muhiim tahay in dadka ku lugta leh reincarnations kala duwan A Force More xoogbadane waxay si dhow ula xiriiraan dadka NED.
Kiis ayaa la samayn karaa in ay caqli gal tahay in la isticmaalo agabka dhaqdhaqaaqa ku jihaysan ee uu bixiyay buuggu iyo wareeggiisa, ilaa inta ay si caadi ah u fahmayaan hawl-wadeennadu iyaga oo isticmaalaya kuwa soo saaray iyo sababta. Markaas oo keliya ayaa agabka si dhab ah loo qiimayn karaa oo si habboon looga faa'iidaysan karaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii agabka loo isticmaalo oo ay kor u qaadaan dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha aan ka warqabin xididadooda dimoqoraadi-diidka ah, dhaqdhaqaaqayaashaas waxay halis ugu jiraan inay u dhaqmaan sidii " suuqgeynayaal fayrus ah " iyagoo aan ogeyn wax soo saarka asalka shakiga leh, iyo inay si dadban u sharciyeeyaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada รขโฌห Dhiirigelinta dimuqraadiyadda
Nasiib darro, xaaladdu waa sidan Siyaasadda Bulshada Waxay isu heshay, taas oo ah, u shaqaynta sidii xayaysiiyayaasha fayraska ee รขโฌห dhiirrigeliyeyaasha dimuqraadiyaddaรขโฌโข Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la eego arrintan. Siyaasadda Bulshada Keligii ma aha, sida xitaa mid ka mid ah tababarayaasha firfircoon ee horumarka leh, George Lakey (aasaasaha Tababarka Isbeddelka ee fadhigiisu yahay Mareykanka), wuxuu u jeedaa dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha muhiimadda A Force More xoogbadane sidaas darteedna waxay ka caawisaa sharciyaynta shaqadooda. [7] Ilaa hadda kaliya Jonathan Mowat (2005) ayaa soo jiitay dareenka "kor u qaadida dimuqraadiyadda" aqoonsiga Xoog ka awood badan qorayaasha. Sidaa darteed, maqaalkani waxa uu sii kordhin doonaa dhaleecaynta uu u jeedinayo dadka ku xidhan buuggan, isaga oo isku dayaya in uu soo bandhigo sida รขโฌห dhiirrigeliyeyaasha dimoqraadiyadu ay u galiyeen wadnaha fikirka istiraatijiyadeed ee dhaqdhaqaaqa horumarka.
A Force More xoogbadane: Buugga iyo Qoraagiisa
Labada qoraa ee A Force More xoogbadane Peter Ackerman iyo Jack DuVall. Ku xidhida labada qoraa ee bulshada kor u qaadida dimuquraadiyada ayaa ah mid toos ah maadaama dabeecada cad ee inta badan รขโฌห dhiirrigeliyeyaasha dimoqraadiyadaรขโฌโข ay ka dhigan tahay in qorayaashu ay xor u yihiin in ay si cad u shaaciyaan xiriirka dimoqraadiyada. internet-ka. Dr Ackerman waa guddoomiyaha aasaasaha Xarunta Caalamiga ah ee Colaadaha Aan Rabshadaha ahayn (ICNC), guddoomiyaha Freedom House, iyo xubin ka tirsan Golaha La-talinta Mareykanka ee Machadka Nabadda ee Mareykanka (USIP). [8] Qoraaga, Jack DuVall, waa madaxweynaha iyo aasaasaha Agaasimaha ICNC, sidoo kale waa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Machadka Arlington. [9]
ICNC, oo labadaba Ackerman iyo DuVall ay yihiin agaasimeyaal aasaasi ah, waxay isku tilmaamtaa inay tahay "madax-bannaan, aan faa'iido doon ahayn, aasaas waxbarasho oo horumarisa oo dhiirigelisa daraasadda iyo isticmaalka rayidka ku salaysan, xeeladaha aan militariga ahayn si loo dhiso loona difaaco xuquuqda aadanaha, dimuqraadiyadda. iyo cadaalada aduunka oo dhan.รขโฌ [10] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida ay hadhow u cadaan doonto, magaca ururkoodu waxa uu beeninayaa ujeedadiisa dhabta ah ee aan la sheegin, kaas oo ah in ay gacan ka geystaan โโkor u qaadida kacaannada wadamada juqraafi ahaan faa'iido u leh. Iyadoo tan maskaxda lagu hayo, maahan wax la yaab leh in inta badan maamulayaasha ICNV ee rabshad-la'aanta lagu tababaray gudaha wadnaha dhismaha milatariga-warshadaha: Guddoomiye ku-xigeenka ICNV Berel Rodal, wuxuu hore u ahaa Agaasimaha Guud ee Xoghaynta Siyaasadda ee Waaxda Difaaca Qaranka; Maamulaha ICNV ee Hindisaha Waxbarashada, Dr. Maria J. Stephan, waxay ka soo shaqeysay รขโฌลWasaaradda Difaaca Mareykanka iyo shaqaalaha caalamiga ah ee Xarunta NATO ee Brusselsรขโฌ ; iyo Shaazka Beyerle (madaxweyne ku xigeenkii hore oo noqday La-taliyaha Sare ee ICNV), waa madaxweyne ku xigeenka aasaasaha Machadka Yurub.
Xidhiidhada ugu xiisaha badan ee Machadka Yurub waxa ka mid ah: Xubin ka tirsan guddiga Dr. Agaasime Emeriti, Robert B. Zoellick, oo ahaa saxeexe Janawari 26, 1998 Mashruuca Qarniga Cusub ee Maraykanka oo loo diray Madaxweyne Clinton; iyo xubin Guddiga La-talinta, Ambassador Robert E. Hunter, oo sidoo kale ah Guddoomiyaha Golaha Bulshada Dimuqraadiyada oo u shaqeeya sidii La-taliye Sare oo caalami ah oo soo saara hubka ugu weyn adduunka, Lockheed Martin. [11]
Siyaasadda Bulshada Waraysigii Hardy Merriman wuxuu dhawaan noqday Agaasimaha Barnaamijyada iyo Cilmi-baarista ee ICNV, isagoo ka soo cusboonaday saddex sano oo uu joogay Albert Einstein Institution (AEI), koox uu Dr Ackerman ka ahaa agaasime hore. Shaqaalaysii hore ee Merriman, AEI, waxay si cad u qiraysaa taageerada maaliyadeed ee ay ka heleen NED, USIP, iyo Machadka Jamhuuriga Caalamiga ah, waxayna si dhow ula shaqeysaa ICNV oo bixisa aasaaska aragtida ee 'horumarinta dimuqraadiyadda' Shaqada aasaasida, ka caawinta inay bixiyaan koorsooyin tababar aduunka oo dhan oo loogu talagalay dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha doonaya inay afgembiyaan dawladooda. [12] Ugu dambeyntii, Merriman's ka hor ICNV, Kim Hedge, ayaa hadda ku biiray Freedom House - awoowe ee neoconservative รขโฌหururrada kor u qaadaya dimoqraadiyaddaรขโฌโ isaga oo ah Xiriiriyaha Barnaamijka ee Barnaamijka Abaabulka Madaniga ah.
Qoraalkii Janaayo 2007, Diana Barahona waxay ku qeexday guddiga ammaanada ee Freedom House " oo Dr Ackerman uu sidoo kale guddoomiye ka yahay "" Waa kuma kee ee konserfatifyada dawladda, ganacsiga, tacliinta, shaqaalaha, iyo saxaafadda." [14] Si kastaba ha ahaatee inkasta oo ay si weyn u qaybsan yihiin wakiiladooda, guriga is-sheegga ee xorriyadda ayaa wali soo jeedinaya in uu leeyahay รขโฌลGuddi ammaan oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan Dimuqraadiyiinta, Jamhuuriga iyo Madax-bannaanidaรขโฌ Golaha Xorriyadda. wakiiladu hubaal waa kala duwan yihiin; Haa dhamaantood waxay qabtaan shaqooyin kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan รขโฌลGanacsatada iyo madaxda shaqaalaha, madax hore oo dawladeed, aqoonyahanno, qorayaal, iyo suxufiyiinรขโฌ , laakiin run ahaantii kala duwanaanshahooda ayaa ku kooban mansabyadooda shaqo maadaama ay dhamaantood ka go'an tahay ajandaha cusub ee muxaafidka ah. si ay u soo xigtaan shabakadooda, uma arkaan wax la yaab leh marka la eego รขโฌลHoggaanka Mareykanka ee arrimaha caalamiga ah [inay] lagama maarmaan u yihiin qadiyadda xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda.รขโฌ u hoggaansanaanta goobaha ay dadku fahmeen ee runta iyo saxnaanta, taas oo lafteedu siinaysa cabbir waxtar leh oo lagu qiimeeyo daacadnimada u doodidda dimuqraadiyadda iyo xorriyadda.
Kooxda ugu danbeysa ee dhiirigelisa dimoqraadiyada ee Ackerman uu si toos ah ugu xidhan yahay, waa USIP, oo sida Freedom House xubin muhiim ah ka ah qalabka horumarinta dimoqraadiyada Maraykanka. Sannadkii 1990-kii, iyagoo is-diyaarinaya (iyo laga yaabo inay dhiiri-geliyaan) maqaalkii Diana Barahona ee Freedom House, Richard Hatch iyo Sara Diamond waxay USIP ku tilmaameen รขโฌลgoob lagu tunto dagaal-oogayaal xirfadlayaal ahรขโฌ oo leh guddi agaasime oo รขโฌลu ekaa Waa kee ka mid ah fikradaha garabka midig ee akadeemiyadda iyo Pentagon-ka.รขโฌ 16
Sida National Endowment for Democracy ay u noqotay aalad udub dhexaad u ah horumarinta xisbiyada siyaasadda, ururada shaqaalaha, iyo codadka warbaahinta ee ay u arkaan in ay aqbali karaan siyaasad-dejiyeyaasha arrimaha dibadda ee labada xisbi, USIP, iyaga oo isticmaalaya hal-ku-dheg la mid ah รขโฌหnabadรขโฌโข iyo รขโฌห dimuquraadiyadaรขโฌโข iyo qaar badan oo kamid ah aqoonyahanada difaaca ee dib loo warshadeeyay, ayaa doonaya in ay xakameeyaan doodaha iyo go'aan ka gaarista xalinta khilaafaadka.
Maanta USIP waxay weli ku mashquulsan tahay horumarinta qaabkeeda ciidanku fasaxay ee "nabad", haddana si ka duwan NED ma helin wax dhaleecayn ah oo ka yimid warbaahinta horumarka leh. Waxa la yaab leh, kaliya midka aan soo sheegnay Hatch and Diamond article ayaa dhaleeceeyay shaqadooda. Tani waa iyada oo ay jirto xaqiiqda ah in guddigooda agaasimayaashu ay hadda hoy u yihiin รขโฌหdimuqraadiyadรขโฌTM dhadhanka sida agaasimihii hore ee CIA James R. Schlesinger; Chester A. Crocker, Guddoomiyaha James R. Schlesinger ee Daraasaadka Istaraatiijiga ah ee Jaamacadda Georgetown; Charles Horner, Fellow Sare ee machadka garabka midig ee Hudson; iyo ilaa dhimashadiisa dhow, Seymour Martin Lipset oo sidoo kale ka tirsanaa Machadka Hudson. (Sida cad daraasad keenaysa daraasadda Hatch iyo Diamond oo casri ah waxay u adeegi doontaa ujeedo muhiim ah oo lagu caawinayo dhaqdhaqaaqa ka soo horjeeda USIP.)
Sannadkii 1989kii, qoraaga Dr Ackerman Jack Duvall wuxuu caawiyay helitaanka xarun kale oo aan faa'iido doon ahayn oo caan ah oo kor u qaadeysa dimoqraadiyadda, Machadka Arlington. Sida qaar badan oo ka mid ah dadka ku lug lahaa kooxihii hore ee "dimuqraadiyadda" qofka ugu muhiimsan ee ka dambeeya hawshan, John L. Petersen, waa nin millatari ah oo dhex mara, [17] xaruntuna waxay ku faantaa ka mid ah aasaasayaashii hore ee madaxii hore ee ururka. CIA, James Woolsey. [18] Intaa waxaa dheer, machadka Arlington's website wuxuu xusay in ay ku takhasuseen "in laga fekero mustaqbalka caalamiga ah iyo isku dayga in ay saameyn ku yeeshaan isbeddelka degdega ah, isbeddelka wanaagsan", kaas oo si fiican ula xidhiidha sharraxaadda Jonathan Mowat ee Machadka Arlington ee istiraatijiyad ahaan. afgembigii cusbaa ee casriga ahaa. [19]
Marka laga soo tago labada qoraa ee A Force More xoogbadane isagoo si toos ah ugu lug leh ururo badan oo รขโฌหdimoqraadiyad kor u qaadaya, Dr Ackerman waxa kale oo uu ka faa'iidaystaa isku xidhka dimuqraadiga ah ee xaaskiisa. Joanne Leedom-Ackerman waa qoraa iyo wariye ka shaqeysay lataliye ahaan nooca dokumentiga ah ee buuga ninkeeda. Iyadu hadda waa maamule Xarunta Caalamiga ah ee Saxafiyiinta (taas oo maalgelin ka hesha NED, Xarunta Ganacsiga Gaarka ah ee Caalamiga ah, Boeing iyo Coca-Cola, iyo kuwo kale oo badan), waxayna ka soo shaqeysay guddiga Albert Einstein Institution. [20] Joanne sidoo kale waa agaasime urur aan dawli ahayn oo lagu magacaabo International Crisis Group, taas oo qeexaysa doorkeeda aasaasiga ah sida "ka shaqaynta falanqaynta ku salaysan goobta iyo u doodista heerka sare ah si looga hortago loona xalliyo khilaafka dilaaga ah." โฌ [21] Si ka duwan NED kooxdani waa hawl-qabad dhab ah oo dhinacyo badan leh oo รขโฌหdimuqraadiyadรขโฌโข ah sida ay caddaynayaan noocyada kala duwan ee dawladaha, aasaaska iyo shirkadaha maalgeliya shaqadooda. [22] Kooxda xasaradaha caalamiga ah, Joanne waxay ku xoqdaa garbaha qolka shirarka "dimuqraadiyad" caan ah sida: Ayo Obe, Guddoomiyaha Guddiga Hoggaaminta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Caalamiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda ee NED aasaasay; Kenneth Adelman, xubin guddiga ee Freedom House; Agaasimaha NED Morton Abramowitz; agaasimeyaashii hore ee NED, Zbigniew Brzezinski iyo Wesley Kanne Clark; George Soros oo ka tirsan Machadka Bulshada Furan ee caanka ah; Douglas Schoen, asaasaha shirkadda Penn, Schoen & Berland Associates (shirkad si dhow ula shaqeysa NED); iyo madaxweynihii hore ee Filibiin Fidel V. Ramos, oo isaga laftiisu ahaa ka faa'iideyste kacaankii NED ee la afduubay dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii. [23]
Inkasta oo Ackerman iyo DuVall ay si cad u yaqaaneen taariikhda rabshad la'aanta iyo ururrada NED, waxay caddaynayaan xusuusta aadka u xulashada ee saaxiibadooda "dimoqraadiyadda" marka ay timaado shaqadooda - kaliya sheegida NED iyo USIP in ay ku gudbiyaan buuggooda. Baaragaraafka kelida ah ee ay u qoondeeyeen kooxahan ayaa ah mid xiiso gaar ah leh, maadaama ay soo bandhigeen afar ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan Maraykanka รขโฌห dhiirrigeliyeyaasha dimoqraadiyaddaรขโฌโข iyaga oo aan muujin doorka muhiimka ah ee ay ka ciyaaraan hirgelinta siyaasadda dibadda ee dawladda Maraykanka. Baaragaraafka keli ah ee su'aashu waxay sidoo kale ku bilaabmaysaa odhaah aan fiicneyn oo ku saabsan taageerada Mareykanka ee mucaaradka Serbian, iyadoo la xusay in 2000 รขโฌลtaageerada, oo inta badan loo diiday mucaaradka Serbian ka hor, hadda ay bilaabatay inay qulqulaanรขโฌ [24] Runtii, inkasta oo taageero toos ah la siinayo. Kooxaha sida Otpor waxa laga yaabaa inay ugu xooga badnaayeen 2000 (wax yar ka hor kacdoonkii), taageerada Maraykanka iyo bulshada caalamiga ah ee dhiirigelinaysa dimuqraadiyadda ayaa ku soo qulqulaysay Serbia sanadihii 1990-meeyadii. Ackerman iyo DuVall ayaa iyaguna isla buug isku mid ah ku bixiya caddaymahaas, iyagoo eegayay in 1998-kii wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda ee Maraykanku ay 15 milyan oo doolar siisay warbaahinta madaxa-bannaan ee Serbiaรขโฌ iyo xilligii doorashadii 2000-kii รขโฌล[w] Taageerada dibadda, ilaa 30,000 oo goob-joogayaal ah ayaa la tababaray, la abaabulay, oo la fangareeyey si ay u gaadhaan 10,000 oo goob codbixineed, si looga hortago in Milosevic uu xado doorashadii Sebtembar 24.รขโฌ [25]
Falanqeeyayaal badan oo siyaasadeed iyo aqoonyahanno warbaahineed ayaa arkay in ay caddaatay in warbaahinta madaxa-bannaan ee Serbia รขโฌลfududeeyeen isbeddelka taliskii iyo jidkii dimuqraadiyaddaรขโฌ [26] Sidaa darteed, kaalmada caalamiga ah ee abuuritaanka Asocijacija Nezavisnih Elektronskih Medija (Asocijacija Nezavisnih Elektronskih Medija) Ururka Warbaahinta Madaxa Bannaan ee Elektaroonigga ah) oo la aasaasay 1993, ayaa muhiim u ah badbaadada warbaahinta elektaroonigga ah ee madaxbannaan ee Serbia ka dib 1998, iyada oo ka caawisay in ay ka ilaaliso warbaahin badan oo ka soo horjeeda cadaadiska dawladda. [27] Dhab ahaantii, horaantii 1990-meeyadii beesha caalamku waxay siisay inta u dhaxaysa US $ 7-10 milyan Yugoslavia hore si loo gaaro hadafkan, halka ka dib 1995 Maraykanku uu siiyay US $ 23 milyan oo dheeraad ah Midowga Yurubna wuxuu ku daray 17 milyan oo Yuuro oo kale. . [28]
Cutubka NED ee Ackerman iyo DuVall ayaa sii socday:
Otpor iyo kooxaha kale ee mucaaradsan ayaa dhaqaale ka helay hayโadda National Endowment for Democracy, ee xiriirka la leh dowladda Mareykanka, waxaana madaxda Otpor ay la fariisteen Daniel Serwer, oo ah maamulaha barnaamijka Balkanka ee Machadka Nabadda ee Mareykanka, kaasoo sheekadiisa ku saabsan in sunta ilmada lagu shubay. intii lagu guda jiray banaanbax ka soo horjeeday Vietnam waxay siisay kalsooni gaar ah indhahooda. Machadka Caalamiga ah ee Jamhuuriga, oo sidoo kale ay maalgelisay dawladda Maraykanku [oo ah mid ka mid ah afarta deeq-bixiye ee aasaasiga ah ee NED], ayaa maalgelinta u gudbiya mucaaradka waxayna la kulmeen hoggaamiyeyaasha Otpor dhowr jeer. Hay'adda Maraykanka ee Horumarinta Caalamiga ah, oo ah isha laga helo maalgelintan inteeda badan, ayaa sidoo kale ahayd isha lacagta lagu iibiyo agabka sida funaanadaha iyo dhejiska. [29]
Si loo siiyo qorayaasha ammaanta mudan, bogga hore waxay ku xuseen in Freedom House uu jiro (in kasta oo ay tahay waxa keliya ee lagu xusay buuggooda), marka ay qoraan in Otpor:
รขโฌยฆ aqoonta casriga ah ee sida loo horumariyo awood aan rabshad lahayn ma ahayn mid dareen leh. Miljenko Dereta, oo ah maamulaha koox gaar ah oo Belgrade ah oo lagu magacaabo Civics Initiatives, ayaa lacag ka helay Freedom House ee Maraykanka si ay u daabacdo una qaybiso 5,000 oo nuqul ee buugga Gene Sharp, From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. [30]
Labada qoraa waxa muuqata in aanay walaac ka qabin su'aalo weydiinta doorka taageerayaashii ugu muhiimsanaa ee kacaankii guusha badnaa ilaa horraantii 1980-aadkii ayaa macno badan samaynaya marka la fahmo in USIP ay gacan ka gaysatay maalgelinta soo saarista nooca dokumentiga ah ee buugga: dokumentari ah waxaa iska kaashaday PBS oo ay iska kaashadeen York Zimmerman, Inc. iyo WETA ee Washington (kuwaasi oo Duvall uu hore u ahaa madaxweyne ku xigeenka khayraadka barnaamijka). [31]
Filimada Kacaanka?
Abaalmarinta ku guulaysata soo saarista PBS ee buuga Ackerman iyo DuVall A Force More xoogbadane waxaa hagay oo soo saaray Steve York (mid ka mid ah dadka la waraystay ee ku jira Siyaasadda Bulshada article) ee York Zimmerman, Inc. oo leh $3 milyan oo deeqsi ah oo lagu daray miisaaniyad. [32] Steve York iyo xaaskiisa Miriam Zimmerman รขโฌโlabadaba filim sameeyayaal dokumentiyaal ah oo aad loo amaanay รขโฌโ madax ka ah York Zimmerman, oo ah shirkad warbaahineed oo fadhigeedu yahay Washington oo soo saarta dukumentiyo ku saabsan dadka iyo fikradaha isbedelaya adduunka. Sheekooyinka dagaalka, iimaanka, caddaaladda, kacaanka.รขโฌ [33] York ZimmermanรขโฌTMs labada dokumenti ee ugu dambeeyay waa A Force More xoogbadane (waxaa laga sii daayay PBS bishii Sebtembar 2000) iyo Soo-dejinta Kali-taliye (oo lagu muujiyey PBS bishii Maarso 2002). Sida hore loo soo sheegay, dokumentiga ugu horreeya, A Force More xoogbadane, waxay taageero dhaqaale ka heleen USIP, laakiin Ackerman iyo DuVall waxay sidoo kale qireen in filimka ay suurtogaliyeen รขโฌลtaageerada iftiinka leh ee Susan iyo Perry Lerner, Albert Einstein Institution, Elizabeth iyo John H. van Merkensteijn III, Abby iyo Alan Levy , iyo Arthur Vining Davis Foundations.รขโฌ [34]
Perry Lerner, oo kala shaqeeya Ackerman shirkadda maalgashiga gaarka loo leeyahay ee Crown Capital Group, iyo John H. van Merkensteijn III waxay labaduba xidhiidh la leeyihiin Lester WundermanรขโฌTMs xogta suuq-geynta tooska ah ee I-Behavior Inc. รขโฌโ Lerner oo ah lataliye iyo van Merkensteijn agaasime ahaan. Lester Wunderman waxa aad loogu yaqaanaa asaaskii Wunderman, รขโฌลwaa hayโadda ugu horraysa ee caalamiga ah ee xayaysiis suuq-geyneed toos ah.รขโฌ [35] Sidaa darteed malaha la yaab maaha in danahooda xirfadeed ee wax-is-daba-marinta dimuqraadiga ah (I-Behavior waxay ku faanaan in ay haystaan โโxog ururin ka kooban 96 milyan oo qof. Qoysaska Mareykanka) ayaa u horseeday shaqada Ackerman. [36]
Si dhib leh, tan iyo markii la sii daayay, filimka A Force More xoogbadane Waxaa si farxad leh u soo dhaweeyay hawl-wadeennada dhabta ah iyo รขโฌห horumarinta dimuqraadiyadda si isku mid ah. Tusaale ahaan, sannadkii 2005, Franklin Foer waxa uu sheegay in รขโฌล[t] sanado ka hor, filimada [Ackermanรขโฌโข] waxaa loo turjumay Farsiรขโฌ iyo รขโฌล[f] ama daqiiqad kooban, haddii aad heshay Los Angeles Shabakadaha dayax-gacmeedka ee Iran, ma aadan ka fogaan karin wax soo saarka Ackerman.รขโฌ Maqaalka Foer ayaa sidoo kale ballaarinaya xiriirka Iran, isagoo xusay in Ackerman uu sidoo kale "la shaqeeyay [madaxweynaha AEI] Bob Helvey si uu u tababaro Iranian Americans [sic] ], qaar badan oo ka mid ah waxay u shaqeynayeen Reza Pahlavi, oo ah wiilka shah ee la tuuray." [37] Si kadis ah, Pahlavi ayaa sidoo kale ku dhacda inuu maamulo Foundation for Promotion of Democracy, ururka turjumay oo faafiyay labada dokumenti, A Force More xoogbadane iyo Soo dejinta Qeexid suuqa iiraan. Intaa waxaa dheer, in kasta oo mareegaha mu'asasada uu bixiyo macluumaad yar, haddana waxay xuseen in รขโฌลUrurka walaashoodaรขโฌ machadka Dimuqraadiyadda ee Iran uu ujeedkiisu yahay horumarinta dimuqraadiyadda, xuquuqda aadanaha iyo รขโฌลdhaqaalaha suuqa xorta ah ee Iran. โฌ [38] Macluumaadkani wuxuu si wanaagsan ula xiriiraa dadaaladii ugu dambeeyay ee dowladda Mareykanka ee lagu doonayay in dowladda Iran laga saaro gudaha (adoo la adeegsanayo caasinimada rayidka) iyo iyada oo aan la adeegsan (adoo la adeegsanayo hanjabaad dagaal). [39] Intaa waxaa dheer, Foer wuxuu sharxayaa in Ackerman uu "ku soo bandhigay bulshada Iran ee xuquuqda aadanaha" Dr. Azar Nafisi" oo ah borofisar wax ka dhiga Jaamacadda Johns Hopkins oo ku jira buugaagta xiriirka dadweynaha ee neoconservative, Benador Associates. . [40] Tani waxay si gaar ah u xiiso badan tahay iyadoo Dr. Nafisi ay tahay wakiilka Hay'adda Cilmi-baarista Iiraan, oo ah urur ay agaasimaheeda fulinta, Ms. Mahnaz Afkhami, ku xiran tahay Iskaashiga Waxbarashada Haweenka ee ay taageerto NED oo ay aasaastay. Marwo Afkhami waxa ay sidoo kale madax ka ahayd Machadka Sisterhood is Global, oo iyaduna hore u heshay gargaarka NED.
York Zimmerman filimkiisii โโugu dambeeyay ee kacaanka, Soo dejinta Qeexid, waxay ku tilmaameen shabakadooda inuu yahay filim diiwaangelinaya รขโฌลguuldarradii Slobodan Milosevic bishii Oktoobar, 2000รขโฌยฆ iyadoo la adeegsanayo istiraatijiyad xariif ah oo aan rabshad lahayn oo doorasho daacad ah iyo caasinimo bulsho oo baaxad leh. in dhaqdhaqaaqyadii kacaanku รขโฌล qayb ahaan ay maalgaliyeen Maraykanka iyo Yurubta Galbeedรขโฌ รขโฌโ qodob kaas oo sidoo kale lagu sameeyay gudaha filimka. Tani qayb ahaan si daacad ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay kaliya u adeegaysaa inay mugdi gasho sida taageerada dibadda ay si wax ku ool ah u dammaanad qaadayso guusha kacaanka, ayna iska indha tirto saamaynta dagaalku ku leeyahay guusha kacaanka. Muhiimadda NED iyo ururada kale ee isbahaysiga ah ee dhiirigelinaya dimoqraadiyadda si ay u caawiyaan tuurista Milosevic ayaa qoraagani si fiican u qoray meel kale oo aan dib loogu baari doonin halkan, waxaa ku filan in la yiraahdo kacaanku wuxuu ku guuleystey qayb weyn sababtoo ah. Milosevic ma ahayn kaligii taliye saaxiib la ah Maraykanka.
Sidoo kale, waxa loogu yeero "kacaannada midabada leh" ee raacay qaabka Serbian-ka, waxay sidoo kale taageero weyn ka heleen Mareykanka iyo kuwa caalamiga ah ee dhiirrigeliya dimuqraadiyadda. Georgia filimka Soo dejinta Qeexid:
รขโฌยฆwuxuu noqday gaadiidkii ugu muhiimsanaa ee lagu baraarujin lahaa dadka isa soo taraya ee mabaadi'da halganka aan rabshad lahayn. Sabti kasta bilo, shabakadda TV-ga madaxa-bannaan ee Rustavi 2 ayaa baahisa Soo dejinta Qeexid, oo ay ku xigto qayb ay Georgian-ku ka doodi doonaan saamaynta filimku ku leeyahay dhaqdhaqaaqooda. Tobankii maalmood ee xamaasadda badnaa ee ka horreeyay burburkii Shevardnadze, shabakadu waxay kordhisay soo noqnoqoshada tabinta. Iyo, markii Shevardnadze ay is dhiibtay awoodda iyada oo aan xabbad la ridin, Georgian-ku ma ahayn danayste in ay qirtaan ammaanta. Hal hogaamiye ayaa u sheegay Washington Post ayaa, รขโฌลWaxaa ugu muhiimsanaa filimka. Dhammaan mudaaharaadayaashu waxay si qalbi ah u garanayeen xeeladaha kacaanka Belgrade sababtoo ah waxay muujiyeen [filimka]โฆ. Qof kastaa wuu ogaa waxa la sameeyo.รขโฌ [43]
Muhiimadda ay saxaafaddu u leedahay kacaannada guulaysta waxaa si fiican u fahma รขโฌห dhiirrigeliyeyaasha dimoqraadiyaddaรขโฌโข: tusaale ahaan, machadka caalamiga ah ee dimoqraadiyadda iyo kaalmaynta doorashada xitaa ogow in รขโฌลhorumarinta warbaahinta madaxa-bannaan waxaa inta badan loo arkaa in ay tahay tan keliya ee ugu weyn. ku guulaysiga kala guurka dimuqraadiga ah ee Joorjiyaรขโฌ [44] Markaa waxa si cad muhiim u ah, in Rustavi 2 (รขโฌล TV-ga ugu caansan GeorgiaรขโฌTM ee TV-ga madax-banaani) [45] la daawaday. Soo dejinta Qeexid oo bixiyay รขโฌลku dhawaad โโaan joogsi lahaynรขโฌ mudaaharaad intii kacaankii oo dhan รขโฌลogaysiin[] Joorjiyaanka wax ku saabsan mudaaharaadyada iyo falalka soo socdaรขโฌ [46] Iyadoo tan maskaxda lagu hayo, laga yaabee inaysan la yaab ahayn in la barto in York Zimmerman uu hadda sameynayo. filim kale oo ku salaysan kacdoon kale oo NED taageeray, cinwaanka shaqada kaas oo ah Mashruuca Ukraine (kaas oo loo qorsheeyay in la sii daayo 2006). [47]
Sida labadii filim ee ka horreeyay, waxay u muuqataa inay taasi tahay Mashruuca Ukraine waxay bixin doontaa dhar kale oo cadcad oo shaqada NED ah. Tani waxay u badan tahay wax yar ka dib markii Ukraine waxa loogu yeero "Kacaan Orange", Ackerman iyo Duvall ayaa maqaal ku qoray International Herald Tribune kuwaas oo soo jeediyay in doodda ku saabsan รขโฌลLahaanshaha dhaqaale ee Maraykanka iyo Yurub ee lagu dhisayo dimuqraadiyadda Ukraineรขโฌ run ahaantii รขโฌลin ay seegaan xaqiiqada sida uu u guulaystay Kacaankii Orange-ga.รขโฌ [48] Waxay ku dareen รขโฌลSida oo dhan Guulihii ay ka gaareen awoodda dadka 25-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, laguma helin kaalmo shisheeye, balse waxaa lagu gaaray xoogga waddaniga ah ee muwaadiniinta caadiga ah oo adeegsanaya istiraatijiyad iyaga u gaar ah si ay uga hortagaan awoodda xukunka. kuwaas oo su'aal ka keenay ujeedooyinka dadka u ololeeya dimoqraadiyada oo ah รขโฌลkuwa dhagar qabayaal ah.รขโฌ Dabcan doqon ma aha oo waxa ay qireen in รขโฌล[e] gargaarka dibadeed uu wax ku tari karo, balse [waxa ay raaciyeen in midna] lagama maarmaan ama ku filanรขโฌ si uu kacaanku u guuleysto. Fasiraaddan dhacdooyinka ayaa ku duulaysa wejiga cilmi-baadhisyo aad muhiim u ah (oo aan lagu daabicin warbaahinta guud), sida Professor William I. Robinson. Shaqada polyarchal ee Robinson รขโฌโ lagu soo bandhigay warqaddan horraantii รขโฌโ ayaa muujisay in qaar badan oo ka mid ah kacaanadii dhacay 20-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay ay si fiican u soo galeen NED (iyo saaxiibadooda caalamiga ah), iyo xitaa ka dib, guushooda ay ku ridi karaan dawladooda waxa ay xaqiiqo tahay oo kaliya marka ay awoodaha boqortooyadu si rasmi ah u siiyaan. nod. Tusaale ahaan, in kasta oo kooxaha mucaaradka ay NED ee Uzbekistan ku dacweeyaan, haddana nod kama iman madaxda siyaasadda dibadda ee Maraykanka, sidaas darteed halkii ay guul ka gaadhi lahaayeen waddooyinka mudaharaadayaashu inta badan waxay la kulmaan dhimasho (xitaa kuwa รขโฌหay taageertoรขโฌTM ee NED).
Ciyaarta Istaraatiijiyada Rabshadla'aanta: รขโฌลCiyaaraha halista ah ee ujeedooyinka waxbarashadaรขโฌ [49]
Fikradda ciyaaraha halista ah ee ujeedooyinka waxbarashada ayaa aad uga weyn inta aan aragno. Dhab ahaantii waxay ahayd ciidamada inay isticmaali jireen ciyaaraha waxbarashada muddo sanado ahรขโฌยฆ [Anigu] waxay ahayd arrin waqti uun ka hor inta fikradahani ay ka bixi doonaan millatariga oo ay soo dhaweynayaan adduunka intiisa kale, waana ku faraxsanahay. in aan ka mid ahayn darsinkii ugu horreeyay ee ka baxsan millatariga oo sidan bilaabay isticmaalka ciyaaraha. [50]
Oraahda kore ee laga soo qaatay Siyaasadda Bulshada maqaal, wuxuu muujinayaa in Ivan Marovic, tixgeliyo Xoog ka awood badan u gudubka buug una gudub ciyaarta kombuyuutarka si aad u raacdo tillaabooyinka istiraatijiyadda militariga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa aan lagu caddayn maqaalka ayaa ah in qaar badan oo ka mid ah soosaarayaasha ciyaarta kombuyuutarku ay asal ahaan yihiin istiraatiijiyadihii hore ee militariga, iyo in si la yaab leh ciyaarta ay wada jir u soo saareen Ciyaaraha BreakAway (oo ay weheliyaan ICNC iyo York Zimmerman), shirkad ku takhasustay soo saarista ciyaaraha jilitaanka ee ciidamada.
BreakAway waxay si cad u qiratay inay la leedahay รขโฌลxidhiidh istiraatijiyadeedรขโฌ oo ay la leedahay tiro qandaraasleyaal ciidan oo hormuud u ah oo ay ka mid yihiin รขโฌลAAI, Boeing, Booz-Allen & Hamilton, GMA Industries, iyo General Dynamics iyo kuwa kaleรขโฌ iyo ereyada maamulahooda waxay ka helaan ku dhawaad โโ75% ganacsigooda รขโฌลAdeer Samรขโฌ [51] Mashaariicda Federaalka ee dhawaan lagu fuliyay Nidaamyada Federaalka ee BreakAway waxaa ka mid ah Tababare Kolonyo Virtual ah kaas oo รขโฌลmeeleya Ciidamada Qalabka Sida deegaan Bariga Dhexe ah oo awood u siinaya inay si dhakhso leh u aqoonsadaan ugana jawaabaan. si ay xeelado gaadmo ah uga geystaan โโdhulka magaalooyinka iyo inta lagu guda jiro hawlgallada kolonyadaรขโฌ , iyo Taliyaha Dhacdada oo u diyaariya ciyaartoydeeda โScenariosyo badan oo ay ka mid yihiin weerarrada argagixisada, toogashada dugsiga, iyo masiibooyinka dabiiciga ah.รขโฌ [52] Sidaa darteed la yaab maaha in Deborah Tillett Madaxweynaha BreakAway, รขโฌลma arag wax is-bar-bar-bar-dhigaya soo saarista ciyaaraha awood u siinaya kuwa dagaal-oogayaasha iyo kuwa nabad-diidka ah.รขโฌ Dhab ahaantii, waxay xitaa sheegtay in รขโฌลmabaadi'da aasaasiga ah ee ICNC ay yihiin in la isticmaalo caqiido adag oo istiraatijiyad milatari ah oo lagu dabaqo. Dhaqdhaqaaqaaga iska caabbinta aan rabshad lahayn ayaa kaliya ku siinaysa awood.รขโฌ [53]
Ugu dambeyntii waxaa xiiso leh in la ogaado in saddexda naqshadeeyayaasha filimka, A Force More xoogbadane, sidoo kale waxay ahaayeen dadka ugu muhiimsan ee ku lug lahaa abuurista ciyaarta kombiyuutarka: Steve York wuxuu ahaa soo saaraha sare; Mirriam Zimmerman waxay ahayd Associate Design; iyo Peter Ackerman wuxuu ahaa La-taliyaha Sare ee ciyaarta. Si loo dhamaystiro safka dimuqraadiga, Colonel Robert Helvey, oo mas'uul ka ahaa socodsiinta aqoon-is-weydaarsiyada Budapest si loo tababaro dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha Otpor, ayaa loo keenay lataliye ahaan, hogaamiyaha Otpor, Ivan Marovic, ayaa sidoo kale la shaqeeyay Mirriam. Zimmerman oo ah Xiriiriyaha Naqshadeynta ciyaarta kombiyuutarka. [54]
Dambeyntii Afkaarta
Sida maqaalkani muujiyay, qaar badan oo ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada polyarchal ee shakhsiyaadkaas iyo kooxaha ku xidhan Xarunta Caalamiga ah ee Colaadaha Aan Rabshadaha ahayn iyo Machadka Albert Einstein, ayaa inta badan ay iska indhatireen dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha horumarka ah (iyo warbaahintooda). Tani waa xaalad aan loo dulqaadan karin oo laga yaabo inay masiibo ku tahay dhammaan taageerayaasha isbeddel bulsheed ee horumarka leh, bulshada u dhaqdhaqaaqana waxay u baahan tahay inay si degdeg ah ugu dhaqaaqdo la-dagaallanka kooxaha noocaas ah รขโฌล afduubka dhagarta ah ee hadalka dimoqraadiyadda, nabadda iyo caasinimada rayidka ah.
Waxa la yaab leh, tabobarayaasha รขโฌหdimuqraadiyadda' ee lagaga hadlay maqaalkan, iyaga oo xidhiidh dhow la leh dhisidda ciidamada, sidoo kale waa kuwa meesha ka saaraya adeegsiga istiraatijiyadeed ee caasinimada aan tooska ahayn. Waxay u badan tahay in hawl-wadeenno badan ay isku khilaafi doonaan in dhab ahaantii ay jiraan xaddido isticmaalka istaraatiijiyadeed ee caasinimada shacabka - sida ugu caansan ee uu dhigay Ward Churchill qoraalkiisa "Pacifism as Pathology" laakiin waxay u muuqataa mid caqli gal ah. in hawl-wadeennadu ay wali ka doodaan saamaynta istaraatiijiyadeed ee dhammaan tabaha la heli karo. Tababarayaasha u ololeeya horumarka, sida George Lakey, ayaa ka hadlay arrimaha uu soo bandhigay shaqada Ward Churchill ee doodaha dadweynaha, laakiin qaar badan oo bidixda ah ayaa wali si caruurnimo ah u doorta inay meesha ka saaraan aragtida Churchill ee jumlada, iyada oo wax yar ama aanay jirin wax muhiim ah oo la xidhiidha kacaankiisa. fikrado. [55] Qayb ka mid ah dhibaatadan waxaa hubaal ah in ay sii xoojisay mawqifka hegemonic รขโฌหdimuqraaddiyaddaรขโฌTM aragtiyaha aan rabshada lahayn ayaa ka gaadhay daraasadda caasinimada madaniga ah, taas oo goobo badan ka dhigtay dood dhab ah oo maskax furan oo ku saabsan isbeddelka bulshada ee soo socda. si aan macquul ahayn.
Si xaaladdan wax looga beddelo, marka ugu horraysa, hawl-wadeennadu waa inay naftooda ku wacyi-geliyaan shaqada รขโฌห dhiirrigeliyeyaasha dimoqoraadiyadda,รขโฌโข habkaas oo la fududeeyey daahfurka sannadkii hore ee laba kooxood oo ka dhigay waajibaadkooda. si loo soo bandhigo farsamooyinka ka soo horjeeda dimuqraadiyadda ee NED iyo saaxiibadeeda. Kooxahani waa Endowment International for Democracy (http://www.iefd.org) iyo Magaca Dimuqraadiyada (http://inthenameofdemocracy.org/). Waxay u muuqataa in marka bulshada ballaaran ee horumarka leh ay si adag ugu hawlan tahay shaqada dadka รขโฌหdimuqraadiga ahรขโฌTM ee taageersan caasinimada madaniga ah, ay hawl-wadeennadu bilaabi karaan in ay hubiyaan in ay qaadanayaan tabaha ugu habboon ee suurtagelinaya in meeraheennu u dhaqaaqo dhinaca Dimuqraadiyad ka qaybqaadasho oo aad u saraysa, halkii ay ahaan lahayd xoog-hooseeya neoliberal รขโฌหdimuqraadiyadรขโฌโข ama polyarchy.
Michael Barker is a doctoral candidate at Griffith University, Australia. He can be reached at: [emailka waa la ilaaliyay]
Dhammaantiis
1. Wax badan oo ku saabsan baahida loo qabo dib u habaynta warbaahinta, eeg Michael Barker, รขโฌหConform or Reform? Dhaqdhaqaaqa Bulshada iyo Warbaahinta, Shanaad-Estate-Online - Joornaalka Caalamiga ah ee Dhaleecaynta Warbaahinta Xagjirka ah, February 2007.
http://www.fifth-estate-online.co.uk/criticsm/conformorreformsocialmovements.html
2. Edward S. Herman iyo Noam Chomsky, Ruqsadaha Warshadaha: Dhaqaalaha Siyaasadeed ee Warbaahinta Warbaahinta (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); Eeg: http://www.medialens.org/; Wixii agab ah ee la xidhiidha qaabka dacaayadda eeg:
http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Propaganda_Model
3. Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan mawduucan eeg, Joan Roelofs, Aasaasayaasha iyo Siyaasadda Dadweynaha: Maskaxda Badbaadinta (Albany: Jaamacadda Gobolka New York Press, 2003). Warqad soo socota oo ku saabsan xiriirka ka dhexeeya aasaaska liberaaliga iyo warbaahinta waxaa bixiyay Michael Barker, รขโฌหAasaaska Libaraalka ee Dib-u-habaynta Warbaahinta? Abuuritaanka Fursado Maalgelin Waara oo loogu talagalay Dib-u-habaynta Warbaahinta Xag-jirka ahรขโฌโข.
http://www.ourmedia07.net
4. William I. Robinson, Horumarinta Polyarchy: Caalamiyaynta, Faragelinta Maraykanka, iyo Hegemony (Cambridge: Jaamacadda Cambridge University Press, 1996), 9.
5. Robinson, Kor u qaadida Polyarchy, 16. Wixii dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan tafsiirrada kale ee dimoqraadiyadda, eeg Paul Street, รขโฌหWaa maxay Dimoqraadiyad? Warbixinta Boqortooyada iyo sinnaan la'aanta, maya. 9รขโฌโข, Znet, Febraayo 03, 2007.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=72&ItemID=12033
6. Fiiri Michael Barker, รขโฌหKa Qaadista Khatarta Bulshada Rayidka ah: Ka faa'iidaysiga dhaq-dhaqaaqa bulshada iyo nidaaminta kacdoonnadaรขโฌโข, Warqad la tixraacay oo loo soo bandhigay Shirka Ururka Daraasaadka Siyaasadda Australiyaanka, Jaamacadda Newcastle 25-27 Sebtembar 2006.
http://www.newcastle.edu.au/school/ept/politics/apsa/PapersFV/IntRel_IPE/Barker,%20Michael.pdf
7. George Lakey, รขโฌหFicil aan rabshad lahayn sida seefta bogsiisaรขโฌโข, Tababbarka Isbedelka, Maarj 2001, Dhammaadkii 11aad.
http://trainingforchange.org/content/view/131/53/1/14/
Intaa waxaa dheer, bishii Maarso 2005, William Domhoff wuxuu sidoo kale tixraacay shaqada Ackerman's iyo Lakey, wuxuu qoray: "Akoonka wanaagsan ee rabshad la'aanta istiraatiijiga ah, arag Peter Ackerman iyo Christopher Kruegler, Istiraatijiyadeed iskahorimaad aan rabshad lahayn: Dhaqdhaqaaqa awoodda dadka qarnigii labaatanaad. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994; Ronald M. McCarthy iyo Gene Sharp, Ficil aan rabshad lahayn: Hagaha cilmi-baarista, New York: Daabacaada Garland, 1997; iyo George Lakey, Nabadayn xoog leh: Istaraatiijiyad loogu talagalay kacaanka nool, Philadelphia: Daabacayaasha Bulshada Cusub, 1987.รขโฌ รขโฌ รขโฌ รขโฌ รขโฌ รขโฌ รขโฌลDhaqdhaqaaqa bulshada iyo rabshad la'aanta Istaraatiijiga ahรขโฌโข.
http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/change/science_nonviolence.html
Dr. Eeg รขโฌหGuddiga ammaanadaรขโฌโข.
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?boardmember=1&page=10
9. DuVall waxa uu ahaa Guddoomiye Ku-Xigeenka Khayraadka Barnaamijka Ururka Telefishanka Waxbarashada Washington; รขโฌลAgaasimaha Xiriirka Shirkadaha ee Jaamacadda Chicago; Agaasimaha u hoggaansanaanta warshadaha, Qiimaha Golaha Nolosha, Xafiiska Fulinta ee Madaxweynaha; iyo sarkaal ka tirsan Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka.รขโฌ eeg รขโฌหSpeaker Biographyรขโฌโข.
http://www.sinc.sunysb.edu/Clubs/sbdoves/announce.html
10. Fiiri: http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/
11. Fiiri: http://www.europeaninstitute.org/content.php?section=boards
http://www.nbr.org/about_NBR/governance/bod/gadbaw.html
http://www.newamericancentury.org/iraqclintonletter.htm
http://www.ata-sec.org/index.php?mod=1&smod=23&id=1
12. Laba imtixaan oo faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan hawlaha AEI's รขโฌหdimoqraadiyadeed, ka eeg Jonathan Mowat, รขโฌหCoup d'รโฐtat in Qarsoodi: Amarka Adduunka Cusub ee Washington รขโฌลDemoqraadiyeyntaรขโฌ Templateรขโฌโข , Xarunta Cilmi-baarista ee Globalization, Febraayo 9, 2005;
http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/MOW502A.html
Iyo Thierry Meyssan, รขโฌหAlbert Einstein Institution: rabshad la'aan sida ay qabto CIAรขโฌโข, Voltaire, Janaayo 4, 2005;
http://www.voltairenet.org/article30032.html#nh7
Dr. Istiraatijiyadeed iskahorimaad aan rabshad lahayn: Dhaqdhaqaaqa Awoodda Dadku Qarnigii Labaatanaad, oo uu la socday madaxweynihii xilligaas ee AEI, Christopher Kruegler. Fiiri Machadka Albert Einstein, รขโฌหWarbixintii Sannadlaha ahayd 1990-1992รขโฌโข.
http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations/org/scannedPDFs/Biennial%20Report%20-%201988-1990.pdf
13. Albert Einstein Institute, รขโฌหWarbixinta Hawlaha 1993-1999รขโฌโข.
http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations/org/1993-99rpt.pdf
14. Diana Barahona, รขโฌหFaylasha Guriga Xorriyaddaรขโฌโข, Dib u eegis bille ah, Janaayo 3, 2007.
http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/barahona030107.html
15. Fiiri: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?bogga=265;
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=2
16. Richard Hatch iyo Sara Diamond, รขโฌหMachadka Nabadda ee Operationรขโฌโข, Zmag, Luulyo/Aug 1990; Sidoo kale eeg Shabakadda Saxda ah, รขโฌหGroup Watch: United States Institute of Peaceรขโฌโข, ee u dambeeyay ee la cusboonaysiiyay Sebtembar 1990.
http://rightweb.irc-online.org/groupwatch/usip.php
17. Sida ku cad taariikh nololeedkiisa: รขโฌลMr. Dowladda Petersen iyo khibradda siyaasadeed waxaa ka mid ah waqtiyada kuliyada Dagaalka Qaranka, Machadka Daraasaadka Amniga Qaranka, Xafiiska Xoghayaha Difaaca iyo Shaqaalaha Golaha Amniga Qaranka ee Aqalka Cad. Waxa uu ahaa sarkaal duullimaadyo badda ah, waana halyeey la qurxiyay oo ka mid ah dagaalladii gacanka Fiitnaam iyo Faaris labadaba.รขโฌ eeg รขโฌหGuddiga Agaasimayaashaรขโฌโข.
http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/about_tai/bod_05.asp
18. Fiiri: http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/about_tai/bod_04.asp
19. Fiiri: http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/
20. Fiiri: http://www.icfj.org/donors.html
21. Fiiri: http://www.crisisgroup.org
22. Fiiri: http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1151&l=1
23. Fiiri: http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=1139
Michael Barker, รขโฌหFidel Ramos iyo Xarunta Australia ee machadyada dimuqraadiga, Znet, April 16, 2006.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=10106
24. Peter Ackerman iyo Jack DuVall. A Force More xoogbadane (New York: St Martins Press, 2000), 486.
25. Ackerman iyo DuVall. A Force More xoogbadane, 484, 488.
26. Tusaale ahaan, eeg Krishna Kumar, รขโฌหUSAID's Caawinta Warbaahineed: Siyaasadda iyo casharrada barnaamijkaรขโฌโข, Warqadda shaqada ee qiimaynta 16, Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanka, Xafiiska Isku xirka Siyaasadda iyo Barnaamijka, 2004, xiii.
27. Spasa Bosnjak, รขโฌหLa dagaallama awoodda: doorka warbaahinta elegtarooniga ah ee madaxa-banaan ee Serbian ku leedahay dimoqraadiyaynta Serbiaรขโฌโข, Cilmiga aan la daabicin ee MA, Jaamacadda Simon Fraser, 2005, 71.
http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/646
28. Ellen Hume, Hawl-wadeennada warbaahinta: Taageerada Maraykanku u hayo heerka sare ee saxaafadda iyo xorriyadda saxaafadda ee adduunka oo dhan (Knight Foundation, 2004), la helay Sebtembar, 2006, 37.
http://www.ellenhume.com/articles/missionaries.pdf,
29. Ackerman iyo DuVall. A Force More xoogbadane, 486.
30. Ackerman iyo DuVall. A Force More xoogbadane, 485.
31. Ackerman iyo DuVall. A Force More xoogbadane, xv; รขโฌหJack Duvallรขโฌโขs Biographyรขโฌโข.
http://www.sinc.sunysb.edu/Clubs/sbdoves/announce.html
32. รขโฌหPipeline 2000: Taxanaha diyaarinta xilliyada mustaqbalka ee TV-ga dadweynaha, laga bilaabo dayrtii 1999รขโฌโข.
http://www.current.org/pipeline/pipe2000.html
33. Eeg: http://www.yorkzim.com/about/about.html
34. Ackerman iyo DuVall. A Force More xoogbadane, xv.
35. Fiiri: http://www.i-behavior.com/about/management/
36. Xogta I-Behavior Co-operative waa รขโฌลIskaashi, xog taarikh ganacsi oo wax kala iibsi ah oo ka kooban habdhaqanka wax iibsiga ee in ka badan 96MM qoys, oo ay ku biireen ku dhawaad โโ800 oo shirkadood oo Xubnaha ka ah. Co-op-ku waxa uu ku xidhaa taarikhda iibka kanaalka tooska ah iyo khadka tooska ah waxana uu ku darayaa shirkado cusub oo Xubin ah iyo macaamiishooda toddobaad kasta.รขโฌ ;
Fiiri: http://www.i-behavior.com/faq/ Si aad u hesho daawaynta dhamaystiran ee wax-is-daba-marinta dimuqraadiyadda iyada oo loo marayo maareynta xogta xogta, eeg Gerald Sussman, Doorashada Caalamiga ah: La-talinta Ololaha, Isgaarsiinta, iyo Maalgelinta Shirkadaha (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005); Si aad u ogaato dhibaatooyinka ilaalinta khadka tooska ah ee dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa, eeg Michael Barker, รขโฌห Qarsoodiga khadka? La socodka dhaqdhaqaaqa bulshada ee internetka
http://www.thechangeagency.org/_dbase_upl/Barker2005_Online_privacy.pdf
37. Franklin Foer, รขโฌหRegime Change, Inc.: Peter Ackerman's rabitaanka uu ku doonayo in uu xukunka kaga tuuro taliska, Republic Cusub, April 25, 2005.
http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20050425&s=foer042505
Faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan Robert Helvey eeg Jonathan Mowat, รขโฌหWaa ayo Col. Bob Helvey?รขโฌโข.
http://onlinejournal.org/Special_Reports/031905Mowat-1/031905Mowat-2/031905mowat-2.html
38. http://www.ffpd.org/iran.html; Eugene Bird, รขโฌหReza Pahlavi: Hab cusub/waqti hore oo loo wajaho Iranรขโฌโข, (Doings Diploma), Warbixinta Washington ee Arrimaha Bariga Dhexe, April 1, 2002.
http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-1743744_ITM
39. http://www.iraninstitutefordemocracy.org/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=1
Waxa kale oo muhiim ah in la xuso in Machadka Dimuqraadiyadda ee Iran uu sameeyay wax ay ku tilmaameen รขโฌลSaraakiin raโyi dadweyne oo ugu horeeyey ee reer Iran ah oo ku saabsan guud ahaan magaalada Tehran ee caasimadda dalka. oo ay maalgaliyeen shan maalmood oo barnaamij tababar u dhaqdhaqaaqa siyaasadda ah, oo ka dhacay Washington, oo ay ka soo qayb galeen dhallinyaro u dhaqdhaqaaqa siyaasadda Iran oo laga keenay dalal ka baxsan iyo Yurub.รขโฌ
Eeg: http://www.ffpd.org/iran.html
40. Michael Barker, รขโฌหCatalyst for Iranian Resistance: Maraykanka รขโฌล dhiirigeliyayaasha dimuqraadiyaddaรขโฌ iyo isbeddelka nidaamka Iranรขโฌโข, Znet, December 18, 2006.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=11670
Edward S. Herman iyo David Peterson, รขโฌหHegemony and Appeasement: Dejinta Bartilmaameedka soo socda ee Mareykanka iyo Israaโiil (Iiraan) ee mid kale รขโฌลDembiyada Caalamiga ah ee ugu sarreeyaรขโฌ รขโฌโข, Kafka Era Studies Lambarka 4, Janaayo 27, 2007.
http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=67&ItemID=11963
41. Naqdin wanaagsan oo ku saabsan shaqada Dr. Nafisi, oo ay ugu caansan tahay Akhrinta Lolita ee Tehran, eeg Hamid Dabashi, รขโฌหwarbixiyeyaashii asalka ahaa iyo samaynta imbaraadooriyadda Maraykankaรขโฌโข, Shabakadda Al-Ahram Online, 1-7 Juun 2006.
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/797/special.htm
42. Fiiri: http://www.yorkzim.com/pastProd/bringingDown.html
43. Franklin Foer, รขโฌหRegime Change, Inc.รขโฌโข.
44. Machadka Caalamiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda iyo Kaalmada Doorashada, รขโฌหDhismaha dimuqraadiyadda Georgia: Ajandaha doodda May 2003รขโฌโข.
http://www.idea.int/publications/georgia/index.cfm
45. George Sulkanishvili, รขโฌห Xoriyadda Hadalka ee Jamhuuriyadda Joorjiya: Samaynta Isku dayga Xidhitaanka Xarunta TV-ga Madaxa Bannaanรขโฌโข, Qoraal MSc aan la daabicin: Jaamacadda Gobolka Louisiana, 2003, 2.
http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-01192004-053159/unrestricted/Sulkhanishvili_thesis.pdf
46. โโIlgar Khudiyev, รขโฌหWarbixinta mudaaharaadyadii doorashada ka dib ee 2003 ee Azerbaijan: Saamaynta lahaanshaha warbaahinta ee ujeeddooyinkaรขโฌโข, Thesis BA aan la daabicin: Jaamacadda Gobolka Louisiana, 2005, 60.
http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-11152005-113447/unrestricted/Khudiyev_thesis.pdf
47. Eeg: http://www.yorkzim.com/inProduction/inProduction.html
48. Peter Ackerman iyo Jack DuVall, รขโฌหSirta guusha Ukraineรขโฌโข. International Herald Tribune, December 29, 2004.
http://fletcher.tufts.edu/news/2004/12/ackerman2.shtml
49. Mashruuc la yidhaahdo Hindisaha Ciyaaraha Khatarta ah, waxaa hadda maamula Xarunta Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars International ee Washington.
50. Ivan Marovic wuxuu soo xigtay รขโฌหCiyaarta garoonka: Wadahadal lala yeeshay Ivan Marovic, Hardy Merriman, iyo Steve Yorkรขโฌโข, Siyaasadda Bulshada.
51. Eeg: http://www.breakawayfederal.com/company.html
Brad Grimes, รขโฌห Ciyaarta difaaca waxa ay wanaajisaa xirfadaha askartaรขโฌโข, Warbaahinta Tech Newsweek, September 13, 2004.
http://www.gcn.com/print/23_27/27233-1.html
52. Fiiri: http://www.breakawayfederal.com/
http://www.incidentcommander.net/
53. Bob Greiner, รขโฌหWarshadaha Ciyaaruhu waxay Helaan Meel Halis ah oo loogu talagalay Tamarta Hal-abuurka, Washington Post, Oktoobar 31, 2005.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/30/AR2005103000578.html
54. Faallo xasaasi ah oo ku saabsan xirfadda Robert HelveyรขโฌTM ee u dhaqdhaqaaqa, eeg Mowat, รขโฌหCoup d'รโฐtat in Disguiseรขโฌโข, 2005.
55. Ward Churchill. Pacifism sida Pathology (Arbeiter Ring Publishing, 1998); George Lakey, รขโฌหFicil aan rabshad lahayn sida seefta bogsiisaรขโฌโข, Maarso 2001.
http://trainingforchange.org/content/view/131/33/
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