DAWLADDA-Maskaxda V. GOBOLKA-NOQOSHADA
Xuquuqda Madaniga Kadib Ameerika waa bulsho cunsuri ah oo ku qanacsan in aysan taasi ahayn. Waxay soo xiganeysaa caannimada Oprah Winfrey, Tiger Woods, iyo Barack Obama (oo ay ka mid yihiin kuwa kale ee si rasmi ah u wanaagsan? oo sidaas darteed madowga guusha leh) inay caddayn u tahay in aysan hadda ahayn nacayb halka ay malaayiin madow ah u dirto dhinacyada hoose ee kala soocida ee weligood sinnaan la'aan. Qaran.
Waxay amaantay malaayiinta Oprah halka ay ku xukuntay hal milyan oo caruur madow ah nolosha in ka yar kala badh heerka saboolnimada ee qaranka ee caanka ah. Waxay bogaadinaysaa shahaadooyinka Obama halka ay riixayso dhexdhexaadka ah ee shabagga madow ee qiimahoodu hoos ugu dhacayo in ka yar 8 senti doolarka hantida cad. Waxay ka farxisaa ciyaartoyda madowga ah ee mushaharka sare leh halka ay u dirto rag badan oo madow ah xabsiga marka loo eego kulliyadda waxayna calaamadisay 1 3dii nin ee qaangaarka ah ee madow ee leh calaamadda nolosha oo dhan ee rikoor dembi ah.
Waxay ka kooban tahay cajalado laga soo qaaday Martin Luther King?s ? Waxaan leeyahay riyo? hadal xayaysiis ah oo baabuurta xamuulka qaada ah oo ku dhawaaqaya ?kani waa dalkeenii? Halka ay ku ururiso dhulal badan oo madowga Ameerika ah bulshooyinka midab-takoorka halkaas oo qoysas badani aanay awoodin inay iibsadaan baabuur. Aqlabiyaddeeda caddaanka ah waxay u sheegtaa ra'yi-ururinta rabitaankeeda ah inay ku noolaadaan bulshooyin isir ahaan isku dhafan laakiin waxay si joogto ah uga cararaan xaafado noqday in ka badan madow. Waxay ku majaajilootaa oo ay marmar kursi ka qaaddaa saraakiisha iyo shakhsiyaadka cadaanka ah ee sameeya hadallada isir nacaybka ah iyadoo meesha ka saaraysa hababka sharciga iyo siyaasadda dugsiga hoose ee looga baahan yahay inay si macno leh u hirgeliyaan yoolalka xuquuqda madaniga ah.
Ma jiraa?iska hor imaad weyn ayaa u dhexeeya Maraykanka? si guud oo aan cunsuri ahayn ee maskaxda iyo xaaladeeda cunsuriyadda qoto dheer ee bulsho iyo hay'ad ahaan (eeg Street, 2002 iyo Street, 2005)
? MAGAALADA NEGRO AYAA RABAY xaafad CAD?
Qaado, sida mid yar laakiin tusaale u sheegaya, ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee Taxanaha Adduunka 2006, oo ka soo horjeeda Detroit Tigers ka dhanka ah St. Louis Cardinals. Fall Classic waxa uu ka furmay Detroit oo warshadaysan, taas oo noqonaysa boqolkiiba 85 madow (Sahanka Bulshada Maraykanka [akhiro? ACS?], 2005) iyo qaranka?magaalada ugu faqiirsan. In ka badan saddex meelood meel dadka deggan Detroit waxay ku nool yihiin heerka saboolnimada, taasoo ka tarjumaysa qayb ka mid ah shaqo la'aanteeda sare (Bello, 2005).
Qaab nololeed oo ka mid ah riyooyinka qarow ee Boqorka ee ?Magaalooyinka Negro ee ay ku hareeraysan yihiin xaafado cadcad? (King, 1967-B), Detroit waxay ku xisaabtantaa kaliya 22 boqolkiiba ?Detroit Urbanized Area?s? guud ahaan dadka (3.8 milyan) laakiin 70 boqolkiiba gobolka magaalo weyn? ku dhawaad โโ1 milyan oo madow ah. Waxay leedahay tirokoobyo tiro badan iyo goobo ku yaal Detroit halkaas oo in ka badan kala badh carruurtu ku nool yihiin wax ka yar kala badh heerka saboolnimada (ACS, 2005). Taa beddelkeeda, xaafadaha magaalada oo ay u badan yihiin caddaan Grosse Pointe iyo Bloomfield Hills waxaa ka buuxa guryo waaweyn iyo darajo ka mid ah bulshooyinka ugu qanisan qaranka.
Cadaanka heerka dhexe iyo kuwa shaqeeya ayaa ka cararaya faqriga iyo darxumada Detroit madowga ah ee waligeedba sii badanaysay in ka badan soddon sano (Hodgson, 2004). Markii Tigers (oo ay hogaaminayeen Denny McClain, Mickey Lolich iyo Al Kaline ay ka horyimaadeen Cardinals (oo uu hogaaminayay Bob Gibson, Lou Brock iyo Orland Cepeda) ee Taxanaha Adduunka 1968, magaaladu waxay ahayd 56 boqolkiiba caddaan waxayna hoy u ahayd in ka badan 838,000 Caucasians. Dadka caddaanka ah ee ku nool Detroit waxay hadda ka hooseeyaan 93,000 (ACS, 2005) halka magaalada Detroit ay hadda tahay gobolka ugu jinsiyadaha badan magaalooyinka Mareykanka. Waxay leedahay dhibco kala duwanaansho ah oo caddaan-madow ah 85, taasoo la macno ah 85 ka mid ah 100kii qof ee madowga ah ee aagga Detroit waa inay guuraan si ay ugu noolaadaan tirakoobyada kuwaas oo qaybintooda isir-ku-xigeenku la mid tahay wadarta guud ee magaalooyinka waaweyn (Xarunta Mumford, 2002).
REER CADAAN EE MAGAALADA MADOW
Kahor furitaanka ciyaarta sabtidii hore, FOX Sports waxay baahisay muuqaal nafsi ah oo ku saabsan macnaha qoto dheer ee Shabeelka? buugga sheeko-xariirada 2006 xilli loogu talagalay dadka deggan magaalada madow ee la dayacay. Waxaa soo tebiyay weriyaha caanka ah ee Tigers Ernie Harwell, sawirka shanta daqiiqo ah wuxuu soo bandhigay sawirro badan oo Detroiters madow ah.
Horyaalka kubbadda koleyga, ayuu yiri Harwell, ma xallin doono dhibaatooyinka bulsho iyo dhaqaale ee qoto dheer ee magaalada. Laakin waxa uu ku dooday in ay gacan ka geysan doonto isu keenida dadka degan magaalada iyo in ay dareemaan wanaag iyaga oo arkaya qaar iyaga ka mid ah? guusha kooxda magaaladooda. (Waxaa la yaab leh, FOX ma aysan tixraacin doorka Tigers? 1968 guushii Taxanaha Adduunka ee loo maleynayay inay ka ciyaareen ka caawinta magaaladaas inay ka gudubto kala qaybsanaanta jinsiyadeed ee ay muujisay intii lagu jiray rabshaddii Detroit ee 1967). Si fiican ayaa loo sameeyay.
Markii ciyaartu bilaabatay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka magaalada oo u badan madaw waxay u muuqdeen inay ku luminayaan nalka garoonka. Marka laga reebo kuwa isir ahaan isku dhafan? madow, caddaan, Aasiyaan (Cardinalku waxay leeyihiin khadka dhexe ee Japan) iyo (gaar ahaan) Latino? Ciyaartoyda, magaalada hoose ee Comerica Park ee Detroit waxay u ekayd ku dhawaad โโgebi ahaanba Kawcasiyaan. Sawirradii xagal-ballaaran ee badnaa ee dadkii badnaa ee aan fiirsaday intii lagu jiray ciyaarta furitaanka, waxaan gartay guud ahaan shan Afrikaan-Maraykan ah, kuwaas oo saddex ka mid ah ay ahaayeen biir ama iibiyayaal kulul. Dadkii badnaa ee toogashada ka dib, waxay u muuqatay in ku dhawaad โโqof kasta oo ka qaybgalaya Taxanaha Adduunka ee Detroit madow uu ahaa caddaan. Inta badan Shabeelka? ka qaybgalka taageerayaasha, waxay u muuqatay, in laga soo kexeeyay meelo ay ka mid yihiin Grosse Pointe iyo Bloomfield Hills. Kamay iman magaalada dhabta ah ee magaceeda Shabeelku ku ciyaaro.
?XISBIGA DADKA [CADANKA]?
Maqnaanshaha qaraabada ah ee madowga ah ee ciyaarta 2006-aad waxay siinaysaa dib-u-dhac cajiib ah oo ku saabsan faallooyin xiisa leh oo ay soo saartay wariyaha New York Times Selena Roberts iyo Detroit's corporate-neoliberal Mayor Mayor Kwame Kirkpatrick. Tiirka Sunday Times ee ku saabsan sida Shabeelku? loo malaynayo?shaqaale warshad? Maamulaha Jim Leyland waa ?astaanta Detroit?s Dib-u-dhalashada? Ka Roberts ayaa sameeyay isbarbardhigga soo jeedinta ah ee u dhexeeya Fall Classic iyo waayo-aragnimada magaalada ee martigelinta Super Bowl jiilaalkii hore. ?Dlaaliinta rajada magaalada,? Waxay qortay, "Waxay marti galiyeen Super Bowl bishii Febraayo, laakiin taasi waxay ahayd xaflad qof kasta oo kale ah. Super Bowl-ka waa daba-qaran dahab ah, hoos u dhacaya, oo aan dhaqaaqin muddo toddobaad ah, sidaas darteed qof kasta oo dibadda ah oo ku jira limo ayaa u soo jiidan kara si uu u qanciyo. Taxanaha Adduunka,? Taas beddelkeeda, ?Maxalli ah, maaha mid caalami ah, oo waa xisbi dadka u dhexeeya? (Roberts, XNUMX).
Haddii Taxanaha Adduunka ee Detroit uu yahay ?xisbiga dadka,? Waxay u muuqataa in dadka ka soo jeeda magaalada? kooxda isirnimada ee sida aadka ah u taageersani ay ka taagan yihiin wax ka baxsan qeexida habboon ee "annagu dadka". Dadka xarunta u ah xisbiga ? u muuqda in ay ka soo jeedaan xayndaabka cad inkastoo ?xisbiga? dhulku waa bartamaha magaalada madow.
CAJIIB AH ?Dib u soo celin?
Isagoo ka hadlaya tirada badan ee dadka reer-xaafadeed ee caddaanka ah ee booqday xaafadaha xoogaa dib loo soo nooleeyay ee Comerica Park iyo agagaarkeeda gu'gii iyo xagaaga, Kirckpatrick wuxuu u sheegay Roberts "waxaan dib u soo celinay magaalada dadka ku nool 5 ilaa 10 mayl. Wuxuu kaloo sheegtay Shabeelka? waxay abuurayeen ?Ruux wax-karto? iyo ?tusaalaha rajada magaalada,? u sheegaya dadka degan Detroit in ?aad bedeli kartaan dhaqanka. Wax baad qaban kartaa.? Faallooyinkiisii โโwacnaa ayaa ka muuqday Roberts sheegashada in Tigers ay isku dayayeen in ay ka saaraan [Detroit] wareegga guuldarada? (Roberts, 2006).
Haddii tirakoobka jinsiyadeed ee dadkii badnaa ee Game One ay yihiin wax calaamad ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ?Tigers? qandho? ma fududeeyey nooc aad u xiiso badan oo xaddidan oo ah ?soo-celinta? inta u dhaxaysa magaalada madow iyo xaafad cad. Waa dib-u-xidhid sare oo ay dadka caddaanka ah ee goobta dambe si kooban isugu soo ururaan si isku mid ah isir ahaan isu-urursi ahaan qayb yar oo ammaan ah oo ka mid ah booskii hore, kaliya si ay ugu noqdaan kaydka mudnaanta leh ee caddaanka ah marka tartanka la soo gabagabeeyo.
Tani dhab ahaan maaha waxa uu Boqorku niyadda ku hayay markii uu yidhi waa in Maraykanku ku qanci waayaa ilaa gidaarrada xunxun ee kala qaybiya magaalada bannaanka ah ee hantida iyo raaxada iyo gudaha gudaha ee faqriga iyo quusta ay ku burburi doonaan garaaca ciidamada cadaalada? (Boqor, 1967-A). Qaabka aan tooska ahayn ee Kilpatrick?uu u qaabilay dhibbanaha-dhaqanka? Sharaxaada faqriga madow ee magaalooyinka ah marka laga reebo, halabuurka ubaxa-cad ee Comerica Park ee dadkii badnaa waxay soo jeedinaysaa in dhaqanka wareegtada ah ee xunxun iyo cawaaqibka sarreynta cadaanka (Mills, 2003) ay weli yihiin kuwo aad u qumman, oo xaddidaya fursadaha madow iyo rajada gudaha iyo ka baxsan Detroit.
QIIMAHA KA BAXAY WAKHTIGA QARANKA
Major League Baseball waxa ay muddo dheer u qiimaysay tigidhkeeda si xad dhaaf ah taas oo keentay in dad badan oo madaw oo ku nool badhtamaha magaalada laga saaray saldhigeeda taageereyaasha ee joogtada ah. Marka ?U.S. Goobta gacanta? Dhanka Koonfurta ee Chicago oo ay u badan yihiin madowga iyo garoonka Yankee Stadium ee Latino South Bronx, badi dadka madowga ah ee Maraykanka ah ayaa si aan rasmi ahayn ugu qulqulaya meel ka baxsan goobaha kubbadda lagu ciyaaro ama ay si rasmi ah uga shaqeeyaan tanaasulaad iyo baarkin. Dadkan ayaa laga soo ururiyey xaafadaha cadaanka ah, kuwa sare iyo beelaha.
Mar walba sidan may ahayn. Markii aan ahaa fasalka-dugsiga kubbadda-baseball-ka-dugsiyeedka ee dhanka Koonfurta sannadihii 1960-meeyadii, waxaan si joogto ah u arkayay tiro badan oo taageereyaal madow ah oo jooga Chicago White Sox? oo ka mid ah Cubyada qosolka leh). Sannadkii 1990-aadkii (markii aan ku laabtay Chicago), Afrikaan-Maraykanku waxay si dhab ah uga lumeen dadkii badnaa ee Sox.
Marka Taxanaha Adduunku yimaado magaalada, caqabadaha dhaqaale ee midab-takoorka ee ku wajahan gelitaanka garoonka kubbadda cagta ayaa kor u kaca. Tirakoobyada Comerica?s ayaa si aad u wanaagsan u wanaajiyey dakhliga jinsiyadeed ee gobolka iyo qaranka iyo farqiga hantida. Game One tigidhada qolka taagan waxa lagu iibiyaa ilaa $500 mareegaha qaar. Shabeelka? beddelka tigidhada xilli-ciyaareedka xitaa wuxuu taxday afar kursi oo ka dambeeya saxanka guriga oo ah $8,000. (Kowalksi. 2006)
Madow? Maqnaanshaha la sheegay ee Fall Classic ee Detroit waxay u badan tahay inay ka badan tahay sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale ee jinsiyadda. Ku guuleysiga kubbadda koleyga ee magaalada Piston ayaa hubaal ah inay soo jiidato tiro iyo boqolkiiba taageerayaasha madow ee Shabeelada. Sababo kala duwan awgood, oo ay ku jiraan caqabadaha kala duwan ee hortaagan ka qaybgalka dhalinyarada ee ciyaaraha kala duwan, kubbadda koleyga waa barbardhac aad uga weyn marka loo eego baseball-ka Ameerika.
Weli, waxaa jira ciyaartoy madow oo wanaagsan oo ku jira liiska Tigers hadda. Dadka Madow ee Maraykanka ahi waxay leeyihiin dhaqan baseball cajiib ah oo ay ku jiraan magacyo caan ah sida Satchel Paige, Cool Papa Bell, Josh Gibson, Henry Aaron, Willie Mays, Maury Wills, Lou Brock, Bob Gibson, Ricky Henderson, Jackie Robinson iyo Frank Robinson. Dhaleecayaal Afrikaan-Maraykan ah oo lagu magacaabo Barry Bonds (oo anigu shakhsi ahaan aanan taageere u ahayn) ayaa hadda baacsanaya Aaron? Halyeeyadii Tigers madow ee hore waxaa ka mid ah Gates Brown, Ron Leflore, iyo Lou Whitaker.
Caannimada Baseball-ka ee bulshada madow aad ayay u yartahay in Shabeelku si fudud u heli karin tobanaan kun oo ?maxali ah, oo aan caalami ahayn? African Americans yaa ku farxi lahaa inay ku biiraan xisbiga dadka? haddii ay haystaan โโoo kaliya lacagta caddaanka ah iyo isku xidhka si ay u dhaliyaan tigidhada Taxanaha Adduunka qaarkood.
Kubadda Koleyga weli waa ciyaarta ugu muhiimsan ee Mareykanka iyo Fall Classic-ga ayaa weli ah muqaalkeeda ugu dambeeya. Maxay ka odhanaysaa ilaa heerka uu maraykanku u sharfay dhaxalka is dhexgalka King iyo sinnaanta markii Taxanaha Adduunka? Dadku waa wada cad yihiin xitaa marka lagu ciyaaro bartamaha magaalada halkaas oo ku dhawaad โโ9 ka mid ah 10kii qof ee deggan ay madow yihiin?
Paul Street ([emailka waa la ilaaliyay]) waa qoraaga buugag badan iyo daraasado mashruuc iyo boqolaal maqaallo ah. Isagu waa cilmi-baare siyaasadda bulshada, taariikhyahan, iyo af-hayeen dadweyne gudaha Iowa City, IA. Buuggiisa soo socda waa Cadaadiska Jinsiyada ee Global Metropolis: Taariikhda Chicago Black Live (2007). Ilaha la doortay
Sahanka Bulshada Maraykanka (2005). Sahanka Dadweynaha Hadda ee Maraykanka (2005) jinsiyadda iyo xogta dhaqaalaha ee Detroit iyo Detroit aagga Detroit ayaa dib loo helay Oktoobar 21, 2006 ee www.factfinder.org.
Marisel Bello (2005). ?Dhibaatooyinka Miisaaniyadda Magaalada ayay Hoggaan ku soo kordhiyeen. Detroit Free Press, 30 December 2005.
Godfrey Hodgson (2004). Ka Siman Kuwa Kale: Ameerika min Nixon ilaa Qarniga Cusub (Princeton, NJ, 2004), bogga 177, 212.
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1967-A). ?Halkan Xaggee Ka Tagnaa?,? p.251 ee James M. Washington, ed.., Axdiga Rajada: Qoraallada iyo Hadallada Muhiimka ah ee Martin Luther King, Jr. (San Francisco, CA: Harpercollins, 1991);
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1967-B). Hadalka Jaamacadda Waqooyiga Ohio (1967), oo laga heli karo onlayn http://www/onu.edu/library/onuhistory.king/king.htm.
Bob Kowalski (2006). ?Tigidhka ugu Adag ee Adduunka?,? Fort Worth Star Telegraph, 21 Oktoobar 2006.
Charles W. Mills (2003). Laga soo bilaabo Fasalka ilaa Jinsiyada: Qoraallada Marxismka Cad iyo Xagjirnimada Madoow (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003), bogga 177-218.
Selena Roberts (2006). ?Shaqaalaha Warshada ee Cleats,? New York Times, 22 Oktoobar 2006, qaybta 8, p.1).
Paul Street (2002). ?Lott Maqan: Dhaqanka Nadiifinta iyo Diidmada Cunsuriyada Qoto dheer,? Falanqeeyaha Madow (December 22, 2002), ee www.blackcommentator.com iyo http://www. nationalinstitute.org/ tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=258.
Paul Street (2005). Saamaynta Oprah ee Buuxa: Milicsiga Midabka, Fasalka, iyo Cunsuriyada Da'da Cusub,? Falanqeeyaha Madoow (Febraayo 27, 2005), oo laga heli karo onlayn http://www.blackcommentator.com/127/127_oprah.html Xarunta Lewis Mumford (2002). Xarunta Lewis Mumford ee Isbarbardhigga Magaalada iyo Cilmi-baarista Gobolka, Isbeddelka Jinsiyada iyo Jinsiyadaha Magaalo Weyn? Tirakoobka 2000 (http://mumford1.dyndns.org/cen 2000/ WholePop/WPSegdata/ 1600msa.htm).