Edward Snowden, aishandira National Security Agency (NSA), akaburitsa gwaro rakavanzika reForeign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), iro rinoda kuti Verizon iburitse “zuva nezuva… neVerizon yekutaurirana (i) pakati peUnited States nekunze; kana (ii) mukati meUnited States zvachose, kusanganisira nhare dzemuno."

Hurumende yabvuma kuti inounganidza metadata yezvese nharembozha yedu, asi inoti data rakaunganidzwa harisanganisire zviri munhare.

Mukupindura kumatare edzimhosva aipokana nebumbiro remutemo rechirongwa, vatongi vaviri vemubatanidzwa vakapa pfungwa dzakasarudzika pamusoro pekuti inotyora mutemo. Fourth Amendment's kurambidza kutsvaga nekubata zvisina musoro.

Mutongi Richard J. Leon, weDare Reruwa reUnited States reRuwa rweColumbia, held kuti chirongwa chemetadata chingangoita kutsvaga kusiri kwemutemo uye kubvuta. Mutongi William H. Pauley III, weDare Reruwa reU.S. kuRuwa rweMaodzanyemba kweNew York, vakatsunga kuti haisi kutyora Mutemo wechina.

 

Maonero aLeon

Leon akanyora kuti, “Nemhaka yekuti Hurumende inogona kushandisa zuva nezuva kuunganidzwa kwemetadata kuita ‘kudzokororwa kusinganzwisisi zviri kuitika zvomugari wenyika,’ ‘chirongwa chacho chine chekuita neFourth Amendment nguva imwe neimwe mukuru wehurumende paanochiongorora. kuva netarisiro ine musoro yekuvanzika inotyorwa kana Hurumende ichitora zvisina tsarukano metadata yavo yerunhare pamwe chete nemetadata yemazana emamiriyoni evamwe vagari pasina chero fungidziro yekukanganisa, inochengeta yese metadata kwemakore mashanu, yozobvunza, inoongorora, uye inoongorora iyo data pasina kubvumidzwa kwekutonga kwezvinangwa zvekuferefeta. Kana vakadaro—uye tsvakurudzo yeFourth Amendment yakaitika—ipapo danho rinotevera rokuongorora richava rokuona kana tsvakiridzo yakadaro ‘ine musoro.’” Chekutanga kutsunga ndekwekuti “search” yeFourth Amendment yakaitika here. Kana zvirizvo, mubvunzo wechipiri ndewekuti kutsvaga ikoko kwaive “kwaive nemusoro here”.

Ongororo yematare evaviri Leon naPauley vanovhura dudziro dzavo dzakasiyana dzemutongo we1979 weDare Repamusorosoro reUS, Smith v. Maryland, mu Smith, mumwe akabirwa akashuma kuti akanga afonerwa netyisidziro uye zvinyadzi kubva kune mumwe munhu aizviti ndiye gororo. Pasina kuwana gwaro redziviriro, mapurisa akaisa chinyoreso, icho chakaratidza kuti runhare mumusha womupomerwi rwakanga rwashandiswa kuridzira runhare nyajambwa. Dare Repamusorosoro rakati munhu haana tarisiro ine musoro yekuvanzika munhamba dzakafona kubva parunhare rwake nekuti anodzitumira kukambani yake yenhare achizvidira.

Leon akasiyana Smith kubva kuchirongwa cheNSA, vachiti kana rejista yepeni ichiumba "kutsvaga" "kure kure nenyaya ye [NSA]." Leon akanyora kuti, “Mamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano — kushanduka kwehutungamiriri hwekutarisa, tsika dzenhare dzevagari, uye hukama pakati peNSA nemakambani enharembozha — zvinosiyana zvakanyanya neizvo zvakatariswa neDare Repamusorosoro makore makumi matatu nemana apfuura zvekuti muenzaniso wakafanana Smith hazvishande? Mhinduro, zvinosuruvarisa kuHurumende, ikozvino. "

Ipapo Leon akataura nyaya yeDare Repamusorosoro re2012 United States v. Jones, umo vatongi vashanu vakawana kuti kushandisa kwemutemo kweGPS mudziyo kuronda mafambiro emotokari kweinenge mwedzi kunotyora tarisiro ine musoro yekuvanzika. “Zvinokosha,” akanyora kudaro Leon, “vatongi vakaita kudaro pasina mubvunzo kuti mutongo weDare muna 1983 waiva wechokwadi. United States v. Knotts, kuti kushandiswa kwebeeper hakurevi kutsvaga nekuti ‘[munhu] ari kufamba nemotokari mumigwagwa yeruzhinji haatarisiri zvine musoro kuti asavanzika pakufamba kwake kubva pane imwe nzvimbo achienda kune imwe.’” Leon akasiyanisa nhambwe pfupi, Yenguva pfupi yekutevera mudziyo inoshandiswa mukati Knotts nekuongororwa kwekugara kwemwedzi-refu kunowanikwa neGPS mudziyo wakanamirwa kumota yaJones.

Kusiyana ne "yakanyanya-yakaganhurirwa data kuunganidzwa" mukati Smith, Leon akati, "[t] iye NSA purogiramu yenhare yemetadata, kune rumwe rutivi, inosanganisira kusika nekuchengetedza dhatabhesi yenhoroondo ine makore mashanu e data. Uye ndinogona kuwedzera, pane tarisiro chaiyo yekuti chirongwa ichi chicharamba chiripo kwenguva yakareba iyo America iri kurwisa hugandanga, izvo zvinogona kuve nekusingaperi! Akadaidza chirongwa cheNSA "chinyatso kuunganidza huchenjeri [pakati pemakambani enharembozha ne] Hurumende."

"[T] iye anenge-Orwellian tekinoroji inogonesa Hurumende kuchengetedza uye kuongorora metadata yefoni yevose vanoshandisa runhare muUnited States haina kufanana nechinhu chero chipi zvacho chaigona kuve chakaumbwa muna 1979," akadaro Leon, achidana kuti "zvinhu zvesainzi. ngano.” Akataura maonero aJustice Scalia mukati Kyllo v. United States. Justice Scalia ainetsekana nekuwedzera kupindirwa kwekuvanzika kwakakonzerwa nekugadzira tekinoroji.

Leon akanyora, "Ini handigone kufungidzira 'kusasarura' uye 'kupindirwa zvisina tsarukano' pane uku kwakarongeka uye kwepamusoro-tekinoroji kuunganidza uye kuchengetwa kwedata remunhu angangoita mugari wega wega nechinangwa chekubvunza nekuiongorora pasina kupihwa mvumo nedare."

Kutora kubvumirana kwaJustice Sotomayor mukati Jones, Leon akacherechedza mashoko akawanda anobudiswa mumafoni edu, anosanganisira “emhuri, ezvematongerwo enyika, emabasa, echitendero, uye ezvepabonde.”

Mushure mekunge vaona kuti vanhu vane tarisiro yekuzvimiririra yekuvanzika munhoroondo yavo yenharembozha metadata, Leon akatendeukira kuti tarisiro yekuzviisa pasi ndiyo iyo nzanga inoona se "inonzwisisika." “Kutsvaka” kunofanira kazhinji kazhinji kuva kwakavakirwa pafungidziro yomunhu oga yokuita chakaipa kuti ave “anonzwisisa.” Imwe inosiyana ndeye kana paine "zvinodikanwa chaizvo," kunze kwekudiwa kwemutemowo zvawo (sekuda kwekudzivirira vana kubva kuzvinodhaka).

"Sekuziva kwangu, zvisinei, hapana dare rakamboona kukosha kwakakosha kupembedza kutsvagirwa kwemazuva ese kweanenge mugari wese weAmerica pasina fungidziro," Leon akanyora. "Kutaura zvazviri," akaenderera mberi, "Hurumende inondikurudzira kuti ndive mutongi wekutanga asiri weFISC kubvumidza mambure akadai."

Leon akataura kuti vatongi gumi nevashanu vakasiyana veFISC vakapa mirairo makumi matatu neshanu vachibvumidza chirongwa chekuunganidza metadata. Asi, Leon akanyora, Mutongi weFISC, Reggie Walton, akatsunga kuti NSA yaita "kusateerera kwakarongeka" uye yakaramba ichitaura zvisizvo uye kutaura zvisiri izvo nezvechirongwa ichi kuvatongi veFISC. Uye Mutungamiriri weFISC Mutongi John Bates akacherekedza "kunyeperwa kukuru [nehurumende] maererano nehukuru hwechirongwa chikuru chekuunganidza."

Sezvineiwo, Leon akataura kuti "Hurumende haitaure kana imwe nguva yekuongororwa kwekuunganidzwa kwemetadata kweNSA kwakamisa kurwiswa kwave kuitika, kana kubatsira Hurumende kuita chero chinangwa chaive chisingatarisirwi nenguva."

 

Maonero aPauley

Ongororo yaPauley yeFourth Amendment nyaya yaive pfupi. Akatsanangura kuti before the September 11th kurwisa kwemagandanga, NSA yakatambira nhare nomwe dzakaitwa neakapamba Khalid al-Mihdhar kuimba yakachengeteka yeal-Qaeda muYemen. Asi mhiri kwemakungwa hunyanzvi hwehungwaru hwakashandiswa neNSA hwakatadza kubata al-Mihdhar nhamba dzenharembozha; saka, NSA yakagumisa zvisiri izvo kuti al-Mihdhar akanga asiri muUnited States. Pauley akanyora kuti: "Metadata yenhare ingadai yakapa ruzivo rwakashaikwa uye inogona kunge yakabvumira NSA kuzivisa Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) nezvenyaya yekuti al-Mihdhar aifonera Yemeni yakachengeteka imba kubva mukati meUnited States."

“Kana ikakandwa,” akadaro Pauley, chirongwa chenharembozha “chinogona kuratidza nhoroondo yakapfuma yomunhu mumwe nomumwe uyewo nhoroondo yakazara yokusonganirana kwevanhu nomumwe nomumwe.” Akataura kuti, "Hurumende yakabvuma kuti kubva muna Chivabvu 2006, yakaunganidza [metadata yerunhare] yenhare dzese muUnited States, kusanganisira nhare dziri pakati peUnited States nenyika yekune dzimwe nyika uye nhare dziri muUnited States zvachose."

Asi, kusiyana naLeon, Pauley akawana Smith v. Maryland inodzora nyaya yeNSA. Akataura Smith: “Vanoshandisa runhare … vanowanzoziva kuti vanofanira kuendesa mashoko enhamba kukambani yenhare; kuti kambani yenhare ine zvivakwa zvekurekodha ruzivo urwu; uye kuti kambani yenhare inotonyora mashoko aya nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvebhizimisi zviri pamutemo.” Nokudaro, Pauley akanyora, apo munhu anopa mashoko nokuzvidira kumunhu wechitatu, “anorasikirwa nekodzero yake yokuvanzika mumashoko acho.”

Nepo musiyano waLeon pakati paSmith nechirongwa cheNSA wakashandura huwandu hweruzivo rwakaunganidzwa neNSA, Pauley akatsanangura, "Kuunganidzwa kwehuwandu hunokatyamadza hweruzivo husina kuchengetedzwa neFourth Amendment haishandure iyo inotsvaira mukutsvaga kwechina Amendment." Uye nepo ongororo yaLeon yakaratidza kuti sei Jones zvinotungamira kune mhedzisiro yekuti chirongwa cheNSA chingangotyora yeFourth Amendment, Pauley akatadza kusiyanisa zvine musoro Jones kubva kuNSA nyaya, kungoona kuti iyo Jones dare harina kuramba Smith.

Sarudzo yaLeon ndiyo pfungwa yakanyatsofungwa.

 

Tarisa mberi

Nyaya iyi yakananga kuCourt of Appeals. Kubva ipapo, zvingangoenda kuDare Repamusorosoro. Dare repamusoro rakaongorora nekuenzanisa Mutungamiri George W. Bush pavakadarika chiremera chavo chepamutemo nekugadza makomisheni emauto aityora maitirwo akafanira, uye akaedza kuramba bumbiro remutemo rekuti habeas corpus kuvasungwa veGuantanamo. Zvichaonekwa kuti dare redzimhosva rikarambawo here kutyira mashoko emutungamiri wenyika, VaBarack Obama, ekuti vane masimba asina kumiswa ekuti vaongorore. Kana dare rakabvumira NSA kuti ienderere mberi nekuunganidza metadata, isu tinogara mune inogona kungoonekwa sehurumende yemapurisa.

Marjorie Cohn ndiPurofesa weMutemo paThomas Jefferson Chikoro cheMutemo, aimbova mutungamiri weNational Lawyers Guild, uye mutevedzeri wemunyori mukuru weInternational Association of Democratic Lawyers. Bhuku rake rinotevera, Drones uye Targeted Kuuraya, ichaburitswa muna 2014 neYunivhesiti yeCalifornia Press.

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