Sekuendeswa kwatinoita kumaterevhizheni evamhanyi vachimhanyidzana netwiza, Dylan Loeb McClain weNew York Times anotizivisa “Garry Kasparov, mutambi wepamusoro-soro wepasi rose uye aimbove shasha yenyika, achatamba miriyoni imwe, mutambo wemitambo mitanhatu. vachipesana nechirongwa chechess chinonzi Deep Junior” (“Kana Muchina Ukagadzira Chinhu Chakanaka, Inyanzvi Here?” Ndira 1, 25). Aka kachange kari kekutanga Kasparov "anoenderana nekombuta," sekudanwa kwazvinoitwa neThe Times, kubva paakarasikirwa neDeep Blue ...
"Kunyange VaKasparov vanokunda kana kukundwa, zvakajeka makombiyuta e chess asvika paanogona kukwikwidzana, uye dzimwe nguva kukunda, vatambi vepasi," McClain anoti asati ayeuchidza kuti kunyange Kasparov "anobvuma kuti pfungwa iyo makombiyuta anoramba achitamba zviri nani. kupfuura vanhu zvimwe hazvisi kure zvakadaro.”
Isuwo tinodzidza kubva kuchinyorwa chino kuti muna 1997, Yunivhesiti yeStanford yakapokana munhu nekombuta kuti vaone iyo inogona kuumba mimhanzi nenzira yeBach. “Kombuta yakakunda,” The Times inoshuma pasina tsananguro.
Mubvunzo unotorwa naMcClain pane zvose izvi ndewekuti: “Kana makombiyuta akava nani pane vanhu pachesi, zvinoreva here kuti makombiyuta ari kuita unyanzvi kana kuti chess chinhu chakaoma kunzwisisa?”
Kwandiri, mibvunzo yakadzama.
Sezvatinongoita uye tisingazivi tichirondedzera ndege se“inobhururuka,” tingashandisa shoko rokuti “funga” kana kuti “tamba” kana kuti “gadzira” tichitsanangura zviito zvekombiyuta yakarongwa—tinganzwa tafadzwa zvakakwana nezvinofanana kuti titevedzere. dimikira rakadaro. Nekudaro, nepo vanhu vashoma kwazvo vachitenda zvechokwadi kuti ndege dzinobhururuka (kana kuti ngarava dzepasi pemvura hadzi "tuhwi," ivo "vanofamba nechikepe"), pfungwa yemuchina wekufunga (kana kutamba-kutamba) munhu yakawana kugamuchirwa kwakapararira. kumutambo unoremekedzwa wechess. Mumakore makumi matatu kubvira Bobby Fischer akatanga chess pachiratidziro chepop tsika radar, matekiniki akapedza maawa asingaverengeki achigadzira zvirongwa zvechesi zvekombuta. Kurasika pakati pehupepi hwakatenderedza Big Blue's "kukunda" pamusoro peKasparov ichokwadi chiri nyore icho makomputa haagone kufunga. Nokudaro, zvisinei kuti ndiani “anohwina” kana munhu atarisana nemuchina, kuwirirana kwakadaro kunogona kutiudza zvishoma zvinokosha nezvepfungwa dzemunhu uye kunyange zvishoma nezvekutamba chess. Noam Chomsky, purofesa wezvidzidzo zvemitauro kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology, akanyora uye akadzidzisa zvakanyanya nezvenyaya dzehungwaru hwevanhu, senge ndege dzinobhururuka, ngarava dzepasi pemvura dzinofamba nechikepe, uye michina inotamba chess. "Zvese zvinhu izvi mibvunzo pamusoro pekurodza nekushandura mashandisirwo, haisi mibvunzo yechokwadi," Chomsky anodaro. "Zvakanaka, pane mubvunzo wakasiyana zvachose usingafanirwe kuvhiringika neizvi, uye ndiwo mubvunzo wekuti simulation ingatidzidzisa chimwe chinhu nezve maitiro ari kuedzerwa. Saka, iwe unogona kubvunza mubvunzo, kana chirongwa che chess-kutamba, semuenzaniso, chingatidzidzisa chimwe chinhu nezve pfungwa dzevanhu. Mhinduro kune izvozvo 'hazvina kudaro.' ” Chikonzero cheizvi chiri nyore. Izvo zvakanakisa chess-kutamba zvirongwa zvinobudirira nekusiya chero pfungwa yekutevedzera pfungwa dzevanhu uye pachinzvimbo ichivimba neakasarudzika hunyanzvi hwemakomputa.
Kunyangwe McClain, muTimes, anobvuma pfungwa iyi. "Vanhu vanovimba nekuzivikanwa kwepateni, ruzivo rwakachengetwa, kumwe kuverenga uye iyo huru isingaenzaniswi - intuition," anonyora kudaro. "Makomputa, kune rumwe rutivi, ane dhatabhesi yeruzivo rwechess asi kazhinji anovimba nebrute force calculation, zvichireva kuti anosefa nemamiriyoni ezvinzvimbo sekondi yega yega, vachiisa kukosha pane chimwe nechimwe. Nemamwe mashoko, vanotamba chess nenzira yavanorwisa nayo dambudziko guru remasvomhu. " "Mapurogiramu ari nani emakombuta ndeaya anongoshandisa chokwadi chekuti makomputa anogona kuita zvinhu nekukurumidza," anodaro Chomsky. "Saka iwe unogona kuwana boka remadzisekuru kuti vagare ipapo kwegore negore uye purogiramu mumhinduro kunenge dambudziko rose rinogona kufunga chero munhu .... Saka, sekuenzanisa, iyi inyaya yakapusa. Zvakaoma kufungidzira imwe nyaya yakapusa kana uri kuedza kudzidza chero chinhu pamusoro pevanhu. "
Snowdon Parlette ndiye munyori weThe Brain Work-Out Book: Aerobics for the Mind. “Makombiyuta anoshanda nenzira youranda uye haakwanisi kuita zvatinoti kufunga,” anotsanangura kudaro. "Uropi hwemunhu hunoita sedare guru rinouya kuchibvumirano mushure mekufunga ruzivo rwese rwakakodzera uye kutora pfungwa kubva kwakasiyana kwakasiyana." "Sezvineiwo," Chomsky anowedzera, "chirongwa chechesi chekombuta hachina chimwe chinangwa, sekuona kwangu, kunze kwekungotora kunakidzwa kwekutamba chess."
Zvakanaka, izvo uye kutengesa yakawanda software. Komputa yako yedesktop yakajairika mhedzisiro yemakumi mashoma emakore ekushanda uye inoumbwa neanosvika mamirioni mashanu matransistors ukuwo uropi hwemunhu-hunosvika mazana maviri ezviuru zvemakore mukugadzira-hune mamwe ekubatanidza masinaptic kupfuura huwandu hwenyeredzi dzinozivikanwa muchadenga. Saka, kufanana nedhongi rinomhanya ngarava yepasi pegungwa mhiri kwePacific kana chapungu chakanangana neF-16 kubva kumahombekombe kuenda kumahombekombe, "makwikwi" emurume achipikisa muchina haana zvazvinoreva zvachose.
Zviratidziro zvakadaro zvingave zviri nani kusiiwa kunetiweki yaRupert Murdoch, kwete chete nekuti kufananidzirwa kunofungidzirwa hakutidzidzisi chinhu nezve chiitiko chiri kuedzeswa asi, zvinotonyanya kukosha, simba rehutsinye remuchina wakagadzirwa nevanhu harizomboenderana nerunako rwupenyu uye rwekugadzira. Kutuhwina kwe dolphin kana kuti gondo riri kubhururuka…kana kuti munhu ari kufunga kana kutamba.
Mickey Z. ndiye munyori weKupondwa Kwemakore Angu: Vanyori uye Varatidziri Vanopedza Kusangana (www.murderingofmyyears.com ) uye mupepeti paWide Angle (www.wideangleny.com ) Anogona kuwanikwa pa: mzx2@earthlink.net.
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