By zvino, nyaya ye Syriza's capitulation kuEuropean creditor masangano anozivikanwa zvikuru.

Syriza akatanga kutonga muna Ndira 2015 aine mvumo yekuramba kuisirwa kwehuori. Pane kudaro, Syriza yakapeta pasi pekudzvinyirirwa kwetroika, ichibvuma matanho ekuomesera uye nekuparadza tariro yevatsigiri vayo.

Mubvunzurudzo iyi naGeorge Souvlis, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi Elias Ioakimoglou anotsanangura dambudziko rinozovapo rinoramba richiparadza Greece gore rakazara. Maererano nenhamba dzake, kuora mwoyo kwechiGiriki ikozvino kwakadzika uye kwakanyanya kudarika American Great Depression ye1930s.

Hurumende yeSyriza/Yakazvimirira yeGreek (ANEL) yakaratidza kusakwanisa zvachose kudzosera hutsinye - panzvimbo pezvo, mitemo yeuneoliberal yakaenderera uye kutowedzera. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Alexis Tsipras akanga akarurama here paakati pakanga pasina imwe nzira yekuenderera mberi nechisimba muGreece?

Rakanga risiri basa raTsipras kusarudza kana pakanga pasina imwe nzira. Referendamu yakaitika panguva yainyanya kukosha yenhaurirano, yaiitirwa kusarudza kuti voenderera mberi nemitemo yehuori - mitemo yakawedzera kusaenzana kwemari, yakabvisa hurumende, uye yakaderedza zvikuru mihoro nemapenjeni uku ichiputsa kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu.

Mhinduro yakapihwa nevanhu veGreek yaive isina kujeka semubvunzo pachawo - 61.5 muzana yakavhota vachipokana nehusterity. Tinoziva iye zvino, nekuda kwekuongorora kwenhamba, kuti zvikamu zvakawanda zvevanhu veGreece zvakabatanidzwa muvhoti iyoyo: vashandi vanobva mubhizimisi, vashandi vehurumende, vashandi vasina hanya, vasina mabasa, vaduku, uye varombo. Mapato ese aya akavhotera “kwete” nechikamu che80 percent kusvika 90 percent.

Kune rimwe divi, mapoka ezvehupfumi ane mari yakawanda - varidzi vemari nehupfumi - vakavhota zvakanyanya "hongu."

Kuzvitaura zviri nyore, avo vari kubatsirwa nemaitiro ehusterity uye shanduko yezvimiro vakavhotera "hongu" nepo avo vanotambura neaya marongero vakavhotera "kwete." Uku kupatsanurwa kwakajeka: svondo risati raitwa referendamu yaive imwe yenguva dzisingawanzoitiki dzenhoroondo apo kusawirirana pakati pemapoka emagariro kunova kuoneka, kunyangwe nemeso.

Boka remauto anesimba rakapinda munhandare yesarudzo kuti ridzivirire pachena, pasina zvakajairika fungidziro, zvido zvavo zvekirasi - "kodzero" yekurarama nepurofiti, kurarama nebasa revamwe.

Chikwata ichi chaisanganisira vakuru vakuru vemakambani makuru nemafemu emari pamwe nevaridzi vemabhizinesi madiki avo vave kubhadhara hafu chete yemuhoro wavakabhadhara muna 2010 nekuda kwekuderedzwa kwemukati uye shanduko yemusika wevashandi. Vaisanganisirwawo muboka iri vaive vatapi venhau vakuru vezvenhau, vatungamiriri vepamusoro-soro, uye vanorenda.

Kuvepo uku kwakasimba kwesocial bloc kwakanzwika zvakasimba, kwete chete mukuratidzira kweterevhizheni asiwo munzvimbo yebasa - vashandi vaiwanzotyisidzirwa pachena nevashandirwi, vaiti vashandi vaizorasikirwa nebasa kana "kwete" vaizokunda.

Ichi chiratidziro chekuzvida zvisina kusimira uye simba rehudzvinyiriri neboka re capitalist zvakakonzeresa kuumbwa kwesangano rakabatana rinopesana neusterity social bloc, rinoumbwa neboka revashandi, vasina mabasa asina kunaka, uye vasina mabasa - zvakangodaro, vechidiki nevarombo.

Kuumbwa kwechikwata ichi kwakatanga muna 2010 nekushandiswa kwezvirongwa zvekugadzirisa hupfumi zvichitungamirwa neEuropean Union neInternational Monetary Fund. Yakapera mazuva mashoma kureferendamu isati yasvika, paine kuratidzira kukuru kwekutsigira "kwete" kwakaitika pasina kupindirana kwevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika veSyriza, avo vakangotsigira zvinyoro "kwete".

Iyi anti-austerity bloc yakavhota "kwete" ichipokana nekutyisidzirwa nekudheerera, vachipesana nenjodzi yekudzingwa nekukandwa munhamo yenyika yakadzingwa kubva munzvimbo inonzi yakagadzikana uye yakachengeteka yehupfumi hweEurozone.

Basa raTsipras raive rekutevera kufamba kwevazhinji, kwete kusarudza kana pane imwe nzira. Asi panzvimbo pezvo akatungamirira nyika kupinda muusungwa hwechikwereti. Akanga avimbisa kukunda mukurwisana nechisimba muEurope, asi akaratidza kuti akanga asiri gamba kuvanhu vekwake kana kuEurope kuruboshwe.

Tariro dzese huru pamusoro peSyriza dzakaparara muhusiku humwe.

Huwandu hwevanhu vakatsigira Tsipras kubva pakutanga kwedambudziko kusvika kuU-turn yaChikunguru 12 vaiziva kuti mushure mekubatwa kweSyriza yakanga isiri bato rakafanana nerekare. Zvakadaro, vamwe vavo vakavhotera Tsipras musarudzo dzemuna Zvita 2015, vaine tarisiro yekuti achaita zvimwe zvezvitsidzo zvebato zvakare; vamwe (vavhoti miriyoni imwe munyika ine mamiriyoni gumi nerimwe) vakasarudza kurega kuvhota.

Vimbiso dzakaitwa neSyriza musarudzo dzaGunyana 2015 hadzina kuzadzikiswa. Isu takatarisana ne kusagadzikana mamiriro muGreece: kune bato rakasimba rinopokana nerunyararo rakawana hunyanzvi hwezvematongerwo enyika mukati memakore matanhatu ehondo, asi hapana bato rezvematongerwo enyika kana sangano rinokwanisa kuimiririra.

Kubva muna Chikunguru 2016, makirasi anotongwa ari kutarisana nemafungu matsva ekurwiswa kwemari yavo, pfuma, chengetedzo, rusununguko, uye kodzero dzevanhu. Kupamba kusina nyadzi kunopfuurira. Asi panguva ino ndiyo Syriza pachayo inoronga nekuita kurwisa.

Nekushandisa zano revaimbove mhandu, Syriza yadzikira kuenda kuRenzi-style social-democratic bato - sezvakanyorwa naPascal, vasingatendi kuti kuna Mwari vanogara vachinamata vanopedzisira vava maKristu akanaka.

Mhedzisiro idambudziko rekuberekana kwevanhu. Kuora mwoyo kwenguva refu muGreece kuri kuparira dambudziko mukuberekana kweboka revashandi, izvo zvinozoita kuti zvematongerwo enyika zvisagadzikana.

Isa mune imwe nzira yakadzama, kurasikirwa kwemabasa nekuda kwekukanganisa kuunganidzwa kwemari muGreece - yakasanganiswa nehutsinye hwekuomesera uye kudzoreredzwa kwehupfumi hwenyika - zvakakonzera nzira dzakasiyana dzakaparadza vashandi. Izvi zvakazoita kuti pave nedambudziko rekutonga-class hegemony, nokudaro kuvhura hwindo remukana wekuchinja kukuru.

Sezvo Marx anotsanangura mu Manifesto, boka re<em>capitalist harikodzeri kutonga kana risingakwanisi kuva nechokwadi cho“kuvapo kumuranda waro kunyange mukati mouranda hwake.” Nenzira inowedzera, izvi zvinoratidzika kuva mamiriro ezvinhu muGreece. Asi zvichabuda munyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika padambudziko iri hazvisati zvazivikanwa.

Vamwe vakapokana kuti dambudziko rehupfumi hweGreek yaive nyaya yakasarudzika, kubva kune yevatengi veGreek state. Chii chaunoona semabviro ehurongwa hwedambudziko?

Kubva muna 1995 kusvika pakupera kweMitambo yeOlympic muna 2004, Greece yakava nemakore gumi ekukura uye kubudirira zvinoshamisa.

VaGiriki vanopfuura hafu yemirioni, zvikurukuru vakadzi, vakawana mabasa mukati maaya “makore endarama” oupfumi hweGreece. Guta rinoyerera kubva kunyika dzinochengetedza mari kuenda kuGreece, uko purofiti yaive yakakwira, yakawedzera kukura kweGDP, kudyara, uye basa.

Asi mukusiyana nekuita uku kwakanaka (uye kune imwe nhanho nekuda kwayo), kushomeka kwekutengesa kwezvinhu nesevhisi kwakawedzera zvakanyanya kubva ku1999 zvichienda mberi.

Mumufaro mukuru wenguva iyoyo, kwaiva nevashoma vakaratidza kunetseka. Mushure mezvose, dzidziso iri pasi pekuvakwa kweEuropean Monetary Union (EMU) yakafanotaura kuti kushomeka kwekutengesa kwakawanda kwaizongozvigadzirisa, sezvo kwaizokonzeresa maitiro ekugadzirisa anofambiswa nemusika.

Asi izvi hazvina kuitika. Chiitiko cheGreek chinoratidza kuti misika chete haigone kugadzirisa kusaenzana pasi pehurongwa hweEMU hwemasangano - kwete nguva dzose.

Somugumisiro, kukanganisa kwekunze kwakaputika, zvichiita kuti chikwereti chekunze chikuru kwazvo. Saka kuputika kwedambudziko reGreek hakufanirwe kuverengerwa kune vatengi veGreece nyika asi nemagadzirirwo eeurozone, mavakirwo ayo.

Hupfumi hweGreek kubvira 2010 hunozviwana huri mumamiriro ekuderera zvachose. Ndezvipi zviri zvikonzero zvikuru zvechiitiko ichi, uye masimba akasiyana-siyana akaedza sei kuchigadzirisa?

Kuora mwoyo kwechiGiriki hakusi tsaona, kana kuti mugumisiro wemitemo isina kururama kana pfungwa dzisina kururama. Ndiwo mhedzisiro yezano rakakwenenzverwa - kureva devaluation yemukati, chimiro chakasarudzika chemakwikwi disinflation.

The strategy ye kuderedzwa kwemukati yakashandiswa zvakasimba muGreece kwemakore manomwe akatevedzana (2010-16). Sekureva kwevanyori varo, zano iri rine chinangwa chekuvandudza kukwikwidza uye kushandura Girisi kuita hupfumi hunotungamirwa kunze kwenyika hunokwanisa kubhadhara chikwereti chayo. Zvinoenderana nemaonero aya, GDP uye kuwedzera kwemabasa kuchatevera zvakajairika kubva mukugadzwa kwakabudirira kwehupfumi hwekunze.

Kuzadzisa zvinangwa izvi, hurongwa hwekudzikisira kwemukati hunotarisa hukama pakati pemitengo yevashandi uye kukwikwidza kwebhizinesi: mibairo yakaderera ingangotungamira kumitengo yakaderera uye nekudaro kukwirisa kwekuita kunze kwenyika. Zvichienderana nemaonero aya, kupindira kwehurumende kwakanangana nekuita kuti mihoro ienderere mberi uye kuita kuti vashandi vanyanye kunetseka nekurovha.

Vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika vakapembedza kuita uku vachiti izvi zviri mugwara reveruzhinji.

Asi kugovaniswa kukuru kwemari kwakaitika muGreece mukati memakore manomwe ekuderedzwa kwemukati - pakati pa2010 na2016, vashandi vakarasikirwa nezvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana zvesimba ravo rekutenga uye chiyero chepurofiti kumihoro yakasvika pakakwirira.

Uku kugovewa patsva kwemari kwakawedzerwa nemitemo yemari iyo yakabvisa mutoro wechikwereti kuvanhuwo zvavo, uye, kubva muna Chikunguru 2016, nehurongwa hwekuunganidza-ne-kubvisa kuburikidza nekuendesa midziyo yemunhu ane chikwereti kumabhangi.

Pamwe chete, mitemo iyi inoumba hurongwa hwekupamba zvinonyadzisa zvisingaonekwi kusvika zvino munguva dzerunyararo.

Zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti zano iri rekugoverazve mari kubva kuvashandi kuenda kumari rakakundikana kunyangwe nemametric ayo anofungidzirwa - kure nekumutsiridza hupfumi hweGreek, zvave nemhedzisiro yakaipa paGDP uye. basa.

Nepo izwi rekuti “internal devaluation” rinowanzo fungwa kuti rinoreva kudzikira kwemitengo yemumba zvichienderana nemitengo yevakwikwidzi, apa yakaratidza kuva dimikira rekuderera kunoshamisa kwemuhoro wevashandi.

Saka, munhu anogona kugumisa kuti chinangwa chehurongwa hwekuderedzwa kwemukati ndechekuti: kuderedzwa kwevashandi vemuhoro, kuzviisa pasi pehudzvanyiriri hwemari, uye kugoverwa kwemari kubva kubasa kuenda kune capital. Zvimwe zvese zvinooneka zvinangwa zvechirongwa ichi - kukwikwidzana, kuita kunze kwenyika, GDP uye kukura kwemabasa - zvinongori zvishongo zvepfungwa zvekuita kuti zano riitike mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Zviri nyore kutsanangura kuti sei nzira yekuderedzwa kwemukati inotungamirira mukuora mwoyo. Greece hupfumi hunotungamirwa nemuhoro uye kudonha kwakanyanya kwesimba rekutenga remubairo kunoderedza zvakanyanya kushandiswa, ipapo GDP nebasa, ipapo kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi nekudyara, pasina kuve nemhedzisiro inooneka pakuita kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika (sezvo mitengo yekunze isingateveri basa. mari, asi mukwikwidzi mitengo).

Nokudaro, kuderedzwa kwemukati kwemagetsi kwakakonzera kuora mwoyo kwehupfumi - kushayikwa kukuru (25 muzana yevashandi vose, 50 muzana yevanhu vari pasi pe25); disinvestment; kurasikirwa kukuru mukukwanisa kugadzira; kushayiwa kwezvinhu uye urombo huri kuwedzera; kusashanda kwezvivakwa; deconstruction of social services; kuwedzera chikwereti cheruzhinji; uye kuwanda kwenhamba dzezvikwereti zvisingaite.

The Kuora mwoyo kwechiGiriki ikozvino yakanyoreswa zvakadzika uye yakareba kudarika American Great Depression yema1930s.

Asi kuora mwoyo hakuzogari nokusingaperi. Hutongi hutsva hwekuunganidza mari inobuda, zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvinorwadza, semhedzisiro ye "kuparadza kwekusika." Hunhu hwayo hukuru hwave kutooneka.

Chekutanga, hurongwa hudiki hune zvibereko hunoumbwa nefemu dzakaonda, dzakaipa dzakapona padambudziko. Zvichakadaro, mazana maviri ezviuru zvemabhizinesi madiki uye madiki - ndiko kuti, ingangoita hafu yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemafemu madiki aivepo dambudziko risati raitika - pamwe nenhamba huru yemakambani makuru, anosiiwa mumatongo ekuora mwoyo.

Chechipiri, vashandi vanotambira mari shoma, vasina kudzivirirwa kunyimwa kodzero uye yakapfava kuburikidza nekusachengeteka, yakabatana nenzvimbo inosiririsa yemagariro, kugerwa mabasa ayo akakosha ekudzivirira. Nechekare, ikoku kwakatungamirira kunzanga umo zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvechiverengero chavagari vapasi zviri mumugariro wokusatya, urombo, kana kuti mungozi yourombo.

Pakupedzisira, kuora mwoyo kunoratidzwa nedambudziko rekusingaperi rekuberekana kwevanhu rinosundira zvikamu zvakakura zvevanhu kusvika kumiganhu nekuvabvisa kubva kunyika yebasa re capitalist.

Zvakadini nekubuda kweGreek kubva kuEuropean Union? Icho chichiri chigadzikiso panguva ino here?

A Grexit yaizoperekedzwa nokuderedzwa kwemari itsva, drakema idzva. Izvi zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yakasanganiswa zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.

Muchiitiko cherudzi urwu rwekuderedzwa kwemari, panofanirwa kuve nekuwanda kwekuita basa muhurongwa hwekugadzira kushandura kuwedzera kudiwa kuita mavhoriyamu epamusoro echigadzirwa. Zvikasadaro, devaluation ichadya mumitengo yakakwira uye pamwe nekuderedzwa kwemuhoro chaiwo zvichienderana nekugona kwevashandi kuchengetedza simba ravo rekutenga.

Muna 2013, Greece ingadai yakawana makumi mana muzana ezvakabuda zvakarasika kubva muna 40, dai hurumende yabuda muEurozone uye yakashandisa gwara rekushomeka kwemari. Asi nhasi yaigona kuwanazve 2008 muzana chete yezvakarasika zvakabudiswa, sezvo michina nemimwe michina inogadzirwa zvakaparadzwa kusvika kumwero wakaenzana nokurasikirwa neBritain muHondo Yenyika II.

Grexit pasi pemusanganiswa wepolicy yazvino unozotungamira kune kutenderera kutsva kwekuderedzwa kwevashandi. Zvakadaro, kana hurumende ikaisa mamiriro akakodzera, mumamiriro ezvinhu eheterodox policy musanganiswa, Grexit inogona kuramba iri chikamu che kuruboshwe-bapiro mhinduro kudambudziko rechiGiriki.

European Union inogona kuchinja kubva mukati, sekutenda kwaaimbova gurukota rezvemari Yanis Varoufakis?

Ndizvo chaizvo pfungwa iyi - yekuti eurozone yakangoputsika, uye saka inogona kugadziriswa nekuwedzera mamwe maitiro ekutonga - iyo inoisa Syriza munzira yekukunda munhaurirano netroika.

Iyo eurozone haina kuputsika - ndiyo yakagadzirirwa kugadzira maresults atiri kuona. Chero kusaenzana kwehukuru hwehupfumi pasi peEMU zvirongwa zvemasangano zvinotungamira kugadziridzwa pamutengo wemari yevashandi, kuchengetedzwa kwemabasa, uye masevhisi emagariro, nenzira yekuchinja kwemusika wevashandi uye kuvakwa kwehupfumi hwenyika.

Iyo eurozone haingori nzvimbo yemari chete, ihurumende yekuunganidza mari mune mamwe maitiro - kusanganisira maitiro ekubvisa kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu, kuderedza mihoro, uye kubvisa kodzero dzemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika dziri musimboti weugari. Izvi zvinokonzeresa zvakanyudzwa mukuvaka uye maitiro ekushanda kweeurozone. Yakavakwa saizvozvo. Saka unokona kuzvigadzirisa.

Vatsinhi vazhinji vanopikisa kuti veEuropean elite, kunyanya maGerman, havana hurongwa hweremangwana reEurope uye nekuita zvisina basa vari kukanganisa chirongwa cheEuropean Union. Iwe unotenda here kuti vane chero chirongwa chenguva refu mupfungwa kana kuti vari kuita zvisina musoro zvachose?

Zvechokwadi vane chirongwa chenguva yemberi yeEurope. Yakatoitwa, yakaedzwa, uye yakagadziriswa muGreece, yanga iri kuyedza uye zvino yava paradigm.

Funga nezvemaitiro aHollande nehurumende yeFrance ari kushandisa kugadzirisa kufamba muFrance kurwisa kodhi itsva yebasa - matekiniki akaedzwa muGreece panguva yekuratidzira kukuru uye kwakasimba kwe2011-12.

Zvakadaro, kunyangwe makirasi ekutonga aine hurongwa hweramangwana reEuropean Union, havana hurongwa hwekutarisana nedambudziko reneoliberalism.

Roosevelt's New Deal muma1930 uye Thatcher's neoliberalism muma1970 aive hegemonic zvirongwa (kunyangwe zvemhando dzakasiyana) - kuburikidza nehutongi hwepfungwa idzi, kirasi ine simba yaigona kumiririra kufarira kwayo sechido chese. Panguva ino zvakasiyana: kirasi inotonga haina chirongwa chehegemonic. Asi, vari kungotevera tsika dzinongoerekana dzaitika dzecapitalism mukurwisana nemhomho yevashandi vanodzorwa. Utongi hwakadaro hungararama sei?