Iko kutyisa kwehondo muAsia-Pacific kuri kutungamira mukunyomba kwakashata. Asi boka rekushanda reAustralia rakapesvedzera nharo dzehondo kare - uye vakakunda mhedzisiro ine rugare.
Aimbova mutungamiriri weAustralia Labor, Paul Keating's acrimonious attack pamusoro pemutemo weUS wekurambidza China kwatanga gakava guru muAustralia. Iyi nhaurirano inogona kunge yakaderera kiyi ikozvino, asi sezvo kutyisidzira kwehondo mudunhu reAsia-Pacific kuri kuramba kuchikura, izvo zvine chokwadi kuchinja.
Mutungamiriri wehurumende neCabinet ndivo kwete kukumbira chero mapindiro kana vakasarudza kuenda kuhondo. An kubvunza kuti Paramende inofanirwa kubvunzurudzwa nezvemutongo wakadaro ichiri kuenderera mberi. Asi kunyangwe bato ravo rakatanga kuferefeta, gurukota rezvekunze, Penny Wong, vakabuda pachena kuti hurumende yavo haizoshanduki simba rayo riripo kuti unilaterally kuzivisa hondo.
Zvikumbiro zvine mwero zvakasimudzwa pakubvunzurudza zvinotaura nezvemhando yegakava. Tichifunga kuzviisa pasi kwemapato makuru kune aimbove maBritish uye ikozvino US strategic hegemony, hondo zhinji dzakagara dzichinakidzwa nerutsigiro rwenyika mbiri kubva kuParamende. โKutsvaga mvumo yeparamendeโ mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kungangofanana nekutsika-tsika kwerabha.
Ruzhinji rwevaAustralia zvino vanodavira kuti nyika inofanira kuramba isina kwayakarerekera kana pakaitika kukakavara kukuru. Ruzhinji rwakatokura - 77 muzana - vanotenda kuti "kubatana kweAustralia neUnited States kunoita kuti ive mukana wekuti Australia ichapinzwa muhondo muAsia iyo yaisazove muAustralia."
Asi handizvo kuti maAustralia anoshanda agara asina rubatsiro pamibvunzo mikuru yehupenyu, rufu, uye kusagadzikana kwedunhu. Pane, zvisinei, mimwe misiyano mikuru pakati panhasi nenguva idzo dzenhoroondo apo vasina rusununguko vakaita basa guru mune zvematongerwe enyika.
โVashandi, Teverai Vanatenzi Venyu!โ
Nekuda kwedzokororo dzenguva yaJohn Howard, Hondo Yenyika I inoyeukwa zvakanyanya muAustralia senguva yekushamwaridzana kukuru, kushanya, uye kurasikirwa nehugamba. Kuteerera kutumira varume vanoshanda-kirasi kurufu rwavo kuHumambo hweBritain kwakabudirira - uye nekunyomba - rebranded sekusanganisira "larrikinism" uye "kusava nechokwadi kune chiremera."
Nepo mishandirapamwe yekutanga yekupinza vanhu basa yakagonesa vechidiki vazhinji kuti vazvipire kurwa pakatanga Hondo Yenyika I, kutyisa kwehondo kwakakurumidza kudzikisira kufarira kwevanhu kufira Britain. The International Workers of the World (IWW) nemamwe mapoka emasocialist akaronga mishandirapamwe yakawanda kurwisa hondo. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa agitational IWW poster yenguva inonongedza mwoyo wevanhuwo zvavo vanoramba vari kubuda. Yaiti: โKUSVIRA!! Macapitalist, Parsons, Vezvematongerwo enyika, Varidzi veminda, Vapepeti vemapepanhau, uye Vamwe Vagari-pamusha Vanoda. Nyika Yenyu Inokuda MuMagero! Vashandi, Teverai Vatenzi Venyu!โ
Pakazosvika 1916, hunyengeri hwevanhu vanoshanda vachifira hondo yevakuru hwakanga huchibuda pachena. Mazana ezviuru akamira basa kuti aende kumisangano yekupikisa kunyoreswa yakarongwa nevesangano revashandi vepamusoro kana kuti varamwa mabasa vachipikisa matanho akagadzirirwa kuvaita kuti vatakure mari dzehupfumi muhondo. Nekuda kwekufamba kwakawanda uku, maAustralia akaramba kupinda muchiuto nepakati referenda โ kutanga muna October 1916 uye zvakare muna December 1917.
Vezvematongerwo enyika vakaita hasha. Mutungamiri Billy Hughes, panguva iyoyo akatarisana nehurongwa hwekuuraya vanhu, ranted kuti
Tinoisa hondo pakutanga, uye zvimwe zvose pashure. Isu tinotenda kuti harisi basa reAustralia chete kumira neHumambo "kumunhu wekupedzisira uye shilling yekupedzisira" kana zvichidikanwa, asi kuti hapana imwe nzira iyo inogoneka kuti Australia iponeswe.
Kune rumwe rutivi, hurumende yebasa rehondo yakaziva kuti hondo yaisazozivikanwa pakati pevanhu vanoshanda. Yakasuma iyo War Precautions Act mu 1914 uye the Unlawful Associations Act muna 1916 kudzikamisa kupesana, kwakashandiswa kusunga kana kudzinga hutungamiri hwese hweIWW. Yakaunganidza vafundisi nevakomana vezvikoro zvakazvimirira kutsiva, kurwisa, uye dzimwe nguva kuuraya vashandi vanorova, kunyange kutendeuka iyo Sydney Cricket Ground neTaronga Zoo mumisasa yemauto ayo.
Mutengo wehondo wakanga unoshamisa. Pamutemo, vokuAustralia 62,000 156,000 vakaurawa, uye XNUMX XNUMX vakakuvadzwa, vakapiswa negasi kana kuti kutapwa. Pane nharo yakasimba yekuti nhamba idzi vari understated. Varwi vana kubva pavashanu vakasara vakakuvadzwa kana kuremara mushure mehondo, uye zviuru zvakawanda zvakafa nekuda kwekuzviuraya kana nyaya dzine chekuita nehondo mumakore akatevera.
Huwandu uhu hungadai hwakakwira kakawanda dai Hughes akakwanisa kupa chikamu chakakumbirwa chevechidiki kuEurope. Asi vanhuwo zvavo muAustralia, vachikweva kurudziro kubva kuzviitiko zvinozungunusa nyika zvakaita seChimurenga cheRussia neKusimuka kweIsita, vakakwanisa kuti kwete, vachiratidza mutsauko pakati pezvavanofarira uye zvevakuru veumambo.
The Black Armada
Mukati meHondo yeNyika II, Dutch East Indies (zvino Indonesia) yakadenhwa zvinotyisa nemauto amambo eJapan. Muna 1942, mauto eDutch colonial akadzokera kuAustralia, achiuya nemazana evasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika vekuIndonesia - vakasiya vanopesana nehutongi hweDutch. Australia yakabvuma kuisa mujeri ava varume, vakadzi, uye vana kutozosvikira vaDutch vatorazve nyika yavo.
Pavakasvika kuAustralia, vamwe vasungwa vakakwanisa kuverevedza zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa nemaoko nezvedambudziko ravo kuvashandi vokuAustralia vanoshanda pachiteshi chezvikepe. Vashandi vakawanda vomugungwa vakanga vari vatsigiri vekuruboshwe, uye nokukurumidza Bato reCommunist reAustralia (CPA) nemamwe masangano akapindawo. Vakabudirira kuita mushandirapamwe wekusunungura maIndonesia, avo vakaumba vekutanga Makomiti eIndonesia ekuzvimirira. Muna 1945 vakatanga basa Black Armada kurwisa.
MaAllies akange afunga kuramba kudzoreredzwa kwehutongi hwehutongi hweEuropean mushure mehondo yaizove shoma. Asi izvi zvakanga zvisina kudaro. Vafambisi vezvikepe veAustralia, Indian, Chinese, neIndonesian nevashandi vezvikepe vakaramba kubata zvombo uye zvinhu zvakaitirwa kuyedza kudzoreredza maDutch. Misa rally mukutsigira yemushandirapamwe uyu yakakwevera veruzhinji kumhirizhonga yekugara kweDutch uye kupindirana kweAustralia mukuedza kudzoreredza. Kwemakore mana, ngarava dzinopfuura mazana mashanu dzakakanganiswa nekurambidzwa kwemaindasitiri, izvo zvakapa marepublic eIndonesia nguva yakakosha yekubatanidza mauto avo uye kurwisa maDutch kusvika pakunetsana kwemauto nevezvematongerwo enyika.
The kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rese yeBlack Armada ndiyo yaiva chinhu chikuru pakuwana rusununguko rweIndonesia muna 1949. Pakati pemhirizhonga yaityisa, vanhu vanoshanda vakaronga uye vakapindira kuti vachinje zvakaitika kare vachifarirana panzvimbo pevakuru. Sarudzo dzavo dzakabhururuka dzichitarisana kwete kwete chete nemagadzirirwo eumambo hwemasimba eEurope asi zvishuvo zveAustralia capitalism mudunhu.
"Amateur Sign Painters"
Zvikamu zvehondo mbiri idzi dzakabatanidzwa apo mutungamiri wehurumende airwisana neChina, VaRobert Menzies, vakakwanisa kuunza vanhu muchiuto kuburikidza neParamende kuti varwe "nehasha communism." Zvadaro, se ikozvino, mapepa akafanana ne Sydney Morning Herald uye Australian yakakwidza mweya wekuwedzera kupindira kwemauto eUS (nerutsigiro rweAustralia) muSoutheast Asia.
Misangano yakafanana Ponesai Vanakomana Vedu - boka revanaamai raipikisa hondo yeVietnam - uye Bato reCommunist riri kuderera raive pakati pevaratidziri vekutanga. Sezvo majaya akawanda akatumirwa kuhondo, uye vadzidzi vakaodzwa mwoyo nezvematongerwe enyika zvesarudzo, sangano rinowedzera utsinye rakaputika pazvikoro zveyunivhesiti munyika yose. Sezvo mamwe mavhoti airatidza kuti veruzhinji vaive nekusahadzika nezvehondo, saka hurumende yakaedza kupenda kupokana nechirongwa ichi sechishanu, communist column. Gurukota rezvekudzivirirwa, Allen Fairhall vakakavadzana mu1966 iyo
mumwe anosungirwa kutaura kuti nyongano mundangariro dzavanhu, mose muri muviri muno nomuUnited States, chinhu chine simba zvikuru kuvaKomonisiti kupfuura chombo chipi nechipi chavanacho mumunda. . . . Bazi renhau rechiKomonisiti rakakorokotedza vanhu veAustralia nemafungiro avo. Zvinofanira kutaurwa zvinonzwika uye zvakajeka kuti maonero aya anobuda, kwete kubva kuvanhu veAustralia saizvozvi, asi kubva kune vashoma vane ruzha, kubva kune vanoita zvemasaiti emasaini, kubva kune vanopisa makadhi uye kubva kune varatidziri vanotungamirwa nevakangwara.
Asi shungu dzevadzidzi nenharaunda, kuurayiwa kweMy Lai, uye Tet Offensive zvakabatsira mukukura kweruzhinji kuti hondo yaisakunda uye kuti kuumbwa kwacho kwainyepa nezvekutyisidzirwa kwakaitwa neChina.
Kuputika kwemafambiro evanhu pasirese muna 1968 - anti-imperialist uye anti-war - kwakasimbisa chizvarwa chitsva kuronga uye kuenda kumigwagwa. Muna 1970 kuratidzira kukurusa kusvikira zvino munhau yeAustralia kwakaitika. Mazana ezviuru zvevanhu akapinda mumigwagwa mune inonzi โkumisaโ hondo. Mauto eAustralia akatanga kubuda zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kuVietnam gore iroro.
Zana Idzva Rinotsoropodza
Hazvirambiki kuti sangano uye kufamba kwevanhu vakawanda zvakachinja maonero evanhu uye kuisa hurumende kumanikidziro kuti ipedze kupindira kwayo muhondo dze imperialist. Asi pane zvisizvo. Kunyangwe kuratidzira kwaipokana nekupinda kweAustralia mukuvhota kweIraq kuve nyika yakakura kupfuura dzose, havana kana chekuita nehurongwa hwehurumende.
Nhaurirano yenhau ichangoburwa yakatenderedza zuva rekupinda nechisimba gore rino inoendesa kumba chokwadi chekuti, kunyangwe hunyengeri huri pachena hwehondo muIraq, kukura kwemhirizhonga yayo, nemhedzisiro yayo yakaipa, vakuru vakuru vehurumende yeAustralia vaive nerusununguko rwekupomera mhosva. hondo seizvo vakuru vavo veUnited States vakaona zvakakodzera.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvakachinja muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe. Nekuparara kweSoviet Union, iyo pfungwa yekuti magariro akasiyana anogona kuvepo - kunyangwe asina kukwana - akanyangarika kubva mufungidziro yeruzhinji. Mwero wesangano muAustralia wakadzikira. Bato reLabour - rinogara riri pro-capitalism asi raimbove hwaro hwesangano regutsaruzhinji - rakava chaizvo bato remari. Nhengo yeUnion yakaderera kusvika ku24.5 muzana pakutanga kwehondo muIraq; nhasi yakaderera ne12.5 muzana. Kunyange zvazvo IWW yakanga iine zviuru zviviri zvenhengo muna 1917 uye CPA yakanga ine nhengo 23,000 muna 1949, nhengo yebato rezvematongerwo enyika yesocialist ikozvino inosvika mumazana zvakanyanya.
Zvichida zvakanyanya kuuraya, mamiriro ezvinhu aya akadzokororwa munenge mune hupfumi hwese hwepamberi munyika. Nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzemakore makumi maviri ekupindira kwehondo nevanhu vanoshanda zvakavabatanidza kutarisa kunze kwenyika kuti vawane kurudziro uye simba. Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe, izvi zviri kushomeka pasi rose.
Zvose izvi zvakawedzera kukanganisa kwete chete mararamiro evashandi, asiwo kukwanisa kwavo kukunda zvido zvezvematongerwe enyika munguva yehondo.
โVashandi Havana Kufarira Hondo neChinaโ
Kunyangwe zviripo chivimbo chishoma mukukwanisa kweruzhinji kupesvedzera vezvematongerwo enyika vane chido chehondo, kwave nekupenya kwetariro mumavhiki apfuura.
Kutevera zviziviso zveAUKUS zvichangoburwa, kwave kuratidzira kudiki uye zvirevo zvakabatana kubva kumapoka enharaunda achiramba kugamuchira zvigaro zvepasi pemvura. The Kokatha vanhu, ane minda yechinyakare inogona kushandiswa senzvimbo yekurasira marara enyukireya eAUKUS, Yakataurwa svondo rapfuura kuti vaizorwisa chero zvirongwa zvakadaro - senge Barngarla people are.
Iyo Maritime Union yeAustralia (MUA) inogara iripo zvinopesana AUKUS kubvira payakatanga kutaurwa muna 2021. Inopokana kuti โvashandi havafarire hondo neChina kana chero imwe nyika. Nhamburiko iri yose inofanira kuitwa kutevera ukama hune rugare. Iyo MUA inomira mukubatana nevashandi munyika dzese dzinopikisa hondo uye kupambadza, kukuvadza zvakatipoteredza kushandiswa kwemauto. "
Kunyangwe ichidzikira zvakanyanya mushure memakumi emakore ekushambadzira, iyo MUA ichiri nechinzvimbo chakakosha. Vezvematongerwo enyika vanotsigira hondo vanoziva izvi; Seneta weWar Hawk Jim Molan achangobva kufa akayambira padambarefu rake rehondo-ne-China-themed podcast kuti mubatanidzwa wemadhokisi wakanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwenyika.
Kunyange iyo MUA ichizopedzisira yave kugunzva mutsara weBato reLabour, zvakawanda zvinogona kuchinja sezvo ngoma dzehondo dzinowedzera kurira. Kupikisa kwakarongwa kusvika pakukwira kwechiuto kubva kuvashandi nevagari vaigona zvamazvirokwazvo kuita rutivi mukumanikidzira mubatanidzwa kuomerera kupfuti dzawo ndokusimbisa nhimbe yawo.
Sangano rinofanirwawo kudzivirira ruzhinji rweAustralia rweChinese neChinese-background kubva mukusarurana. Munguva pfupi yapfuura tsvakurudzo, 90 muzana yevanhu vekuChina vekuAustralia vakaratidza kushushikana nehupenyu hwavo kana hondo ikaitika pakati peChina neAustralia.
Panyaya iyi, pane zvakawanda zvinofanirwa kuitwa uye hwindo riri kupera remukana. Iwo pro-war provocateurs vane makumi emakore-akareba kuronga musoro kutanga, asi izwi ravo harisi rekupedzisira. Kana vanhuwo zvavo vachida kudzivisa hondo, ino ndiyo nguva yokurongeka.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta