"Mukadzi, hupenyu, rusununguko" - sirogani inofananidzira yeshanduko yevakadzi yeIran - yakafamba kure kure. Chekutanga chanted nevakadzi vechiKurdish musi waKurume 8, 2006, mumigwagwa yeTurkey, yakabuda muKurdish rusununguko rwevakadzi kwenguva refu. kubatikana. Mhere yerally ipapo zvakapfachukira kuyambuka muganhu kupinda muSyria kunoperekedza hugamba hwevakadzi vechiKurd kurwisana kurwisa ISIS (inozivikanwawo seDaesh). Nyamavhuvhu apfuura, akataura mukuzvidza mushure mekupondwa kwehutsinye kwemukadzi mudiki wechiKurd Jina (Mahsa) Amini, sirogani reverberated mhiri kwenharaunda dzeKurdish dzeIran, pakupedzisira kusvika pasirese.
Asi Iran haisi iyo nzvimbo yekutanga iyo "mukadzi, hupenyu, rusununguko" yakapfuura miganhu yemadzinza, kuzarura kukwezva kwayo pasi rose. Zvisinganyanyi kuzivikanwa - kunyange zvisinganyanyi kudzika - kwave kuri kupararira kwehuzivi hwayo muSyria, uko vakadzi munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzechitendero vakawana mairi muenzaniso unokurudzira weshanduko huru.
Kutsiva kwevakadzi mune Yaimbova ISIS Capital
"Raqqa paakasunungurwa kubva kuISIS, takafunga kuti: Kana vakadzi vechiKurd vachigona kuronga mu[nharaunda yekuchamhembe kweSyria] Jazeera, nei isu tisingazviite pano?" akadaro Mayada Ahmed, mumwe wevakadzi vana vechiArab vatakasangana navo pahofisi yeRaqqa yeZanobia, sangano reamburera revakadzi rinoshanda mumatunhu mazhinji echiArab e Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES). Zvinoshamisa, pane kumanikidza vakadzi kuti vazviise pasi, makore matatu ekutonga kweISIS kwakaona vakadzi vachitengwa nekutengeswa mumigwagwa yeRaqqa. fomented kutsunga kwavo kugumisa hutungamiri hwedunhu hwakadzika midzi.
Usambofa wakapotsa imwe nyaya
Tora nhau dzaunoda, dzinounzwa kuinbox yako mazuva ese.
Yaimbova guta guru reISIS, Raqqa ikozvino chikamu chesangano idzva rezvematongerwo enyika rakabuda munzvimbo zhinji dzeKurdish kuchamhembe kweSyria pakatanga hondo yevagari uye kubvira ipapo yakawedzera kusvika. inosanganisira huwandu hwevanhu vechiArabu sezvo Multithnic Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) yakagumisa ISIS kutonga munharaunda. Iyo AANES ikozvino inoshanda semubatanidzwa, ichipa yakasarudzika modhi yekudyidzana kwemarudzi uye zvitendero zvakasiyana muMiddle East. Pamusoro pe kuwanda, it inotsvaga kuita muitiro kushandira pamwe democracy, kutsigira upfumi uye kuenzana kwevakadzi, sechikamu chezvinowanzozivikanwa se“Rojava Revolution.” Zvisinei nekutonga chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cheSyria uye kupa vanhu vangangosvika mamirioni mashanu, iyo AANES haina kuzivikanwa pasi rese uye yagara ichityisidzirwa nekutsakatiswa. neDhamasiko uye nyika yeTurkey.
Vakadzi vaRaqqa vanga vasina hupenyu huri nyore kunyangwe ISIS isati yasvika. Mumwe wenhengo dzeZanobia dzatakataura naye aive nyajambwa wekuroodzwa kwemwana uyo akadimburirwa fundo achangobva kuchikoro chepuraimari. Rudzi urwu rweramangwana rakashata rakanyanya kuwanda munharaunda yeRaqqan, uko kwakawanda kuchiri kudzorwa netsika dzechitendero nemadzinza.
Raqqa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeArab-zhinji dzeNorth neEast Syria inzvimbo inochengetedza, masosi edu akadaro, zvichienzaniswa nevakawanda vekuKurdish kuchamhembe kwenyika. Ndosaka dzimwe shanduko dzakaita sekurambidzwa kwebarika kwakatanga kuunzwa munzvimbo dzevaKurd-zhinji dziri kurambwa nevanhu vechiArab veAANES. Chokwadi, vakadzi vechiKurd vawana zviwanikwa zvisati zvamboitika: sangano rega rega reAANES rava ne-co-chair system (mukadzi nemurume ari munzvimbo yese yechiremera), ine chikamu che50 percent chevakadzi, uye makanzuru emadzimai akazvimiririra ane simba rekuvhota pane chero ripi zvaro. zvisarudzo zvine chekuita nevakadzi. Asi, izvi zvingasava uchapupu hwenzanga ine ruzivo kupfuura a chigadzirwa yehondo yemakumi mana emakore-yakareba iyo vakadzi vakarwa nevamwe vavo vakarasika mukurwira uye nevanochengetedza nzanga yeKurdish zvachose - kutanga muTurkey uyezve muSyria.
Nepo dzimwe nzira dzekuenzaniswa kwemikana pakati pevakadzi nevakadzi vechiKurd dzakaunzwa munzvimbo dzine ruzhinji rwemaArabu, maitiro mazhinji ekudzvinyirira anoita seakaoma kudzura. Kuedza kurambidza barika, chimwe chinhu, zvanga zva kupikisa zvakasimba muRaqqa, Deir ez-Zor neManbij, uye saka tsika inobvumirwa kuenderera mberi kunyange sezvayakarambidzwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAANES. Hurumende itsva akangwarira kwete kumanikidza shanduko dzayo dzechikadzi kubva kumusoro - kwete chete nekuda kweruremekedzo rwehwaro hwayo hwekuisa matunhu, asi zvakare nekuti inonzwisisa kuti izvi zvinongotungamira mukunyanya kugumbuka. Kusavimbana kwenhoroondo pakati pevaKurds vekuSyria nemaArabu, Yakabudiswa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwehurudzi hwakareba mudunhu iri, zvinoita kuti nyaya yacho ive yakaoma kusvika.
Zvichakadaro, nhengo dzeZanobia dzanga dzichishanda chinyararire kuti dzigadzirise shanduko huru kubva pasi, dzichitenda manejimendi eAANES nemikana mitsva iyi. Ivo, semuenzaniso, vanoshanyira mhuri mudzimba dzavo, vachiedza kutaura varume kuti vasaroora vakadzi vakawanda. Vanokurukurirana nhau dzemhuri, dzakadai sokurambana, navatungamiriri vanongwarira vedzinza nevorudzidziso, vadziviriri vakuru vechimiro chamadzibaba chiripo. Vanorongawo misangano yevavakidzani yevakadzi kuburikidza nemakomisheni emunharaunda - iyo lynchpin yehurongwa hutsva hwezvematongerwo enyika - kazhinji vanopinda mumatanho nevatsigiri vechikadzi veISIS, vachiri nyore kuuya muRaqqa.
Nyaya yacho, masosi edu akatsanangura, haisi varume pamunhu, asi iyo inonzi "ISIS mentality," iyo inorambira nenzira dzinonyengera pakati pevarume nevarume kunyange mushure meISIS. kukundwa kwenharaunda. Pachine pfungwa dzakawanda dzekukunda, uye nhengo dzeZanobia dzinotenda kuti yavo muenzaniso unogona kushandiswa muSyria yose uye mberi.
Armenian Women's Double Kurwisana
Maawa matatu kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweRaqqa, muHeseke yakasanganiswa, takashanyira iyo ichangobva kuvhurwa Armenian Social Council kutaura nenhengo dzayo dzechikadzi. “Chimurenga chisati chavapo, pakanga pasina kuronga kwaiitwa nevakadzi vokuArmenia. Hapana chataiziva nezvokuzivikanwa kwedu,” akadaro Losîn Ardemiyan, mudzidzisi womutauro wechiArmenia pakanzuru yacho. Yakagadzirirwa kuzadzisa kuzvidzivirira kwekare kweArmenian battalion, kanzuru inoshanda kuti iwanezve kuzivikanwa kwechiArmenian, tsika nemutauro pakati pe assimilated vazukuru vevapukunyuki vokuparadza rudzi vakanga vapotera muSyria makore anopfuura zana apfuura. Paakapinda mukanzuru makore maviri akanga apfuura, Losîn akanga asingazivi kana vara rimwe chete romutauro wakanga uri rurimi rwaamai kwezvizvarwa nezvizvarwa. Zvino iye inodzidzisa kune vaanoshanda navo, vazhinji vavo, saiye, vanofanirwa kuidzidza kubva pakutanga.
Chimurenga chakapa mukana kwete chete kumutsiridza kuzivikanwa kweArmenian, takaudzwa, asiwo yekugona kwevakadzi veArmenia kumiririra kodzero dzavo. Masvondo mashoma ndisati ndashanya, vamiriri zana nemakumi mashanu vemasangano akasiyana vakaungana muFirst Armenian Women's Congress, a. chigadzirwa yemisangano ye80 yakaitwa kuNorth neEast Syria chiitiko chisati chaitwa. Nepo vachisiyana pahunhu hwedzinza, ruzivo rwevakadzi vekuArmenia pakutonga kwevarume rwakangofanana nerwevavakidzani vavo vechiKurd neArab.
Takapiwa rondedzero refu yezvichemo: Vanhukadzi vanorambidzwa kuenda kuchikoro, havakwanisi kusarudza nhamba yevana vavanofanira kuita, uye dzimwe nguva havatombobvumidzwi kubva pamba pavo vega — ndoda kutora chinzvimbo chechiremera. Kubva pakatanga chimurenga, zvinhu zvave kuchinja; asi kunyange zvino, makore 10 gare gare, mamwe eiyi miitiro anopfuurira. Munguva pfupi yapfuura iyo Armenian social council akarongeka kushanya kumba pamwe chete nemamwe masangano enharaunda, kusanganisira Dare idzva rezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana, kuti vadzivise mhuri kubva pakuroora musikana wavo.
Matambudziko akafanana anogadziriswa nemidziyo yakafanana: Nekufemerwa nebudiriro yevakadzi vechiKurd, Losîn nevamwe vake vakatora makomiti emadzimai akazvimiririra uye hurongwa hwemasachigaro sechikamu chemasangano ese. "Kutaura zvazviri, tiri kutyora mutemo wekuenzana kwevakadzi," akadaro achiseka. "Macheya edu anhasi vese vakadzi." Ikozvino vari kuronga kuvhura imba yevakadzi - chikoro chakaratidza kiyi yekuzvironga kwevakadzi vechiKurd uye dzidzo. Iyi ichava yevakadzi veArmenia chete.
Shanduko yePfungwa
Mala Jin ("imba yevakadzi" muchiKurdish) yakawedzera kubva 2011 - kutanga kwechimurenga - apo yekutanga yakavambwa muQamishlo, guta reKurdish-zhinji pamuganhu weSyria-Turkey. Yakagadzirirwa mumakumi maviri emakore ekuronga kwechihwande pasi pehutongi hweBashar al-Assad, vakadzi vayo vavambi vakaenderera mberi nekugadzira imba yevakadzi munzvimbo dzese, kusanganisira Raqqa nemamwe matunhu mazhinji echiArab. "Pakangosunungurwa nzvimbo kubva kuISIS, taienda ikoko togadzira imba yevakadzi," akadaro Bahya Murad, mumwe wevakatanga sangano iri. Pari zvino pane 62 dzedzimba idzi, kusanganisira mbiri dzinofambiswa Siriyaki vakadzi - imwe ethno-chinamato vashoma mudunhu - vakatevedzera muenzaniso wevakadzi vechiKurdish.
Nzvimbo idzi dzekuyananisa nyaya dzemhuri — dzinodaidzwa kuti “dzimba dzekurambana” nevadzivisi vavo — dzinodzivirira nekureverera vakadzi vanobatwa zvisina kunaka nemhuri dzavo kana vadzimai vavo, pamusoro pekupa dzidzo kuvose vakadzi nevarume pamusoro pekodzero dzevakadzi dzichangotangwa. Mukushanya kwedu munaGunyana 2022, takaona mumwe mukadzi achiunza aimbove murume wake uyo, mushure mekunge awana mudiwa wepamoyo, akarambana nemukadzi wake mudare rehurumende yeSyria.
Nepo iyo yakazvimirira manejimendi yakamisa hurongwa hwayo hwekutonga, murume uyu akasarudza kuti dare rehurumende risagovane nekuchengeta mwana uye midziyo yewanano nemudzimai wake. Aiziva kuti izvi zvaisazobhururuka mumatare edzimhosva, sezvo vachitsigira itsva mutemo wevakadzi nedziviriro dzayo dzakasiyana dzevakadzi. Kunyange zvazvo mutemo uyu — uchiri kuzoshandiswa munzvimbo dzemaArabu — wakarambidza tsika dzakaipa zvikuru, kubva pakumanikidzwa kuroora kusvika pakuremekedzeka kuuraya, dzimba dzemadzimai hadzigoni kunyunyuta pamusoro pekushomeka kwenyaya dzekugadzirisa. Asi, nebhindauko riri kuitika, vanhukadzi vava nenzvimbo inovamiririra kuti vaone kuti kodzero dzavo dzavachangobva kuhwina dzavepo.
Dzimba dzevakadzi umboo hupenyu hwekuramba kwemafungiro emadzibaba uye kunonoka kwekuchinja kwemagariro. Nguva nenguva, tainzwa kubva kumadzimai kuti rusununguko rwavanorwira haruwanikwi nekungochinjwa kwemitemo. Asi, chinodiwa ishanduko mundangariro dzevanhu, uye nokuda kwaizvozvo, makore gumi echimurenga aratidza kuva asina kukwana. Haisi chete nyaya yekuchinja varume - vakadzi, zvakare, vanowirwa nemafungiro emadzibaba.
Pasinei nebasa guru rakaitwa nedzimba dzevakadzi, vamwe vanoona kunyange rusununguko rwavo serwakanyanya kuganhurirwa. Kunyange zvazvo madzimai echikuru anowanzo tungamira dzimba idzi vachiedza kuenzanisa chinangwa cherusununguko rwevakadzi nechekuchengetedza wanano sesangano — kazhinji kazhinji, vachiyambira madzimai kuti vasarambane sechigadzikiso cheukama husina kumira zvakanaka — vakadzi vechidiki vatakasangana navo vanofunga kuti nzira iyi. haiendi kure zvakakwana. Vamwe vavo vanoramba roorano sechimiro bedzi chinogamuchirika munzanga choukama; vamwe vanoedza kutsanangura patsva zvimiro zvemichato yavo, kubva mukukamukana kwevashandi, kusvika pakuita sarudzo, pakuwedzera kuzvitonga kwavo.
Women's Science
Zvizhinji zveiyi horizons itsva iri kuongororwa zvakanyanya mumunda we jineoloji, "sainzi yevakadzi nehupenyu" itsva dzakasimukira neboka revakadzi vechiKurd. Chidzidzo chinosungirwa pachikoro chesekondari nemakoreji, chinodzidziswawo kumasangano ese ehutungamiri hweAANES, kusanganisira kuchengetedzwa kwayo nemauto. “Kugarisana kwakasununguka"(hevjiyana azad muchiKurdish) inokurudzirwa seimwe nzira kune inonzi "hegemonic marriage" - iyo yakavakirwa pakutonga uye kusaenzana.
Vadzidzi veJineoloji vanodzidza nezvenhoroondo refu yeubaba, hukama hwevarume nevakadzi muzvitendero zvakasiyana, uye matambudziko evakadzi pasi rose. Sezvo mimwe misoro inotariswa mumakirasi ichiri taboo - kunyanya zvepabonde - kusundira kumashure kune iyi chirango chitsva inogona kuwanikwa kunyangwe munzvimbo dzevaKurdish-zhinji.
Zvamazvirokwazvo, kuramba kunopfuurira kudzidzisa sainzi yevakadzi kunzvimbo dzakafara dzechiverengero chavagari vapasi zvimwe ndicho chibvumikiso chakanakisisa chechimiro chakasimba cheiyi pfungwa. MuDeir ez-Zor, Siria, inonzi ndiyo inonyanya kuchengetedza matunhu eAANES' Arab-majority, varume nevakadzi. vakatora kumigwagwa kunopikisa dzidzo itsva iyo chinangwa kusimudzira kuenzana kwevarume nevakadzi, pamwe nekuwanda uye kusarurana.
Nepo jineoloji isingadzidziswe kuzvikoro munzvimbo dzechiArab, Raqqa's Al Sharq University, iyo nyowani ye mayunivhesiti matatu akazvimiririra parizvino iri kushanda kuChamhembe nekuMabvazuva kweSyria, inoedza kusuma musoro zvishoma nezvishoma sechikamu chezvimwe zvidzidzo, sezvemagariro evanhu. Sainzi dzezvemagariro evanhu zvino dzave chikamu chedzidzo yepakati, iyo yakanga isiri iyo pasi pehutongi hweAssad, uye inodzidziswa kukurudzira kufunga kwakadzama pakati pevadzidzi veko uye mapurofesa, kune vazhinji vavo chitendero uye rusununguko rwevakadzi havasati vavhurika kuitisa nharo.
Kunyangwe paine hutongi hwechikadzi musimba, shanduko yepfungwa iyo yakabatanidza vakadzi kubva kumapoka ezvitendero zveSyria haisati yapera. Asi, vakadzi vari kufambisa chimurenga vanoramba vaine tariro. Sezvatakaudzwa neimwe nhengo yeZanobia, vatosvika kure uye vava nenyota yekuwedzera.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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