Ukraine yasvika imwe nhanho padhuze nekuparadzana kana kuwira muhondo yevagari vemo nekumukirana mumaguta ekumabvazuva, kwakaitwa nemapoka akashonga e-pro-Russia anoda referendum pamusoro pemasimba makuru enzvimbo uye kutyisidzira kupatsanura.
Varwi vePro-Russian vakatora maguta nemaguta angangoita gumi, vachitora zvivakwa zvehurumende uye vachisimbisa masimba avo panzvimbo yevakuru venzvimbo vakaramba vakavimbika kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa yeUkraine, iri muguta guru reKiev. Iyo ichangobva kuziviswa Donetsk People's Republic ndiyo vachidaidzira referendamu pamusoro pekuzvitonga pasati pasvika Chivabvu 11-masvondo maviri hurumende yeUkraine isati yaronga kuita sarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika iyo yaitarisira kuti ichabatanidza hutongi hwayo.
Pamusangano wepasi rose wakaitirwa kuSwitzerland svondo rapfuura, vamiriri vehurumende dzeUkraine, Russia, US neEuropean Union (EU) vakataurirana chibvumirano chavanoti chaizopedza kurwisana, kana varwi vekumabvazuva vakapedza mabasa avo uye vakasiya zvombo zvavo. . Asi pakanga pasina chiratidzo chekuti vapanduki vadzoke kupera kwesvondo, uye kurwisana kwepfuti kwakaenderera mberi kunyangwe kutaura kweIsita.
Kumukira kwepro-Russian kumabvazuva kweUkraine ndiyo nhanho yazvino mukupokana kwachinja nyika mumwedzi mitanhatu yadarika- uye kwakawedzera kurwisana kwemaimperiya kunopinza US nevatsigiri vayo vekuEurope neRussia.
Yakatanga munaNovember Sangano rekuratidzira richipikisa aimbova Mutungamiriri weUkraine Viktor Yanukovych. Kuratidzira uku, kwakanangana neMaidan (Independence Square) muKiev, kwakakonzerwa nekuramba kwaYanukovych chibvumirano neEU chekubatana, vachifarira hukama hutsva neRussia-asi kuratidzira kwakauya kuzomiririra kupikisa kwakawanda kwehurumende. uori uye udzvanyiriri.
Bato reMaidan rakapukunyuka mhirizhonga inouraya, uye Yanukovych akazokundwa, achitiza Kiev munaFebruary. Hurumende itsva yakatora masimba panzvimbo yake, zvisinei, yakatongwa nemapato mamwechete epakati-kurudyi uye ari kure-kurudyi aiti hutungamiriri pamusoro pekuratidzira kwakawanda. Achitsigirwa neUS neEU, mapato aya akazvipira kune ultra-nationalist ajenda uye anobvuma nyore kuti achaisa matanho matsva ehusterity semamiriro erubatsiro rwehupfumi kubva kuMadokero.
Russia, iyo yakatonga Ukraine kubva mumazana emakore apfuura, Zvakadaro pakudonha kwaYanukovych nekutora nemauto kuCrimea, peninsula iri kumaodzanyemba kweUkraine kunogara muzinda mukuru wemauto eRussia ari paBlack Sea. Inokurumidza kunzi referendamu muCrimea yakatsigira secession, uye vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vomunharaunda vakaenda kuMoscow kunobvuma kutorwa neRussia.
Iye zvino, kumukira mumaguta ekumabvazuva kunoratidzika sekudzokorora kweCrimea breakaway. Asi mafambiro emamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
Kuratidzira kwepro-Russian kumabvazuva kubva pakudonha kwaYanukovych, uye zvino kutora zvombo, kunoratidza kutya kwechokwadi kwakakurumbira pamusoro pehutongi hutsva muKiev. Kune imwe, ivo vekupedzisira-nyika muhurumende itsva vakaedza kupidigura mutemo unobvumidza kushandiswa zviri pamutemo kwemitauro isiri yeUkraine- vanhu vazhinji kumabvazuva, kunyanya mumaguta, vatauri veRussia.
Uyezve, hurongwa hwehurumende hwekubatana kukuru neEurope, zvichienderana nekutora matanho e-neoliberal akataurwa neInternational Monetary Fund (IMF), kutyisidzira kwakajeka uye kwazvino. Kumabvazuva kweUkraine ndiyo nyika yeindasitiri yemoyo, asi hupfumi hwayo hwakagadzirirwa kutengesa kunze uye kunze kwenyika kubva kuRussia. Hupenyu hwakadzikira kumabvazuva, sekuUkraine kwese, kwenguva yakawanda kubva pakusununguka kubva kune yaimbova USSR muna 1991, asi zvichave zvakanyanya kuipa kana nyika ikauya pasi pechigunwe cheEU neIMF.
Sezvo Nick Evans akanyora paRevolutionary Socialism mu 21st Century website, โMumiriri weUnited States kuUN akati pakanga pasina chinhu 'chinooneka' pamusoro pekumukira kwakaitika kumabvazuva kweUkraine. Zvakanyatsofanana zvakataurwa nevaRussia nevatsigiri vavo pamusoro peEuromaidan movement. Zvose hazvisi zvechokwadi.โ
Nekune rimwe divi, mauto akatora maguta ekumabvazuva haana kugamuchirwa neruzhinji-uye pane fungidziro dzakadzama pamusoro pekubatana neRussia, chinangwa chakataurwa chevapanduki.
Mativi ese eUkraine akatambura nehutongi hweRussia-kutanga, kwemazana emakore pasi peTsar; zvino, mushure mekuzivikanwa kupfupi kwekuzvitonga kwenyika zvichitevera Kumukira kweRussia kwa1917, pasi pehudzvanyiriri hweStalinist counter-revolution; uye ikozvino, pasi pehumambo hutsva hweMoscow hwakasimbiswa zvakare mushure mekuparara kwekare-USSR. Nhoroondo iyoyo haina kukanganwika-kanawo matambudziko evashandi vekumabvazuva kweUkraine, kunyanya vacheri vemarasha vedunhu reDonbass, vane kurohwa kukuru kwakapisa kuramba muUSSR sezvo Stalinism yakanga ichiparara mukupera kwema1980.
Saka, apo kunetsana kuri kuitika kumabvazuva kweUkraine, pane zviratidzo zveruvengo kune ese ari maviri ma imperialism - iyo US nevanodyidzana nayo EU kumadokero, Russia kumabvazuva - uye nekuda kweimwe nzira inodzivirira zvido zvevashandi. . Asi ndizvo chaizvo imwe nzira iyo masimba ehumambo ari kurwisana neUkraine ese ari maviri anoshuvira kutsveta.
Kutorwa kweCrimea kwakatanga mukupera kwaKukadzi zvichitevera kudzingwa kwaYanukovych kwakarongwa zvakajeka nemauto eRussia uye kwakaitwa nekuchimbidza nekuti Russia yaitove nemakumi ezviuru emauto ayo akamira peninsula.
Kupandukira mumaguta ekumabvazuva kwakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kuvapo kweRussia hakusi pachena. Asi hapana mubvunzo kuti mauto akazivisa "Donetsk People's Republic" ari kushandira pamwe neMoscow.
Vagari vemumaguta aya, vangave vanotsigira kana kupikisa kutorwa kwematunhu, vanoti vapanduki ava havasi venzvimbo iyi. muchengeti mutori wenhau Luke Harding, achishuma kubva kuSlavyansk, akabvunza mumwe wevarume vaiva nezvombo kuti aibva kupi; mhinduro-"Simferopol," guta guru reCrimea-yakauya muchiRussia. Kunyangwe vasiri varwi veRussia, vapanduki "vaitaridzika senyanzvi," maererano naHarding. โVakanga vaine maKalashnikovs, mabhachi marefu, zvombo. Imwe yakatotakura girinedhi yegirinedhi yakaita sechubhu.
Russia ine rutsigiro kuEastern Ukraine isingavimbe nemasoja ayo-kubva kune yaimbotonga Bato reRegion inotungamirwa naYanukovych, pamwe neuto rezvematongerwo enyika rinotsigira Russia muUkraine, Bato reCommunist. MaKomonisiti airatidza kuti vakazvipira sei kune demokrasi muna Ndira apfuura vamiririri vavo muparamende yeUkraine vakapa mukana wekukunda yemitemo yakatsanangurwa naYanukovych iyo yakanyatsoita mhosva kuratidzira kwese.
Vatungamiri vezvakatorwa mumaguta ekumabvazuva vanotaura pachena kuti vanoda mubatanidzwa neRussia. Mukutaura kushora kwavo kubatanidzwa kweUkraine neEU, vanotevedzera maitiro eRussia Vladimir Putin, kusanganisira hondo yake pavanhu veLGBT. Saka, ari muchengeti's Harding akatsanangura poster yaakaona parwendo rwechivakwa chehurumende chakabatwa iro rinoshanda semuzinda weDonetsk People's Republic-iyo flyer "inosiyanisa mutsara wemasoja eRussia neEuropean gay rally yekuzvikudza. Inobvunza nomutoo wakajeka kuti: โMuforamu ipi yamunoda kuti mwanakomana wenyu atore rutivi?โโ
Kufanana nerekodhi yaPutin pachake yehudzvanyiriri muRussia, uhwu hudzvanyiriri nekunamatwa kwehudzvanyiriri kunoita kunyomba kwechero zvakataurwa nemasimba akadaro-zvinotsinhirwa na. mamwe manzwi ekuruboshwe muUS neEurope anorwira kupindira kweRussia muUkraine-kuti vari kudzivirira kodzero dzedemocracy pamusoro pevari kure-kurudyi nyika muKiev.
Saka hazvishamisi kuti kune fungidziro pamusoro pevapanduki pakati pevanhu vekumabvazuva. Asi vanogarisana nekunetsekana pamusoro pehurumende itsva yeUkraine. "Ini handisi munhu ane utsinye kana anoparadzanisa," Vladimir Ivanovich, mugari weSlavyansk, akaudza muchengeti. โIni ndiri kunyanya kuruboshwe. Ndaisafarira Viktor Yanukovych. Ndiri wekugarisana murunyararo. Dambudziko nderokuti apo vezvematongerwo enyika vakatora simba muKiev, havana kufunga nezvemigumisiro yacho. "
Kutya uku kwezvinomiririrwa nehurumende itsva ndosaka kuratidzira kwepro-Russian nekutora kusingakwanise kunyorwa sechiito chega chevaMoscow stooges - chero sekuti bato reMaidan muKiev harifanirwe kudzingwa nekuti rudyi rwakabata basa guru. mariri. Vatsigiri vekuzviparadzanisa vakawana kunzwa nekuti vashandi vane zvichemo zviri pamutemo pamusoro peva-ultra-nationalists uye hutongi hutsva muKiev.
Kutanga, hurumende itsva yakaedza kudzoreredza masimba kumabvazuva nekunyengedza maoligarchs ane tsvina akatonga Ukraine kubva parusununguko, zvisinei kuti nderipi bato rezvematongerwo enyika raitungamira.
Izvi zvinosanganisira Rinat Akhmetov, murume akapfuma muUkraine uye nhamba 100 pa Forbes chinyorwa chemagazini chevanhu vakapfuma kwazvo pasi rose. Akhmetov akaberekerwa muDonetsk uye akatanga kuvaka hupfumi hwake nekutenga migodhi yemarasha nezvimwe zvinhu zveindasitiri yesimba panguva yekusimudzira hupfumi zvichitevera rusununguko kubva kune yaimbova USSR. Aimbova nhengo yeparamende inomiririra Bato reMatunhu, Akhmetov akapinda mukuwedzera kunetsana nehurumende yekare uye akasiya Yanukovych asati adonha.
Muna Kurume, Akhmetov akati aive nazvo akarayira vashandi zviuru mazana matatu veSCM Group conglomerate kuti vasatsigire mauto eRussia. achida kupatsanurwa-kunyangwe hazvo akamira kugashira kupihwa kubva kuhurumende kuti ave gavhuna weDonetsk. Mumwe muzvinabhizimusi wemabhizimusi, Serhiy Taruta, akapihwa chinzvimbo ichi-chiratidzo chakajeka chekuti hurumende yeKiev ine zvido zvaani.
Hurongwa hwehurumende hunopesana nevashandi huri pachena kubva mukumhanya kwayo kusaina neIMF/EU/US neoliberal chirongwa. Izvi zvichakuvadza vanhu vanoshanda muUkraine yose, asi kunyanya kumabvazuva, uko hupfumi hunotongwa nemigodhi uye indasitiri inorema, inovakwa kuburikidza nekudyara kwakawanda kubva kuRussia.
Hakusi chete kuzorora neRussia kwaizogura makambani aya kubva kumisika yavo mikuru yekutengesa kunze kwenyika, asi "kutengesa mahara" neEU kwaizomanikidza mafekitori ekare ekare kuti aite makwikwi asingakundike neindasitiri muGermany nedzimwe nyika dzekuMadokero kweEurope. "Kana tikabatana neEuropean Union, migodhi yedu nemafekitori zvichavhara," Igor Yefremov, chizvarwa cheDonetsk, akaudza muchengeti. Ukraine inofanirwa kujoina iyo inotungamirwa neRussia Eurasian Economic Union, akadaro. "Ndiwo mukana wedu wega."
Kurwisana kumabvazuva kweUkraine kunoratidzwa zvakasimba pakati peDonbass marasha emigodhi, yakakosha kunhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika yenyika.
Sezvakataurwa naNick Evans nezveRS21, kana ramangwanaโneEU kana kuti neRussiaโrinogona kuratidzika kuva rinofadza zvikuru kuvacheri vemigodhi: โRussia yakacheka mari yayo mumarasha ne40 muzana gore rapera, saka kupinda muRussia hakuna zvakawanda zvokupa; Zvichakadaro, chibvumirano cheEU-Ukraine chicharevawo 'kudzikisira' kukuru kweindasitiri yemarasha, tichifarira kuongororwa kwegasi kubva kune dzimwe nyika.
Vacheri vemigodhi, Evans anoti, parizvino vakapatsanurwa pakati pemibatanidzwa miviri: The Union of Coal Workers, yakabatana neYanukovych's Party of Regions, uye Independent Miners Union, ine hukama neFatherland Party, parizvino inotungamira bato muparamende yeKiev pasi pe. hurumende itsva. Vamwe vashandi vemumigodhi vari kupinda mukuratidzira kuri kupikisa hurumende mumaguta ekumabvazuva, asi sangano reIndependent Miners Union rakaramba kurudziro yekuti vaparadzane vapinde mukuramwa mabasa.
Evans akasimbisa kuti sei vashandi vemumigodhi, kunyangwe vangave vachitya hurumende nyowani muKiev, vaine chikonzero chakanaka chekuvengana nemauto ezvematongerwo enyika eRussia anotonga kuratidzira kwekumabvazuva:
Pamugodhi wehurumende weBelorechenskaia, vashandi havasati vabhadharwa zvizere kubva muna Gumiguru wegore rapfuura. Mugodhi uyu wakaitwa nyika muna 2012 [pasi pekutonga kwaYanukovych] nekuda kwekuratidzira kwevashandi vemumigodhi vasingabhadharwe. Chiito chekutanga chehutungamiri hutsva chakanga chisiri chekubhadhara vashandi vemigodhi, asi kuhaya nhamba huru dzemauto ekuchengetedza kuti agadzirise kusagadzikana kwevashandi. Sangano revashandi vemarasha, nekuda kwekudyidzana kwaro nehutungamiriri, harina zvarakaita kupikisa izvi, zvakasiyana nesangano reIndependent Miners' Union.
Uku kuomarara kuri kushaikwa zvachose kubva munhau dzekuMadokero dzakarerutswa dzeUkraine-kuti vatauri veUkraine vanoda hukama neEU uye vatauri veRussia vanoda kuzvitsaura; kuti vanhu vanogara kumadokero kwenyika vanorereka vakananga kuEurope uye vanombundikira mapato ekurudyi, nepo chero munhu anobva kumabvazuva anomira akavharirwa neRussia yaPutin.
Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti mumazuva ekutanga ebato reMaidan gore rapfuura, kuratidzira kwakawanda vachipokana nehutongi kwakapararira kumadokero kubva kuKiev kupinda pakati pemoyo wevanorwira nyika-asiwo kumabvazuva kwakananga kumuzinda wezvematongerwo enyika weYanukovych. Vashandi vemumugodhi weDonbass vakabvuma kurwiswa kwehurumende nevaratidziri muna December nemashoko okuti vaizoramwa basa vachitsigira Maidan: โVanhu veUkraine, muna 1989, makatsigira kuramwa kwedu kukuru nokuda kwekodzero dzedu. Vacheri vemugodhi nhasi vanomira nemi.โ
Kubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kutyisidzira kwehondo kunodzora kuziva nhasi, asi tariro yerunyararo nekururamisira kwehupfumi muUkraine inorara nekuvaka pane uyu mweya wekubatana kwekirasi kune vese oligarchs nemapato ezvematongerwo enyika anovashandira.
Russia ichasvika papi mukutsigira kuratidzira kumabvazuva kweUkraine?
Putin neboka rekutonga reRussia vane zvakawanda zviri panjodzi. Sezvo James Meek akanyora mu London Review of Books, Ukraine yakava rutivi runokosha rwoumambo hweRussia hwakavakwazve mumakore pashure pokunge USSR yaparara uye Ukraine nedzimwe nyika dzaichimbova Soviet republic dzakazivisa rusununguko: โChokwadi ndechokuti Russia neUkraine dzave dzabatanidzwazve kwenguva refu, mumifananidzo ine uori izere. by Moscow. Putin haana kutanga kupinda muUkraine kuti aidzosere mudanga asi kuimisa kutiza. "
Russia ine zvakakosha zvehupfumi uye zvechiuto zvido muUkraine-kusanganisira network yemapaipi anobatanidza vagadziri veRussia gasi rechisikigo kumusika wavo mukuru wekutengesa kunze kweWestern Europe. Hutongi hwaPutin hwakaisa pamberi pakunyengerera Yanukovych-nekaroti uye tsvimbo - kure nechibvumirano chehupfumi neEU. Mushure mokunge apidigurwa, yakaita kufamba kwayo kuCrimea kuchengetedza zvigaro zvayo zvemauto papeninsula uye kuisa hurumende kuKiev hurumende itsva.
Iyo pro-Russia inomukira kumabvazuva kweUkraine zviri pachena kuti inokwidza iyo kumanikidza mberi, uye Putin akatamisa mauto zviuru makumi mana munzvimbo yemuganhu pedyo neUkraine kunze kwe "kunetseka" kwe "kusagadzikana." Asi kutora kwemauto chaiko uye kupatsanurwa-pamuenzaniso weCrimea-kunganyanya kuoma.
Vapanduki vakatora zvivakwa zvehurumende vanogona kunge vasina kutarisana nekupikisa pachena, asi ongororo yakaitwa neKyiv International Institute of Sociology, yakaitwa apo kutorwa kweguta rekumabvazuva kwakanga kwatanga, yakawana kuti zvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvevagari vomuDonetsk vakaramba kubvutwa. Mudunhu rekumabvazuva kwese, 15.4 muzana chete yevanhu vakatsigira kupatsanuka kubva kuUkraine uye kutorwa kuRussia, nechikamu ichikwira kusvika 27.5 muzana muDonetsk uye 30.3 muzana muLuhansk - vashoma vakakosha, asi vachiri vashoma.
Kuwedzera kwemhirizhonga mumaguta ekumabvazuva kwaigona kuramba kukwevera mauto eRussia mukupindira kwakavhurika, asi Moscow ingangoda kuramba ichimanikidza hurumende yeKiev nekutsigira vapanduki vari kuseri kwezviitiko - vachitarisira kune imwezve federalized simba chimiro muUkraine, iyo. iyo hurumende itsva yakatopa, izvo zvaizobvumira Russia kushandisa simba rezvematongerwo enyika mumatunhu eUkraine pamiganhu yayo.
Kana iri iyo US nevadyidzani vayo muEurope, kuita kwavo mhirizhonga yekumabvazuva kweUkraine yanga iri yehunyengeri huzhinji hwekuremekedza uchangamire uye hutongi hwemutemo-asi diki chiito chekuzvitsigira. Barack Obama, semuenzaniso, akadaro US neEU "Inofanirwa kugadzirira-zvichigona-kupindura," asi yakanyatso bvisa sarudzo yemauto.
Izvozvowo zvinogona kuchinja kana mhirizhonga ikaitika pamwero mukuru. Asi hurumende dzeUS neEuropean dziri kufara kuti dzakawana pesvedzero pamusoro pehurumende itsva muKiev-uye nekubatanidza mibatanidzwa yavo nedzimwe nyika dzeEastern Europe sePoland vakatarisana nekutyisidzira kwehondo.
Ehe, hapana chimwe chezvirongwa izvi zvine chekuita nekunetseka nezve democracy muUkraine kana kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu ani chikamu chenyika. Chero bedzi Ukraine ichiri nhandare yehondo yevakwikwidzi-uye mauto anomiririra rimwe simba kana rimwe-vanoshanda muUkraine vachatakura hurombo, mhirizhonga uye kutambura.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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