Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti magariro enhau anga ari mutsindo wemafambisirwo emagariro nezvematongerwo enyika, uye zviri nyore kunzwisisa chikonzero nei. Kusimuka kweFacebook, Twitter, uye mamwe matekinoroji kubvira pakati pe2000s kwakabatana nekuwedzera kunoputika kwekumukira kwakakurumbira panguva imwe cheteyo. Kungave kuri kuronga mabhindauko muEgypt neIran, kutevera mafambiro emauto eRussia muUkraine, kana kupa ruzivo rwenguva chaiyo kuvaratidziri muSudan, midhiya yemagariro inofanirwa kupa varwi mukana.
Ifungidziro ine musoro - uye zvechokwadi kune nzira dzakawanda idzo idzi tekinoroji nyowani dzinogona kubatsira. Zvichida zviri pachena, vezvenhau vanogona kudzikisa mutengo wekutaura zvakakosha "kupi, rini, sei, uye nei" kuratidzira kune vanhu vakawanda, sezvakaitwa neTwitter panguva ye2014 Euromaidan revolution muUkraine. Mamwe mapuratifomu, akadai seYouTube, anogona kubatsira kusimudzira ruzivo rwekutanga nezve nzira yekuratidzira zvinobudirira, kubatsira mafambiro kuvaka kugona kwesangano. Kana kuungana kwenyama kuchirambidzwa, nzvimbo dzemadhijitari dzakadai seFacebook kana Reddit dzinogona kugadzira maforamu ezvitsva, zveveruzhinji mativi anonetsa kuvhara.
Internet optimists zvakare inopokana kuti nzvimbo dzepamhepo dzinogadzira nzvimbo yenhaurirano mukati mekupokana, vachipa sarudzo kune veruzhinji uye kune vepamusoro kunyangwe hurumende ichiongororwa. Uye, hongu, internet inobvumira vatsigiri kusimudzira rondedzero yavo, iyo inonyanya kukosha kana nhepfenyuro huru inodzorwa nehurumende.
Asi zvisinei netarisiro iyi, iyo dzimwe nguva inozivikanwa se "teknolojia yekusununguka" haisi, chaizvoizvo, kuita kuti kufamba kwedemocracy kubudirire. Ichokwadi kuti takaona zvikamu zvakawanda zvekuunganidza kwevanhu vakawanda kubva pakusimuka kwekutaurirana kwedhijitari kupfuura zvatakamboita. Asi isu tinofanira kucherechedza kuti kusimuka kunoshamisa kwekusapikisa kuramba kwakauya nguva refu internet isati yasvika. Iyo tekinoroji yakanakidzwa nekushandiswa kwakapararira kubvira Gandhi akakurudzira nzira iyi muma1930s. Uye muchokwadi, kuramba kusinga ratidzike kwave kuita kushoma kubudirira zvichienzaniswa nekare, pre-internet nguva. Nepo zvinoda kusvika 70 muzana zvekurwisa veruzhinji zvakabudirira muma1990, 30 muzana chete ndivo vakabudirira kubva muna 2010. Nei izvi zvingadaro?
Pane zvikonzero zvishoma zvinobvira. Chekutanga, semunyori wezvematongerwo enyika Anita Gohdes akanyatso nyora, hurumende dziri nani pakushandisa social media pane vanoita zvekuratidzira. Kunyangwe zvipikirwa zvekutanga zvekusazivikanwa pamhepo, kutengeserana uye kuongororwa kwehurumende kwakaita kuti kuvanzika kweinternet kuve chinhu chekare. Hurumende yeRussia, semuenzaniso, yakabudirira kupinza nhaurirano dzevaratidziri kuti vatarisire uye kupwanya kunyangwe kuratidzira kudiki. Aya maitiro anowanikwa mune demokrasi zvakare. MuUnited States, chirongwa cheNational Security Agency's warrantless wiretapping programme, kana kubatana kweYahoo nehurumende yeUS mukukohwa ruzivo kubva kuvashandisi vayo, ingangove kutanga. Mishumo ichangoburwa inoratidza kuti madhipatimendi emapurisa emunharaunda (kusanganisira muguta rangu reDenver) anotarisisa social media kukohwa data nezvematunhu avo. Munguva yakapfuura, hurumende dzaifanira kushandisa zviwanikwa zvakakosha kuti vaone vanopokana, mamiriro emazuva ano edhijitari anokurudzira vanhu kuti vazivise vachizvikudza zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro, uye zvechitendero nezvavanotenda - data inobvumira vezvemitemo nekuchengetedza masevhisi kuvananga zvakanyanya. Ehe, kune nzira dzekuti vanhu vachengetedze zvakavanzika zvavo, asi mashoma eaya matekiniki anozomira achipikisa mhandu akazvitsaurira.
Chechipiri, kutendeuka kwesocial media pakati pemafambiro akakurumbira kwadzikisira ruzivo rwekutora chikamu. Varatidziri ne”clicktivists” vanogona kubatana nekuteerera kune imwe nyaya kwenguva pfupi, asi kazhinji vanotadza kuita zvizere mukurwira. Kuvaka ruvimbo munharaunda dzakashongedzwa kana dzakadzvinyirirwa kunoda nguva, simba, uye kudyidzana kwakasimba, uye izvi zvinoda kugara uchitarisana chiso nechiso kwenguva yakareba. Kana mafambiro akaungana asina kuwana iyi pfungwa yekuvimba uye kubatana kwemukati, anogona kunge achikurirwa nekumanikidzwa. Kutora chikamu mukuratidzira kwedhijitari kunogona kupa fungidziro yekuti munhu ari kuita mutsauko, asi sekupokana kweinternet Evgeny Morozov, kugadzira shanduko chaiyo kunoda kuzvipira kukuru uye kuzvipira.
Chechitatu, social media inogona kuita kuti vanhu vaderedzerwe nekugonesa vatambi vakapakata kutyisidzira kana kuronga mhirizhonga yakananga kune vanorwira. Semuenzaniso, mukati memhirizhonga yeLibya muna 2011, hutongi hwaMuammar Gaddafi hwakashandisa nharembozha yenyika kutumira mameseji airaira vanhu kuti vadzokere kubasa. Yakanga iri yambiro inotyisa iyo hurumende yakanga yakatarisa - uye kuti kutadza kutevedzera kwaizova nemhedzisiro. Nyanzvi munyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika Florian Hollenbach naJan Pierskalla vakaona kuti kuwanikwa kwenharembozha muAfrica kunoenderana nekuwedzera kwemhirizhonga.
Zvichakadaro, kana vatsigiri vakashandisa social media kutaura mhirizhonga nemauto, vangangove varatidziri vanogona kusaratidza kuratidzira kukuru zuva rinotevera. Mishumo yakadaro naizvozvo inogona kutakura migumisiro isingatarisirwi. Panzvimbo yekukwevera mhomho dzakashatirwa, vanogona kudzinga vazhinji vanopinda munjodzi, vachisiya vanoomesera vesangano uye vanotora njodzi vari voga.
Izvi zvine chekuita nekukanganisa kwekupedzisira kwakakosha: manyepo anogona kupararira pasocial media nekukurumidza (kana nekukurumidza) kupfuura ruzivo rwakavimbika. Mishumo yeRussian trolls inonyengedza nzvimbo yeruzivo kuti ikurudzire sarudzo dzeUS dzichangoburwa inyaya yenyaya. Uye mashoko asiri iwo anongowedzerwa nemaitiro evanhu ekusarudza zvinyorwa zvenhau zvinosimbisa zvavaitenda kare. Iwo echo chambers akatekeshera musocial media anoshandira kuwedzera kupatsanura nzanga pane kuvabatanidza kuseri kwechikonzero chakafanana.
Kunyange avo vane vavariro dzakanaka uye vanoshingaira pamusoro pokuverenga manyuko enhau akavimbika uye anopupurirwa vanogona kuparira zvinetso vasingazivi. Kuona kudonha kwemudzvinyiriri kuburikidza nesocial media kunogona kukurudzira vanopikisa munyika yakavakidzana kuti vasimuke nenzira imwe chete. Zvamazvirokwazvo, vangaedza “kupinza” nguva isati yakwana mazano nemitoo yavanoona ichishandiswa zvinobudirira kumwe kunhu mumamiriro avo ezvinhu—nemigumisiro ine ngwavaira. Mumwe haafanire kutarisa kunze kweLibhiya kana Syria kuti aone njodzi yeichi chiitiko. Zvakanga zviri nyore kune vanorwira kodzero munyika idzi kuona maArab Spring achiitika muTunisia neEgypt vobva vagumisa kuti, kana vakaunganidza mhomho yevanhu munzvimbo dzinoungana vanhu, ivowo vaigona kukunda vadzvinyiriri vavo mumazuva mashoma. Mhedziso iyi yakaregeredza kuunganidzwa kwemakore-refu kwakatangira kumukira kweTunisia neEgypt uye zvakaita kuti maLibya nevaSyria vawedzere kuzvivimba mukugona kwekumukira kwakaitika kuti vabudirire pasina mhirizhonga.
Kudzidza kwaKurt Weyland kwechimurenga cha1848 kwakawana kuti vapikisi vanga vachidzidza zvidzidzo zvisizvo kubva mukumukira kwanezuro kwemazana emakore. Asi midhiya yemagariro inotowedzera dambudziko iri nekukurudzira kupararira kwemifananidzo yakapfava mumadhasi ane mavara gumi nemana kwete kuburikidza nekudzidza uye nekuongorora.
"Apo vatsigiri vaimbotsanangurwa nezvikonzero zvavo, ivo zvino vanotsanangurwa nezvishandiso zvavo," akanyora mutori wenhau Malcolm Gladwell muna 2010. Uye icho chinhu chakaipa kana tasvika pakuvaka nekuchengetedza mishandirapamwe yakakurumbira yakatsiga. Asi panzvimbo yekuona kukundikana kwemazuva ano sekukundikana kwekuunganidza kusina mhirizhonga, tinofanira kutora kunzwisisa kwakaoma uye kwechokwadi kwenzira iyo kuwedzera kuvimba nemagariro evanhu kwakaderedza kubudirira kwekuunganidza kwevanhu vakawanda. Haisi iyo nzira yakaputsika, zvakadaro. Ndiwo maturusi.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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