Kunobva: TomDispatch.com
Ikoko kwaigara murume mudiki asinganzwisisike - mafiti mashanu masendimita akareba uye asina 140 mapaundi akanyorova - akazunungusa dunhu rehurukuro uye nyika pachayo. Kune vese kunze kwevashoma vanorwira mukati nevadzidzi, US Marine Corps Major General Smedley Darlington Butler arasika munhoroondo. Asi makore anopfuura zana apfuura, izvi zvinoshamisa kupesana yemunhu angave gamba rehondo renyika, rinopembererwa mumanovhero emitambo yepulp, uyezve, makore makumi matatu gare gare, semumwe wevanopesana nehondo munyika ino uye vanopokana nemaimperialist.
Akarerwa muWest Chester, Pennsylvania, uye akadzidza muzvikoro zveQuaker (pacifist), mwanakomana wemumiriri ane simba, aizoguma achishanda munenge muAmerica yose "Banana Hondoโ kubva muna 1898 kusvika 1931. Akakuvadzwa muhondo uye asingawanzogashira maCongressal Medals of Honor, aizoenda pamudyandigere semudiki, akashongedzwa zvakanyanya mukuru mukuru muMarines.
Mukuru wechidiki uye gamba rakasimbiswa panguva yekupindira kwenyika muChinese Boxer Rebellion ye1900, akazove mutungamiri wemauto eHaitian gendarme, mukuru wemapurisa weFiladelphia (apo paanenge asina kubvumirwa kubva muchiuto), uye mutsigiri weMarine Corps nhabvu. Nenzira yakawanda, aizoshanda muhondo uyewo mune zvingadanwa nhasi kuchengetedza rugare, counterinsurgency, uye kuraira-uye-kubatsira mamisheni muCuba, China, Philippines, Panama, Nicaragua, Mexico, Haiti, France, neChina (zvakare). Nepo airatidza zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekusava nechokwadi nezvedzimwe danidziro dzehumambo kana, sekudaidzwa kwadzaiitwa nevatsoropodzi panguva iyoyo, "Dhora Dhipatimendiโ mashandiro - ndiko kuti, mauto ehondo akaitirwa zvishuwo zvebhizinesi reUS - kusvika aenda pamudyandigere akaramba ari weMarine akavimbika.
Asi mushure mekuenda pamudyandigere, Smedley Butler akachinja tune yake. Akatanga kuputika mutemo we imperialist wekunze kwenyika uye kupindira kwekudheerera kwaaive achangobva kuita chikamu chakakosha zvakadaro. Pakupedzisira, muna 1935 panguva yeKuderera Kukuru, mune yakava chikamu chekare mune yake memoir, iyo yaakaita. titled โHondo Ishungu,โ akanyora kudaro: โNdakapedza makore makumi matatu nematatu nemwedzi mina ndiri mubasa rechiuto rinoshingairaโฆ Uye panguva iyoyo, ndakapedza nguva yangu yakawanda ndiri munhu wepamusoro-soro weBusiness Business, kuWall Street. , uye yeVabhengi.โ
Sezvinei nehusiku humwe, gamba rehondo rine mukurumbira rakazvishandura kuita mutauri anoshevedzwa anopikisana nehondo uye muratidziri munguva yemhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika. Aya aive, anobvumwa, asina kujairika anopesana neanopindira makore, umo varwi vehondo nevezvematongerwo enyika vakasimudzira izvo (kuAmerica, zvirinani) anga ari epfungwa pfungwa. Izvi zvaive, mushure mezvose, kureba kweiyo gare gare pro-war interventions vaizodaidza American ".isolationism. "
Zvakangodaro, Butler aive akasiyana (nenguva iyoyo uye zvechokwadi kune yedu) mukutadza kwake kuregerera kune zvematongerwo enyika eruboshwe uye nekushoropodza mauto eAmerica. Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, aizosangana nekushoropodzwa kunowedzera kubva kune aimboyemura, Mutungamiri Franklin D. Roosevelt, vemauto, uye vezvenhau vanopindira. Ikoku kwakanga kuri kwechokwadi zvikuru pashure pokunge Adolf Hitler weNazi Germany avhozhokera Poland uye gare gare France. Tichifunga nezvekuoma kwetyisidziro yeNazi kurudzi rwemunhu, kuona kumashure pasina mubvunzo kwakaratidza kushora kwaButler kupindira kweUS muHondo Yenyika II kwakaipa.
Zvakangodaro, kudzima kwenguva refu kwemakumi emakore ake ekurwisa hondo uye anti-imperialist uye fungidziro yekuti zvese zvaakataura zvaive zvisina basa zvakaratidza nhoroondo yakarasika zvakanyanya. Mushure mekupinda kweAmerica kwenguva pfupi asi ine ropa muHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, kusava nechokwadi kwaButler (uye chikamu chakakosha chechizvarwa chose chevarwi vehondo) pamusoro pekupindira muropa idzva reEurope rinofanira kunge rakanzwisisika. Pamusoro pazvose, zvisinei, kushoropodza kwake mauto eAmerica enguva yakapfuura yehumambo muPacific uye muLatin America kunoramba kune hunyanzvi uye kwakakodzera nguva nhasi, kunyanya kuuya sezvakwakaita kubva kune mumwe wevakuru vakuru vakashongedzwa uye vane chinzvimbo chepamusoro panguva yake. . (Munguva yehondo isingaperi yehugandanga, chiitiko chakadaro hachitombofungidzike.)
Smedley Butler's Marine Corps nemauto emazuva ake aive, neimwe nzira, sangano rakasiyana nemauto emazuva ano ane hunyanzvi. Zvakaitika kare hazviwanzozvidzokorora, kwete mupfungwa chaiyo. Zvakadaro, pane zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvakafanana pakati pemabasa eButler uye chizvarwa chemazuva ano che nokusingaperi-hondo varwi. Vese vakashanda nzendo dzakadzokororwa dzebasa mu (kunyanya) hondo dzisina kutenderwa pasirese. Kunetsana kwaButler kunogona kunge kwakatangira kumadokero kubva kuHaiti kuyambuka makungwa kuenda kuChina, nepo vakuru vemauto vanhasi vachinyanya kutungamira mishoni kubva kuWest Africa kumabvazuva kusvika kuCentral Asia, asi mapoka ese emakakatanwa aiita seasingaperi muzuva rawo uye aikurudzirwa nezvido zvehupfumi nehumambo zvisingavanzike.
Zvisineyi, nepo mishandirapamwe yenyika yechitatu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri yakagadzira Smedley Butler, iyo hyper-interventionism yemakumi ekutanga emakore ezana rino haisati yaburitsa chero mufananidzo wakafanana. Kwete mumwe. Zero. Zilch. Nei izvo zviri nyaya uye zvichiratidza zvakawanda nezve kugadzwa kwemauto eUS uye tsika yemazuva ano yenyika, hapana chimwe chazvo chinonyanya kukurudzira.
Sei Pasina maAntiwar Generals
Smedley Butler paakaenda pamudyandigere muna 1931, aive mumwe wevakuru vemauto eMarine Corps vakabata chinzvimbo chiri pazasi chemukuru weMarine chete uye mukuru wemauto. Nhasi, nevakuru vemauto ne900 parizvino kushumira pabasa, kusanganisira vakuru vemauto makumi maviri nevana vari muMarine Corps chete, uye nevakuru vemureza vanosiya basa gore negore, hapana kana mumwe chete akapa kupokana kwechokwadi neruzhinji kuhondo dzemuAmerica dzinenge dzangosvika makore gumi nemapfumbamwe dzisina kurongeka, dzisina kubudirira zvinoshamisa. Kana vari vakuru vakuru, 24-nyeredzi mana-majenerari uye maadmiral ane mazwi ekurwisa mauto anogona kuita ruzha rukuru, kune. zvimwe yadzo nhasi kupfuura zvadzakanga dzakaita panguva yeHondo yeVietnam, kunyange zvazvo mauto anoshingaira atova hafu yehukuru hwayaiva panguva iyoyo. Vakakura sezvavangave vazhinji vavo, zvisinei, hapana kana mumwe chete anokodzera somutsoropodzi wepachena wehondo dziri kukundikana dzanhasi.
Pane kudaro, kupokana kukuru kwekuda nyika kurwisa hondo dzehugandanga idzodzo kwakabva kumakoroni akasiya basa, lieutenant colonels, uye dzimwe nguva mamwe majunior officer (seni), pamwe nenhengo dzebasa dzakanyoreswa. Kwete kuti kune vazhinji vedu vekutaura nezvavo. Ini ndinoona zvichishungurudza (uye ndizvo zvaunofanirawo) kuti ini pachangu ndinoziva nezvemumwe neumwe wemauto akasiya basa akataura achipesana nehondo dzekusingaperi dzeAmerica.
Vatatu vakuru ndivo Secretary of State Colin Powell aimbove mukuru wevashandi, retired Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson; Veteran veVietnam uye aimbove murairidzi wenhoroondo yeWest Point, Colonel akaenda pamudyandigere Andrew Bacevich; uye Iraq veteran neAfghan War kuridza mhere, Retident Colonel vakaenda pamudyandigere Danny Davis. Vese vari vatatu vakaratidza kuve vashandi vehurumende chaivo, manzwi anokatyamadza, uye - pane imwe nhanho - vapi vezano vanodiwa. Kune zvirinani kana kuipa, zvisinei, hapana anotakura mukana wemukuru akarega basa wetiyeta kana ane mukurumbira wenyeredzi ina anopa zvirevo zvakafanana.
Chimwe chinhu chinofanirwa kuzvidavirira kune veteran dissenters vanokwira padanho reColonel. Zviripachena, pane zvikonzero zvega nei maofficial ega akasarudza kuenda pamudyandigere kana kusaita general kana admiral. Zvakadaro, sisitimu yekusarudza vatungamiriri vemureza inofanira kusimudza mibvunzo mishoma kana zvasvika pakushaikwa kwemanzwi ekurwisa hondo pakati pevakuru vakasiya basa. Muchokwadi, komiti yekusarudza yevakuru vepamusoro uye vamiriri vanogadzwa gore rega rega kuti vasarudze anotevera colonels kuti vawane nyeredzi yavo yekutanga. Uye pamwe haungashamisi kuziva izvozvo, maererano nevakawanda mishumo, "Nhengo dzebhodhi rino dzinoda, kana dzisina kunyatsokurudzirwa, kutsvaga vamiriri mumufananidzo wavo - mapurisa ane mabasa akafanana neavo." Padanho diki, hurongwa hwakadai hahuna kuvakwa kuti husimudzire vanofungira vakasununguka, kwete kubereka vangangopikisa.
Zvione sekunge kushamisa kwemhando iyo sisitimu iyi yakatanga kugamuchira kutsoropodza munguva yedu yehondo dzekusingaperi apo General David Petraeus, ipapo achiraira vakaziviswa zvikuru "kuwedzeraโ muIraq, aifanira kusiya nhandare yehondo muna 2007 kuti ashande sesachigaro wekomiti yekusarudza. Chikonzero: aida kuve nechokwadi chekuti mutungamiri wepamusoro-soro, mutevedzeri wake - remangwana Trump National Security Advisor HR McMaster - akawana nyeredzi yake.
Vaongorori vezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika vakanyanya kutaura nezvenyaya iyi panguva iyoyo sekunge kwaive kunyomba kukuru, nekuti vazhinji vavo vaive nechokwadi chekuti Petraeus neake akapokana kana "COINdinistaโ protรฉgรฉs uye โitsvaโDzidziso yekurwa hondo yaive nekubata kwemashiripiti kwaizotenderedza hondo dzakatadza muIraq neAfghanistan. Muchokwadi, Petraeus akaedza kushandisa iwo hunyanzvi kaviri - kamwe chete munyika imwe neimwe - sezvakaita acolytes ake akazotevera, uye iwe unoziva zvawanikwa kubva ipapo.
Asi heino pfungwa yacho: zvakatora kupindira kweawa yegumi neimwe nemukuru weAmerica ane mukurumbira panguva iyoyo kuti nyeredzi itsva dzipiwe kune vane mukurumbira colonels avo, kusvika panguva iyoyo, vakatemwa nematombo neCold War-bred flag officer nekuti vaisimudzira zvakasiyana ( asiwo zvinoshamisa kujaira) maitiro muhondo dzenyika ino. Fungidzira, zvino, zvingave zvingaite kuti hutungamiriri hwakadaro hubudise vanopokana vechokwadi vane nyeredzi dzemhando ipi neipi yakakomba, zvisingaite boka remangwana Smedley Butlers.
Pamidzi yehurongwa uhu hunoisa kushushikana kweAmerican officer corps ne "professionalizationโMushure mehondo yeVietnam. Izvi zvakatanga kuzviratidza musarudzo yekusiya tsika yevagari vemauto, magumo dhizaini, uye gadzira "vese-vanozvipira simba." Kubviswa kwekunyoreswa, se akafanotaura nevatsoropodzi panguva iyoyo, akasika kupatsanurana kuri kuramba kuchikura kwemauto evagari, kunyangwe kwakawedzera kusakendenga kwevanhu nezvehondo dzeAmerica nekudzima chero โganda mumutamboโ vagari vakawanda vaiva nazvo.
Zvinopfuura kungobatsira kudzikisira kuratidzira kwevarwi vehondo, kunyange zvakadaro, hunyanzvi hwemauto, uye hwevakuru vemauto kunyanya, hwakaona kuti chero ramangwana reSmedley Butlers raizosiiwa muguruva (kana pamudyandigere padanho relieutenant colonel kana colonel. ) nehurongwa hwakagadzirirwa kugadzira faux warrior-monks. Muenzaniso wehuwandu hwakadai ndisachigaro weJoint Chiefs yeVashandi Army General Mark Milley. Anogona kutaura gruffly uye achitaridzika kunge murume ane musoro wake, asi kazhinji anozongove mumwewo zvake hongu-murume kune rimwe hondo-simba-nzara purezidhendi.
Rimwe boka revakuru vemauto, zvisinei, zvakataurwa ikozvino yave nayo kune Mutungamiri Trump - asi kwete nekuti vanopokana nehondo isingaperi. Asi, ivo vanonzi vanofunga kuti The Donald "haateerere zvakakwana kune mauto zano" pane, iwe unoziva, kurwa hondo zvachose uye zuva.
Chii chaizofungwa naSmedley Butler Nhasi?
Mumakore ake ekuenda pamudyandigere, Smedley Butler aigara akatarisa chikamu chehupfumi chemitemo yehondo yeAmerica. Akaona zviri pachena kuti makakatanwa aakanga arwa nawo, sarudzo dzaakanga abatsira pakubiridzira, kubvuta masimba kwaakanga aita, uye mauto aakanga aumba nokupa masimba kunyika dziri kure, zvose zvakanga zvaita zvaidiwa nevaiisa mari mumakambani eUnited States. Kunyangwe hazvo zviri pachena zviri kuitika nhasi, izvi zvichiri kuitika mumakakatanwa eAmerica mushure me9/11, kunyangwe dzimwe nguva zvinonyadzisa (sepanguva iyo shumiro yemafuta yeIraqi yainyanya kukosha. chete chivakwa cheveruzhinji chakachengetedzwa nemauto eAmerica sezvo vapambi vakabvarura guta guru reIraq, Baghdad, mumhirizhonga yakaitika mushure mekupinda muna Kubvumbi 2003). Kazhinji, zvakadaro, pesvedzero yakadaro inotamba zvakanyanya zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura izvozvo, zvose kunze kwenyika uye pano pamba apo hondo idzodzo dzinobatsira kuchengetedza rekodhi purofiti yevagadziri vezvombo vepamusoro venzvimbo yemauto-maindasitiri.
Chikara icho, chakatanga kuzivikanwa neMutungamiri Dwight D. Eisenhower, chavepo steroids sevakuru veAmerica vari pamudyandigere nguva dzose kufamba zvakananga kubva kumauto kuenda kumabhodhi ehofori yezvidziviriro makondirakiti, chokwadi chinongokonzera kushomeka kwevaButlers munharaunda yevanorega basa. Nehuwori hwese hwenguva yake, Pentagon yanga isati yavapo uye nzira kubva kumauto kuenda, toti, United Fruit Company, Standard Oil, kana mamwe mahofori emakambani epanguva iyoyo anga asati agadziriswa mauto nevamiriri. . Fungidzira kuti Butler angadai akatii nezve chiitiko chemazuva ano che "gonhi rinotendereraโMuWashington.
Ehe, akashanda mune imwe nguva yakasiyana kwazvo, imwe umo mari yemauto nemauto aive achiri kukwikwidzwa muCongress. Semushoropodzi wenguva refu we capitalist yakawandisa akanyorera zvinyorwa zvekusiya uye akatsigira mumiriri weSocialist Party musarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika dza1936, Butler angadai akawana dzanhasi zvishoma matrillion-dollar epagore ekudzivirira mabhajeti kupfuura kutenda. Izvo grizzled aimbove Marine kare akazivikanwa sehukama hunyengeri pakati pehondo nemari "imo purofiti inoverengerwa mumadhora uye kurasikirwa muhupenyu" inoita kunge yasvika pamagumo echisikigo muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe. Nyaya iripo: rekodhi (uye achiri kusimuka) "kudzivirira" kushandiswa kwemazuva ano, kusanganisira - kufadza mutungamiri - kusikwa kwebasa idzva rehondo rine chinangwa chekuzara kwemauto. nzvimbo.
Zvinosuruvarisa kuti, muzera raTrump, sekuwanda musarudzo ratidza, mauto eUS ndiyo yega sangano revanhu vekuAmerica vachiri kuvimba nazvo. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu, zvingave zvinobatsira sei kuva nemukuru wepamusoro-soro, akashongedzwa zvakanyanya, ane shasha akasiya basa muButler mold achikurudzira ruzhinji rusina hanya rwakatenderedza idzo hondo dzedu dzekusingaperi. Nehurombo, mukana weizvozvo haugone, kupihwa hurongwa hwemauto hwenguva yedu.
Ehe, Butler haana kunyatsopedzisa hupenyu hwake nekukunda. Mukupera kwaChivabvu 1940, arasikirwa nemapaunzi makumi maviri neshanu nekuda kwehurwere uye kuneta - uye akabatwa nedhimoni seanomira ari kuruboshwe, anozviparadzanisa nevamwe asi achiramba aine chirongwa chechamupupuri chekutaura - akazvitarisa muPhiladelphia Navy Yard Hospital kuti "azorore." Akafira ikoko, zvichida nekenza, mavhiki mana gare gare. Kuzvishandira kusvika pakufa mumakore ake gumi ekuenda pamudyandigere uye basa rechipiri seakazvarwa patsva anorwira hondo, zvisinei, anogona kunge akangoita sevhisi yakanyanya kunaka iyo iyo akahwina Menduru yeKukudzwa kaviri angadai akapa nyika yaaida kune iyo. end.
Mumwe wekuvimbika kwake, hunhu hwake, uye kutendeseka kunodiwa zvakanyanya kupfuura nakare kose nhasi. Zvinosuruvarisa, chizvarwa chemauto ichi hachikwanisi kuburitsa chimiro chakadaro. Mukurega, Butler pachake noushingi akareurura kuti, โkufanana nemitezo yose yebasa rechiuto, handina kumbofunga zvangu ndoga kutozosvikira ndasiya basa racho. Mano angu epfungwa airamba akarembedzwa apo ini ndaiteerera mirairo yevakuru-vakuru. Izvi zvakajairika. โโฆ
Nhasi, vatungamiriri vemauto vanoita kunge vasina pfungwa yavo pachavo kunyange pakurega basa. Uye zvakanyanya kusiririsa ...
Danny Sjursen, a TomDispatch dzose, mukuru pamudyandigere weUS Army uye aimbove murairidzi wenhoroondo kuWest Point. Akashanda nzendo muIraq neAfghanistan uye zvino anogara muLawrence, Kansas. Akanyora memoir yeHondo yeIraq, Ghost Vatasvi veBaghdad: Varwi, Vagari vemo, uye Ngano yeSeji uye bhuku rake riri kuuya, Patriotic Dissent: America muZera reIsingaperi Hondo, inowanikwa ku pre-odha. Mutevere pa Twitter pa @SkepticalVet uye tarisa podcast yake "Nhare paChikomo. "
Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kuoneka paTomDispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, co-muvambi weAmerican Empire Project, munyori we Kupera Kwekukunda Tsika, seyenoveli, Mazuva Ekupedzisira Ekudhinda. Bhuku rake razvino ndereRudzi Rusina Kugadzirwa Nehondo (Haymarket Books).
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Ndakadzidza nezvaGen. Butler makore mazhinji apfuura pandakanga ndichigara kunze kweUS asi muverengi anodisa wevakawanda, kusanganisira Howard Zinn. Ndakanga ndave ndiri muUto, mukuru mukuru, uye ndakarega basa rangu nemhaka yokuti ndakaziva kuti chimiro chendangariro chakanga chiri chechiuto uye kutapura kwacho pavarume nevakadzi vakawanda. Ndakanga ndisisakwanisi kuva chikamu chayo. Iniwo ndanga ndichidzidza nezve nhoroondo yeUS yekugadzira hondo uye kukanganisa kwayo panyika uye varume nevakadzi vedzimwe nyika. Kushaikwa kwevazhinji kana Gen. Butler's inotitaurira zvakawanda zvatiri.