Zvinhu zvinoshaika. Zvinofanira kutarisirwa. Kunyangwe kuPentagon. Gumiguru rapfuura, inspector general wePentagon akataura kuti maaccountant emauto akakanganisa muparadzi, matangi akati wandei uye vatakuri vevarwi vane zvombo, mazana epfuti dzemuchina, kutenderera kweammo, magirinedhi uye mamwe makomba emhepo. Mune zvese, inoda kusvika madhora mabhiriyoni masere ezvombo aive AWOL.
Iwo anomalies akashata zvakakwana. Asi chiri kunyatso kutonhora inyaya yekuti Pentagon yarasa nzwimbo yaamai vezvombo zvese, bhomba rehydrogen. Chombo chethermonuclear, chakagadzirirwa kupisa Moscow, chakagara kune imwe nzvimbo kubva kumhenderekedzo yeSavannah, Georgia kwemakore makumi mana apfuura. Air Force yaenda kureba kuti ivanze njodzi pane kutsvaga bhomba nekurichengetedza.
Husiku hwaFebruary 5, 1958 bhomba reB-47 Stratojet rakatakura bhomba rehydrogen parwendo rwekudzidzira husiku kubva kumhenderekedzo yeGeorgia yakadhumhana neF-86 Saberjet fighter pa36,000 tsoka. Kudhumhana uku kwakaparadza murwi uye kwakakuvadza zvakanyanya bapiro remubhomba, zvichisiya imwe yeinjini yayo yadzingirwa zvishoma. Mutyairi webhomba, Maj. Howard Richardson, akarairwa kuti arove bhomba reH asati aedza kumhara. Richardson akakanda bhomba mumvura isina kudzika yeWassaw Slough, pedyo nemuromo weSavannah River, mamaira mashoma kubva kuguta reTybee Island, kwaaifunga kuti bhomba raizowanikwa nekukasika.
Pentagon yakanyora chiitiko ichi mune yakavanzika memo kuna sachigaro weAtomic Energy Commission. Memo yacho yakanzi yakadzikiswa zvishoma: "Ndege yeB-47 ine [izwi rakadzokororwa] chombo chenyukireya chakanga chakuvadzwa pakudhumhana nendege yeF-86 pedyo neSylvania, Georgia, musi waKukadzi 5, 1958. Ndege yeB-47 yakaedza. katatu pasina chamuwana kumhara nechombo. Chombo chakabva chasimudzwa pamusoro pemvura kubva pamuromo weSavannah River. Hapana kubhowekana."
Nenguva isipi mapoka ekutsvaga neanonunura akatumirwa kunzvimbo iyi. Wassaw Slough akavharirwa zvisinganzwisisike nemauto eAir Force. Kwemavhiki matanhatu, Air Force yakatsvaga bhomba pasina kubudirira. Vanofamba-famba vari pasi pemvura vaiongorora pakadzika, mauto aitsika-tsika mumachakwi ane munyu aiva pedyo, uye blimp yaitenderera panzvimbo yacho ichiedza kuona gomba kana gomba mumhenderekedzo yegungwa kana pamatope. Kwapera mwedzi chete, kutsvaka kwakangoerekana kwamira. Mauto eMhepo yakatumira mauto ayo kuFlorence, South Carolina, uko rimwe H-bhomba rakanga radonhedzwa netsaona neB-47. Bhomba mazana maviri emapaunzi eTNT akaputika pakukanganisa, achitumira marara eradioactive munzvimbo yese. Kuputika uku kwakakonzera kukanganisa kukuru kwepfuma uye kukuvara kwakawanda pasi. Sezvineiwo, iyo nuke pachayo haina kuputika.
Zvikwata zvekutsvaga hazvina kumbodzokera kuTybee Island, uye nyaya yeH-bhomba yakarasika yakavharwa nekuchenjera. Magumo ekutsvaga akacherechedzwa mune chikamu declassified memo kubva kuPentagon kuenda kuAEC, umo Air Force yakakumbira zvine ruremekedzo H-bhomba idzva kutsiva iyo yarasika. "Kutsvaga chombo ichi kwakamiswa musi wa4-16-58 uye chombo chinonzi chakarasika zvisingadzoreki. Zvinokumbirwa kuti chombo chimwe [chirevo chakadzokororwa] chiwanikwe kuti chibudiswe kuDOD sechinotsiva."
Paive nedambudziko guru, hongu, uye Pentagon yaizviziva. Mumwedzi mitatu yekutanga ye1958 chete, Air Force yakave netsaona huru ina dzinosanganisira H-bhomba. (Kubva muna 1945, United States yakarasikirwa nezvombo zvenyukireya gumi nechimwe.) Bhomba reTybee Island rakaramba richityisidzira, sezvakabvumwa neAEC muna June 11, 10 yakanyorwa memo kuCongress: โPane mukana wokuwanikwa netsaona kwechombo chisati chawanikwa kuburikidza. kudhirowa kana kuvaka munzvimbo inogona kuitika. โฆ Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rakakumbirwa kuti ritarise zviitiko zvese zvekuchera nekuvaka. "
Asi varoyi veAmagedhoni vakazviona zvishoma senge chengetedzo, chengetedzo kana dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza, pane njodzi inogona kuitika yehukama neveruzhinji iyo inogona kushandura vanhu vagara vachipokana kurwisa chirongwa chavo chenyukireya. Pentagon neAEC vakaedza kudzikamisa kufarira vezvenhau panyaya iyi nekuburitsa chidimbu chemanyepo uye kurasika kwakawanda. Mukutaura kwakabatana kune vezvenhau, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro neAEC vakabvuma kuti radioactivity inogona "kuparadzirwa" nekuputika kwekuputika kwepamusoro muH-bhomba. Asi tsamba yacho yakaratidza kuti zvingangoitika zvakadaro: "Mukana wekuti imwe tsaona ingangosanganisira chombo chenyukireya wakaganhurirwa zvikuru."
Kutaura zvazviri, chiitiko ichocho chakanga chatoitika uye chaizoitika zvakare.
Ndipo pakamira nyaya kweanopfuura makore makumi mana nemaviri kudzamara kambani yakadzika yegungwa yekununura, inotungamirwa nevaimbove vashandi veAir Force uye mumiriri weCIA, yaburitsa pachena kuvepo kwebhomba uye yakazvipira kuritsvaga nemiriyoni yemadhora. Pamwe chete nemagwaro achangobva declassified, kuburitswa kwakakonzera kutya uye kutsamwa pakati pevagari vemahombekombe uye kunodaidza congressional kuferefeta chiitiko chacho uye nei Pentagon yakanga yamira kutsvaga bhomba rakarasika. "Tinotya nekuti mamwe emashoko aya akafukidzwa kwemakore," akadaro Rep. Jack Kingston, weGeorgia Republican.
Kuvhara kunoenderera mberi. Air Force, zvisinei, yakaudza vagari veko pamwe nenhumwa dzekongiresi kuti hapana chekunetsekana nacho.
"Takatarisa nyaya iyi kubva kumativi ose uye takasununguka," akadaro Major Gen. Franklin J. "Judd" Blaisdell, mutevedzeri wemukuru wevashandi vekushanda kwemhepo uye nzvimbo pamuzinda weAir Force muWashington. "Nyaya yedu huru ndeyekusvibiswa kweheavy metal."
Mauto eMhepo akatotaura kuti bhomba pacharo rakanga risina pfuti yeplutonium trigger. Asi gakava iri rinopokana nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Howard Dixon, aichimbova sajeni weAir Force uyo aiita basa rokuisa zvombo zvenyukireya mundege, akati mumakore ake 31 eruzivo rwokuzviwanira haana kumbobvira ayeuka bhomba raiiswa mundege yakanga isina pfuti yakakwana. Uyezve, ichangobva kuderedzwa 1966 congressional testimony yaWJ Howard, ipapo mubatsiri munyori wezvidziviriro, anotsanangura bhomba reTybee Island se "chombo chakakwana, bhomba rine capsule yenyukireya." Howard akataura kuti bhomba reTybee Island raive chimwe chezvombo zviviri zvakarasika kusvika panguva iyoyo izvo zvine plutonium trigger.
Nguva pfupi yadarika magwaro akadzikiswa anoratidza kuti bhomba rakaiswa mujeti raive "Mk-15, Mod O" bhomba rehydrogen, rairema matani mana uye rakatakura kanopfuura ka100 kanoputika chibhakera cheiyo yakapisa Hiroshima. Ichi ndicho chaive chombo chekutanga chethermonuclear chakaiswa neAir Force uye chaive nechimiro chekare chakagadzirwa neiyo shasha yakaipa Edward Teller. Iyo chete yakakundikana-yakachengeteka yechombo ichi kwaive kuparadzaniswa kwemuviri kweplutonium capsule (kana gomba) kubva pachombo.
Kuwedzera kune yekutanga nyukireya capsule, bhomba racho raivewo nechechipiri chinoputika chenyukireya, kana kuti sparkplug, chakagadzirirwa kuita kuti iende thermo. Iri ipulagi ine hollow inenge inch in diameter yakagadzirwa neplutonium kana yakafumiswa uranium (iyo Pentagon haina kumbobvira yataura izvo) iyo izere nefusi yefusion, ingangoita lithium-6 deuteride. Lithium inonyanya kushandiswa mumvura. Iyo plutonium mubhomba yakagadzirwa paHanford Nuclear Site muWashington State uye ingave yekare kudarika muUnited States. Idzo inhau dzakaipa: Plutonium inowedzera njodzi sezvainokura. Pamusoro pezvo, bhomba racho rinenge riine zvimwe zvinhu zvine radioactive, zvakaita seuranium neberyllium.
Bhomba racho rinobhadhariswawo 400 pounds eTNT, rakagadzirirwa kuita kuti plutonium trigger iputike uye nokudaro kutanga kuputika kwenyukireya. Nekufamba kwemakore, izvo zvinoputika zvakakwirira zviri kuita zvitete, brittle uye kunzwa. Bhomba rinogona kunge rakavigwa mu5 kusvika ku15 tsoka dzejecha uye zvishoma nezvishoma richinyudza radioactivity munzvimbo dzakapfuma dzekuchera dzeWassaw Slough. Kana Pentagon isingawane bhomba reTybee Island, vamwe vanogona. Ndiwo mhedziso yaBert Soleau, aimbove mukuru weCIA uyo ave kushanda neASSURE, iyo salvage kambani. Soleau, injiniya wemakemikari, akati hazvingave zvakaoma kuti magandanga awane chombo uye atorezve lithium, beryllium uye yakapfumisa uranium, "zvivakwa zvakakosha zvezvombo zvenyukireya." Kuita sei? Vagari vemumhenderekedzo yegungwa vanoda kuti chombo chiwanikwe chobviswa. "Plutonium inotyisa uye vanhu vavo vanozviziva," akadaro Pam O'Brien, murongi anorwisa nuke anobva kuDouglassville, Georgia. "Inogona kupinda muzvinhu zvose-meso ako, mapfupa ako, magonad ako. Haumbozvikundi. Vanofanira kubvisa chinhu ichocho kubva ipapo."
Mamiriro ezvinhu anoyeuchidza chiitiko chePalomares. Musi waNdira 16, 1966, bhomba reB-52, rakanga rakatakura mabhomba mana ehydrogen, rakadonha richiedza kuwedzera mafuta pakati pemhepo pamusoro pemahombekombe eSpain. Matatu emabhomba eH akamhara pedyo nemusha wekurima wepamahombekombe wePalomares. Rimwe remabhomba acho rakamhara pamubhedha wainge wakaoma werukova uye rikawanikwa, rarohwa asi rakanga risisina kusimba. Asi iyo TNT mumabhomba maviri yakaputika, ichichera makomba 10-tsoka muvhu uye ichinaya uranium neplutonium munzvimbo yakakura. Mumwedzi mitatu yakatevera, anopfuura 1,400 matani evhu remwaranzi nezvinomera zvakasimudzwa, zvakaiswa mumadhiramu uye, zvinoshamisa zvakakwana, zvakatakurwa zvakadzoserwa kuSavannah River Nuclear Weapons Lab, kwainosara. Minda yemadomasi pedyo nemakoronga yakapiswa ikavigwa. Asi hapana mubvunzo kuti nekuda kwemhepo ine simba uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvevhu rakasvibiswa zvakangosiiwa munzvimbo iyi. โKupararira kwacho hakuzombozivikanwi,โ wakagumisa mushumo wa1975 neDefence Nuclear Agency.
Kucheneswa kwacho kwaive kushanda pamwe chete pakati pevashandi veAir Force nenhengo dzevarindi veSpain. Vashandi vekuUS vaipfeka zvipfeko zvekudzivirira uye vakatariswa kuti vaonekwe nemwaranzi, asi matanho akafanana haana kutorwa kune vamwe vavo vekuSpain. "Air Force yakanga isina kugadzirira kupa ruzivo rwakakwana uye kutarisa kwevashandi pakaitika tsaona yendege inosanganisira zvombo zveplutonium munzvimbo iri kure kune imwe nyika," mukuru weAir Force aitarisira kuchenesa akazopupura kuCongress.
Bhomba rechina rakamhara mamaira masere kubva kumahombekombe uye rakange risipo kwemwedzi yakati wandei. Yakazopedzisira yawanikwa nediki-submarine mumamita 2,850 emvura, kwairi kusvika nhasi.
Makore maviri gare gare, pana Ndira 21, 1968, tsaona yakafanana yakaitika apo B-52 yakabatira moto mukubhururuka pamusoro peGreenland ndokubondera muNorth Star Bay yakafukidzwa neaizi pedyo neThule Air Base. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaparadza zvinoputika mumabhomba mana emundege H, akaparadzira uranium, tritium uye plutonium pamusoro pe 2,000-foot radius. Moto mukuru wakanyungudusa gomba muaizi, iyo yakabva yaita chando, ichifukidza uraswa hwakawanda, kusanganisira thermonuclear assembly kubva kune rimwe bhomba. Basa rekudzoreredza, rakaitwa pedyo nerima rakazara patembiricha yakanyura kusvika kuminus-70 madhigirii, yaizivikanwa seProjekti Crested Ice. Asi vashandi vebasa vakaitumidza kuti "Dr. Freezelove."
Zvinopfuura 10,000 matani echando nechando zvakachekwa, ndokuiswa mumadhiramu ndokuendeswa kuSavannah River neOak Ridge kunoraswa. Mamwe marara eradioactive aingosiiwa panzvimbo, kuti anyunguduke mubay mushure mechirimo chanyungudika. Vashandi vanopfuura 3,000 XNUMX vakabatsira mukuedza kupora kweThule, vazhinji vavo vari varwi veDenmark. SekuPalomares, vazhinji vevashandi vekuAmerica vakapihwa giya rekudzivirira, asi kwete maDanes, vakaita basa rakawanda rine njodzi, kusanganisira kuzadza madhiramu nemarara, kazhinji nemaoko. Iyo decontamination maitiro aive echinyakare kutaura zvishoma. Mushumo weAir Force wakataura kuti vakacheneswa "nekungotsvaira chando kubva panguo nemotokari."
Kunyange zvazvo kupfuura 38 Navy zvikepe zvakadanwa kuzobatsira mukugadzirisa basa, uye chaive chakavanzika chakavhurika kuti mabhomba akanga arasika, Pentagon yakaramba ichireva nhema pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu. Mukukakavadzana nevenhau, mutauriri wePentagon akataura izvi zvishoma zvechiuto zvekutaura: "Handizive nezvebhomba risipo, asi hatina kunyatsoona zvandinofunga kuti uri kutsvaga."
Apo vashandi veDanish paThule vakatanga kurwara kubva pachirwere chechirwere, kubva kukenza isingawanzoitiki kusvika kuhosha dzeropa, Pentagon yakaramba kubatsira. Kunyange pashure pokunge ongororo yedenda ye1987 yakaitwa nesangano rezvokurapa reDanish yakaratidza kuti vashandi veThule vakanga vane mukana we50 muzana wokuva nekenza kupfuura dzimwe nhengo dzeuto reDenmark, Pentagon ichiri kuramba kubatira pamwe. Gare gare gore iroro, mazana maviri evashandi akamhanโarira United States pasi pemutemo weForeign Military Claims Act. Mhosva yakarambwa, asi nzira yekuwanikwa yakaratidza zviuru zvemapeji ezvinyorwa zvakavanzika nezve chiitiko ichi, kusanganisira chokwadi chekuti vashandi veAir Force panzvimbo iyi, kusiyana nemaDanes, havana kutariswa kwenguva refu yehutano. Kunyange zvakadaro, Pentagon inoramba ichichengeta zvakawanda zvezvinhu zviri pachiitiko cheThule chakavanzika, kusanganisira chero ruzivo rwehuwandu hweiyo radioactive (uye imwe muchetura) kusvibiswa.
Kuedza kupora uku hakukurudzire kuvimba kwakawanda. Asi bhomba reTybee Island rinopa mamiriro akanyanya kubata. Kuvapo kweiyo isingagadzike lithium deuteride uye kuderera kwezvinoputika zvinoputika zvinoita kuti kudzosa bhomba kuve chirevo chine njodzi-ane njodzi, kutaura zvazviri, zvekuti kunyangwe vamwe vezvemamiriro ekunze uye vanopikisa nuke vanopokana kuti zvinogona kupa njodzi shoma kusiya bhomba. chero kwazviri.
Muchidimbu, hapana mhinduro dziri nyore. Dambudziko rinowedzerwa nekutadza kwePentagon kuita ongororo yakazara yemamiriro ezvinhu uye kusada kuburitsa zvarinoziva zvizere. "Ini ndinotenda kuti plutonium capsule iri mubhomba, asi kuti kuputika kwenyukireya hazvigoneke nekuti majenareta eutron aishandiswa kumashure aive polonium-beryllium, ine hupenyu hupfupi," akadaro Don Moniak, nyanzvi yezvombo zvenyukireya. Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League muAiken, South Carolina. "Pasina manyutroni, zvombo zvegiredhi plutonium hazviputi. Zvisineyi, panogona kunge paine fission kana chiitiko chekutsoropodza kana plutonium neimwe nzira yakaiswa mune zvisirizvo. sezvanga zvichitarisirwa. Kana kuti panogona kungova nekuputika kwakaparadzira uranium neplutonium mugehena rose."
Ichi chinyorwa chinowanikwa mubhuku ririkuuya, Loose Nukes rakaburitswa naCount Zero Press.
Jeffrey St. Clair ndiye munyori weBeen Brown So Long It Looks Like Green to Me: the Politics of Nature uye Grand Theft Pentagon. Bhuku rake idzva, Akazvarwa Pasi Pedenga Rakaipa, achangobva kuAK Press / CounterPunch mabhuku. Anogona kuwanikwa pa: [email inodzivirirwa].
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