Ukraine yakapfuura nekuunganidza vanhu vakawanda uye shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika muna Mbudzi, 2014 - Kukadzi, 2015. Mune izvi inofanana nekurwisana muTunisia neEgypt kubvira 2010, uye sezvakaitika kuEgypt, migumisiro yekurwisana uku (kusvika nhasi) yakaodza mwoyo zvakanyanya. yeruboshwe muUnited States uye, zvechokwadi, pasi rose. Kusiyana nekurwisana kweEgypt neTunisia, zvisinei, kubva pakutanga kwayo kurwisana muUkraine kwaionekwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana nemativi akasiyana ekuruboshwe. Vamwe vakaona kurwa kweMaidan sesangano risiri pamutemo raitsigira hurumende yeUS (kana kuti US/EU) saka rinofanira kupikiswa. Vamwe vakazviona zvakanaka.
Yakanyanya kuwanda yenhaurirano kuruboshwe uye muzvinyorwa zvinofambira mberi, mumaonero angu, yakatarisana nemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika ematambudziko muUkraine. Zvishoma zvakanyanya zvakatarisa kutadza kwemasangano aya akabudirira kubvisa hurumende dzawo muUkraine asiwo muEgypt neTunisia kuunza hurumende dzakabva pakutsigira hutsinye, kusunga mabhandi, uye kutsigira neo-liberalism. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti nhaurirano shoma shoma yakanangana nekutadza kwemhepo yekuruboshwe mune chero yeaya mafambiro ekugadzira kuyedza kwakakomba kuunza socialist, anarchist, yezvemamiriro ekunze kana kurongeka kweiyo horizontalist yehupfumi nemagariro enzanga.
Muchikamu chino, ini ndinotanga kuedza kujekesa zvakaitika muUkraine, ndichitarisa zvakanyanya pane zviitiko mubato reKyiv Maidan asiwo kugadzirisa zvakaitika kubva ipapo. Ndinovakira zvandinotaura pamashoko eshamwari dzangu dzakatora chikamu mariri. Pakupera kwebepa, ndichataurawo mibvunzo yakawanda yakakosha yekuongorora: 1. Sei hurumende yakatanga kubva mune zvematongerwo enyika-amorphous yakakurumbira shanduko yave iri bapiro rekurudyi; 2. sei pasina kufamba kwevazhinji kwakagadziridzwa kupikisa kubva kuruboshwe kuomarara kwakaderedza zvakanyanya mararamiro mumwedzi kubva ichi chimurenga; uye 3. ndezvipi zvinorehwa nezviitiko izvi kune zvakasara-zviripo zvakasara munyika dze "post-Communist" uye kune dzimwe nyika.
Kusiyana nevakawanda vekuAmerica vanonyora uye vanotaura nezvezviitiko izvi, ndaiva neshamwari dzakanaka dzinoverengeka muUkraine zviitiko izvi zvisati zvatanga. Ndakanga ndasangana navo nekuti ndakaita tsvakiridzo (uye kubatsira mukuratidzira) nezveHIV/AIDS kubvira 1983, nehuwandu hwetsvakiridzo iyi yakanangana nevanhu vanoshandisa zvinodhaka nenharaunda dzavanogara. Mumakore ekuma1990, mushure mokunge USSR yaparara, HIV yakatanga kupararira pakati pevanoshandisa zvinodhaka vekuUkraine uye vanoita zvepabonde. Vanhu vakazova shamwari dzangu vakabatanidzwa mukuedza kumisa kupararira kwayo uye kubatsira avo vairwara, kunyanya kuburikidza nemabasa eInternational AIDS Alliance Ukraine, masangano ekurapa akasiyana-siyana uye All-Ukrainian Network of People Living with HIV. Ndakapinda mukuedza kwavo muna 2010 pavakafunga kushandisa dzimwe pfungwa dzangu kuedza kumisa kupararira kweHIV. Mumakore mashoma aitevera, kunyanya pakushanya kwandaienda kuUkraine kaviri kana katatu pagore asiwo pataizosangana kumisangano yepasi rose pamusoro pekushandisa zvinodhaka uye/kana HIV, takagoverana mukuedza uku uye zvimwe zvezvimwe zvirongwa zvavo. Dzimwe nguva taiva shamwari dzepedyo. Somuenzaniso, mune dzimwe nguva, vakatsvaka mazano angu pamusoro pezvinetso nevadiwa kana dzimwe nyaya dzepedyo.
Pane imwe yenzendo dzangu dzokutanga kuUkraine, anenge makore maviri kurwisana kwaMaidan kusati kwatanga, ndakaororwa nokudzika kwakaita pfungwa yehurumende yeRussia mundangariro dzeshamwari dzangu kupfuura zvandaitarisira. Zvakabva pakunzwisisa kwavo, zvichibva pane zvavakadzidza muchikoro uye kubva mundangariro dzemhuri, nezvezvakaitika zvevaUkraine 1917 isati yasvika, panguva yeChimurenga, kubva munzara nekudzvinyirirwa kwenyika kwema1930, uye mumakumi emakore kubvira. Zvakanyanya kusimbiswa pandiri nemukadzi wechidiki wandakashanda naye akakurira muOdessa mumhuri isiri-elite. Sezvandakafunga pamusoro pezvavaitaura pamusoro peizvi uye dzimwe nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi, ndakaona kuti zvakadzama sei kuziva kweshamwari dzangu muUkraine-uye ndinogona kuwedzera, nezveshamwari dzangu muRussia nePoland idzo dziri kushanda nadzo. vanoshandisa zvinodhaka, vanoita zvebonde nevamwe vakatarisana nedenda reHIV munyika dzavoโkunoumbwa zvikuru nokunzwisisa kwavo kuti icho vamwe vanodana kuti โstate socialismโ chakanga chiri chinhu chakaipa. Sezvo vakadzidziswa, uye vachidzidziswa, kuti ichi ndicho musimboti weMarxism uye wepfungwa inopikisa capitalist, izvi zvinoisa zvipingamupinyi kukufunga kweshamwari dzangu kuburikidza nemhedzisiro inobvira uye marongero echimurenga chavo cheMaidan - zvipingamupinyi zvinotooma kupfuura izvo zvatinotarisana nazvo. muU.SA
Munguva yekutambudzika kwaMaidan, ndakava nehurukuro nevamwe vavo kuburikidza neSkype ne-e-mail, uye ndakava nemukana mukupera kwaNdira, 2014, apo nhamo dzeMaidan dzakanga dzava kusvika kumagumo, kuti ndive nemaawa akati wandei takatarisana nehurukuro nemumwe. yavo mune imwe nyika mumamiriro ezvinhu apo taigona kutaura takasununguka tisingatyi kuti vamwe vaizoziva zvataitaura. Panguva iyoyo nekufamba kwenguva, fungidziro yangu yaive yakafanana pakati pezvaaitsanangura nezvandinorangarira nezvesangano reUS pakati pemakore ekuma1960 maererano nekuve kuedza kuronga democracy kubva pasi uku tichirwa hondo inogona kufa nayo. iyo "simba chimiro." Muna Chivabvu, panguva yekupokana muOdessa, shamwari dzangu mbiri, kusanganisira yandakataura naye muna Ndira, vaive muNew York uye vaive muhofisi yangu pavakanzwa nezve nzira yekukonana kwakaitika pakati pepro- uye anti-Maidan. mauto akanga aita mhirizhonga yakawanda kumativi ose, uye kuti izvi zvakatungamirira sei kunjodzi yevazhinji vevanopesana naMaidan vakaurayiwa mumoto muchivako chavakanga vatizira machiri (vachienderera mberi kuchinjana pfuti nemauto e-pro-Maidan.) Panguva iyoyo, zvaive pachena kuti kutungamira kwedemocracy yekuziva kwavo kwaive kufambiswa nezviitiko kuenda kune imwe nzira yerudzi. Kubva ipapo, ndakataura neshamwari dzeUkraine chiso nechiso muAustralia panguva yeInternational AIDS Conference uye mukati menzendo dzemavhiki maviri kuenda kuOdessa neKyiv munaFebruary uye munaMay, 2015. Munguva yerwendo rwaFebruary, ndakava nehurukuro refu pamusoro pezvakanga zvaenda. pa, uye ndakawana zvakanyorwa kana tsananguro kubva kune vakati wandei vavo.
Zvinoreva izvi ndezvekuti ndine chivimbo chine musoro kuti tsananguro dzavakandipa mumwedzi ino dzave tsananguro dzechokwadi. Kusiyana nezvakawanda zvezvatinoverenga, hazvina kutaurwa nemuromo kana nekunyora โnechinangwa chezvematongerwo enyikaโ asi sekutaura kushamwari. Pane chinhu chimwe chete pane izvi, pamwe, pakuti pavakataura neni muna Kukadzi, 2015, vaiziva kuti ndakaronga kuinyora kuti ibudiswe neUS. (Uye ivo vanoziva kuti ndiri murwiri weMarxist antiwar muUS, uye kuti vateereri vangu vekutanga vachasiiwa. Izvo, ndingawedzera, shamwari dzangu hadzisi.) Asi kunyangwe muzviitiko izvi, vaitaura neni zvakanyanya senge shamwari. Izvi hazvimborevi kuti ndinofunga kuti mashoko avo โhaana kwaakarerekeraโ kana kuti โchinangwa,โ sezvo izvi zvisingabviri mumakakatanwa enzanga orudzi urwu. Asi ndinotenda kuti vaive mishumo yechokwadi nezve zvavakaita nezvavakaona.
Panguva ino, ndichapa tsananguro dzakati wandei dzandakapihwa neshamwari nezve zvakaitika kuKyiv Maidan mumwedzi yekurwira munaNovember, 2013, kusvika Kukadzi, 2014. Ndinozvipa zvakagadziridzwa chete kuti zvijekeswe.
Zviyeuchidzo zve Kyiv Maidan
Iyi seti yekutanga yekurangarira kubva kune achangopedza kudzidza muhutano hweveruzhinji kubva kuKyiv-Mohyla Academy, iyo chete yunivhesiti inodzidzisa hutano hwevanhu munyika. Ndakanga ndamukumbira kuti anyore zvakaitika kwaari uye izvi ndizvo zvaakanyora. Muhurukuro, anotaura nezvezviitiko izvi sechimurenga chavo.
Pakatanga zviitiko izvi zvese, hapana aigona kufungidzira kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aizoderera kusvika pari zvino. Kwakanga kuri kupera kwematsutso uye munhu wese akange akamirira kusaina chibvumirano chekupinda kuEU. KuUkraine yega yega yaireva chimwe chinhu chakasiyana: kune vamwe yaive mukana wekufamba, vamwe vakaiona semukana wekurarama semuEurope. Munhu wose aiziva kuti nzira iyi yaizova yakaoma, asi panguva imwe chete, inokosha zvikuru. Apo Yanukovych [ipapo Mutungamiriri] akati kusaina chibvumirano kunotamiswa [kumisa chibvumirano neRussia panzvimbo], yaive chiratidzo chekutanga chekuti takanyengerwa. Takanzwa zvipikirwa, uye hatina kuzvigamuchira. Uye saka zvichaenderera mberi mune ramangwana kana pasina chakachinjwa. Vadzidzi vagara vari rudzi rwechimurenga, uye naizvozvo pakanga pasina mubvunzo kuti kodzero dzedu dzinofanira kurwirwa, uye kana tikaramba takanyarara zvino, vaizotibiridzira nguva dzose. Mukuru weparamende yedu yevadzidzi pamwe chete nemumwe wake wepaNational University vakaronga musangano wevadzidzi uye ndakaziva kuti ndaifanira kuva chikamu chawo. Takasangana pedyo neKyiv-Mohyla academy pamwe chete nevadzidzisi vedu nevakapedza kudzidza. Paiva nevanhu vanenge 500. Panguva iyoyo ndakatotadza kunzwisisa kuti tainge tave kutanga kurwa. Zvaiva zvakaipa kuti vamwe vezvematongerwo enyika vakada kutaura pachena nezvechido chedu chekuti takasununguka.
Ndinofunga kuti Maidan aiva nemapfundo ake makuru matatu [edambudziko]. Yekutanga yaive husiku apo mapurisa akarova tara pavadzidzi. Vamwe vavo ishamwari dzangu. Ndakanga ndiripo kusvika 8 pm uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti ndakanga ndichangosiya main square maawa akati wandei zvisati zvaitika zvese zvatanga. Vanhu vazhinji vakagumbuka nezviito zvakadaro ndokuenda kuna Maidan kuti vataure chimiro chavo. MaUkraine akapatsanurwa mumapoka maviri: avo vasina kutsigira simba sezvaraive uye avo vaitsigira. Asi handinzwisisi chikamu vakanga vasina kwavakarerekera. Ndinofunga kuti hwakanga huri huipi hukuru.
Pashure peGore Idzva, 2014, vanhu vakarasikirwa nokutenda kwavo kuti chimwe chinhu chinogona kuchinjwa ndokuenda kumusha. Ndaive mumwe wavo uye ndaifunga kuti hatina mukana wekuchinja mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Asi zvakaitika pakati paNdira zvakachinja pfungwa dzedu. Mitemo yakagamuchirwa yakamanikidza vanhu vazhinji kudzoka. [Mitemo iyi yakaita kuti varatidziri vave mhosva.โSF ] Yakanga iri pfungwa huru yechipiri [dambudziko]. Taitya kugara tega; taingofamba tiri mumapoka makuru, nokuti taiziva kuti hatina dziviriro. Simba redu rakanga riri inzwi redu.
Nzvimbo yaipisa zvikuru yeMaidan yaive muna Kukadzi pavakatanga kuuraya vanhu. Pandakatarisa munhau handina kana kufungidzira kuti zviitiko izvozvo zvakaitika kuvanhu vedu uye munyika yedu. Ndakatadza kuona TV ndisina misodzi. Pawakasvika kuMaidan, iwe wakanzwisisa kuti pakanga pasina stratification: vapfumi vakamira pedyo nevarombo uye vaiva nechinangwa chimwe chete - vaida kuchengetedza kodzero dzavo uye kumisa junta yeYanukovich. Rutivi rwakanaka rwezviitiko izvi rwakanga rwuri kuchinja mundangariro dzavanhu. Handisati ndambonzwa kuti rwiyo rwunoitwa nemamiriyoni evaUkraine runonaka sei. Pasinei nezviuru zvevanhu vakafa, pane vanhu vakawanda vaifunga kuti tinopenga, kunyanya apo mamiriro ehupfumi akaderera. Vamwe vacho vaiva shamwari dzangu. Ndakatanga kunetsana navo ndichivhunduka asi ndakazoona kuti hapana chaigona kuvachinja ndakangovakumbira kuti vadzima nhamba dzangu dzenhare. Vakanga vari mapofu. Vaifunga kuti zvinhu zvose zvakanga zvakanaka uye vanhu vanopenga ava vanoparadza denga ravo.
Ndedzipi nzira, kana dziripo, dzawakatora?
Patakayambuka mutsara wehondo [kurwisana kwechisimba muMaidan] muna February, ndakanzwisisa kuti ndaifanira kubatsira vanhu vaya vaitamburira rusununguko rwangu. Ndaiziva kuti handaikwanisa kubatsira vaya vakashinga vaiva mberi, asi ndakanzwisisa kuti ndaifanira kuvaitira chimwe chinhu. Taishanda mukicheni yekumunda: taibika tii, taibikira varume vedu chikafu. Ndakashamiswa nerucheno uye kuzvibata. Handina kunzwa kuneta pakupera kwezuva mufaro bedzi; kwaive kudonha kwangu mugungwa rerusununguko. Uyewo, takabetsera kutora kuzvinyoresa, kutenga zvokudya nembatya, mishonga nemichina. Pandakadzoka kumusha, ndakanga ndakamirira zuva raitevera pandaizokwanisa kuita chimwe chinhu kunyange chiduku asi chaidiwa kwazvo nokuda kwenyika yangu.
Pane zvawaida kuita ikoko asi wakatadza kuita nekuti uri mukadzi? Kana kuti nokuda kwezvimwe zvikonzero?
Chokwadi, ndaisagona kurwa ndiri kumberi. Asiwo handina kukwanisa kubatsira vanhu vari muchipatara nokuda kwezvimwe zvikonzero: chokutanga, handina dzidzo muchikamu chino; uyewo, handina kukwanisa kuona kuti vanhu vangani vakanga vafira rusununguko rwedu. Zvaindikuvadza zvakanyanya, kunyanya pawaisangana nevanhu vaifunga kuti tiri kungopedza nguva yedu yatakarasika uye hapana zvekuita.
Zvakakubatsira here kukudziridza hunyanzvi hutsva kana nzira itsva dzekufunga?
Ndinofunga kuti zvakaitika pana Maidan zvakandichinja zvikuru. Ndakakurira mumhuri yaitaura chiRussian, ndakanga ndisinganyanyi kufarira nyika uye ndakanga ndisingafariri chimiro cheUkraine zvakanyanya. Asi ikozvino ndinoziva kuti ndiri muUkraine uye ndinodada nazvo. Ndinoziva kuti kana tikasachinja isu neramangwana redu, hapana achatiitira. Handityi kutaura chokwadi. Ini ndinofunga kana isu tichida kuchinja nzanga, zvakakosha kuti utange iwe pachako, uye usaendese mutoro wekukanganisa kwedu kune mumwe munhu. Hupenzi kufunga kuti murume mutsva achauya [muhofisi] ochinja zvese, uye kana pasina chinoshanduka achava nemhosva. Ndinonzwisisa kuti handisi ndega uye kunyange vanhu vasingazivikanwi vanogona kundibatsira pasina muripo. Tinogona kuchinja mamiriro acho ezvinhu kana tikarwa pamwe chete mazuva ose. Ndinonzwisisa kuti tiri pakati, asi hatina kodzero yekumira, nokuti vanhu vakawanda vakaurayiwa kuti vatipe mukana wekufara.
Panguva ino, ini ndichangonongedza akati wandei asi zvinhu zvinoshungurudza mune zvaakanyora. Zviripachena kuti kurwira hakuna kusimudza nyaya dzezvimiro mundangariro dzake, asi panzvimbo pezvo anoti pachena kuti "hapana kupatsanurwa" pakati pevapfumi nevarombo mukurwira. Zviri pachena zvakare kuti akagamuchira kupatsanurwa kwepabonde kwevashandi mukati mekurwisana-varume vakarwa, vakadzi vakaita basa rekutsigira. Zvingangove zvakakodzera kutaurwa, zvichipihwa zvakanyorwa nevamwe vezvenhau uye vanofambira mberi muUnited States nezvehukuru hwemakakatanwa pakati pe "Russian" ne "Ukrainians" mukukonana uku, anobva kumhuri inotaura chiRussia, asi zviitiko zvaakatora chikamu. mukuita kuti azvione semuUkraine anofarira nyika yake. Chekupedzisira, anoita chirevo chinopesana nezviri kutaurwa nevazhinji "vanofambira mberi" muUS uye kumwewo kuti chakatora chikamu yaive "coup." Anotaura zvakajeka kuti: โHandisati ndambonzwa kuti rwiyo rwunoitwa nemamiriyoni evanhu vokuUkraine runogona kuva rwakanaka sei.โ Chero ani anga ari chikamu chezviito zvakakura anoziva kuti hazvibviri kuziva kuti vanhu vangani varipo, asi anozivawo kuti chirevo chakafanana nechake chinoratidza chokwadi chekufamba kwevanhu vakawanda. (Pazasi, ndichaongorora chimurenga ichi maererano nekukanganisa kwacho kwakawanda, uye mibvunzo inoshungurudza kuti kutadza kwaro kuve bato rinoedza kushandura hukama hwemagariro akakosha. Mune izvi, ndinogona kuwedzera, zvakafanana nekukundikana kwakafanana kwechimurenga muTahrir. Square muEgypt uye yeTunisian revolution pamberi payo.)
Tsanangudzo yangu inotevera inopiwa nemurume wandakaziva kubva 2010 uye ave shamwari inodiwa chaizvo. Ndakamubvunzurudza pamusoro pekudya kwakareba muna Kukadzi, 2015, ndakataipa zvinyorwa, uye ndakazvitumira kwaari kuti achinje. Akawedzera zvakawanda zvakadzama mukunyora. Pandakamubvunzurudza, ndakamubvunza mibvunzo yakajairwa (mumaparenthesis), uye mhinduro dzake dzakati dzakaumbwa nazvo.
- (Zvokudya nezvimwe zvinhu zvekuratidzira kwaMaidan zvakatsigirwa sei nemari?)
Mipiro yakawanda yakaunzwa nemabhazi nemarori kubva kuWestern Ukraine. Vanhu vaipa chikafu, mari, mbatya dzakasakara mumabhokisi ekuunganidza. Vamwe vakabva kumapato ezvematongerwo enyika vachiitira vanhu vemapato avo kana matende eboka ravo. Vanhu vazhinji muMaidan vaive vazvipiri uye vasingabhadharwe, asi zvinogona kuve kuti mapato aizopa dzimwe nhengo mari shoma uye nekufambisa kuenda kuKyiv. Batkivschina, Svoboda (mapato anopikisa) vaiva nematende avo uye vanogona kunge vakabhadhara mari kune vanhu vaivapo (asi zvichida vanhu makumi mashanu vakabhadharwa kubva pazviuru zvaivepo zvakawanda) uye vakatsigira imwe mari yezvigadzirwa, zvakadai sepeturu. jenareta, majenareta, mamwe matanda. Pakanga pane kudiwa kushoma muzvokudya nemvura sezvo zvaiunzwa nevagari veKyiv nguva dzose muhuwandu hukuru pamwe chete nembatya itsva dzinodziya uye dzakashandiswa. Zvimbuzi, majenareta emagetsi, peturu, matende makuru emauto, nezvimwewo zvingangove zvaipihwa nemapato anopikisa kana mamwe masangano makuru everuzhinji kana masangano ezvematongerwo enyika.
Zvakare pakanga paine mamwe mapoka matsva evoruzhinji akazvironga akagadzirwa akaita zvinhu zvakawanda zvakatenderedza Maidan. Paiva nehot-line yakarongeka yakarongeka (ine vanhu vakazvipira kufonera vanhu vakasiyana-siyana uye kuronga zvekushandisa uye kuendesa kubva pane rondedzero yavakaunganidza pane zvinodiwa kubva kuna Maidan. Somuenzaniso zuva rega rega vaivandudza rondedzero yewebhusaiti yezvinodiwa (hembe, masokisi, matende. , mbiya, huni dzemoto, mvura, dziya dzinodziya, nguwani dzekuvaka, mafoshoro echando, masaga, hovhoni dzemarasha, huni huru dzekuvharira, waya, mishonga inotonhora) uye vanhu voisa chero chavaigona kutenga kana kupa, kuuya kana kungokumbira mumwe munhu kuti auye. nhonga.Zvinhu zvidiki zvakaunzwa nevanhu, zvihombe uye zvakakurisa nemarori seyandaishandisa.Gare gare peturu neoiri (โtea yekorokokoroโ) nemabhodhoro edoro asina chinhu (โgiraziโ), matayi (โmabhejiโ) pamwe vaive vasina kunyorwa zviri pamutemo, asi munhu wese aikwanisa kuvaunza aiziva kuti zvaidiwa uye chinyararire akavapinza mumabhuroko ese emapurisa akatenderedza Maidan.
The Centurions (Maidan self-defense) vaibva kwakasiyana kwakasiyana kwakasiyana, kusanganisira vashoma kubva kumapato. Vamwe vaive vashandi vemuhofisi vezvematongerwo enyika, vamwe vadzidzi, vanhu vakasiyana siyana. Izvo zvakanyanya "zvakanyanya" [zvandinofunga kuti anoreva mhirizhonga, kwete zvematongerwo enyika] akabatana nemauto ekurwa eSector Sector kusvika pamwero wakati. Izvo zvinozivikanwa kuti hapana weavo vakaurayiwa muzviito vaibva kuRudyi Sector. Nhoroondo dzevakafira kutenda dzinonyatsozivikanwa. Vakaurayiwa vaisanganisira vadzidzi nevashandi (vakawanda vakabva kuWestern Ukraine). Ndiani akararama uye akafa aive nenzira dzakawanda mubvunzo wekuti vaive chikamu chipi cheMaidan apo vapfuri vakatanga kupfura.
MaCenturion akanga asina uniform. Vanhu vakauya nengowani dzavo. [Shamwari yangu] yakanga ine ngowani yomushandi, iyo yaakazovandudza gare gare nokutenga ngowani yokutsvedza. Vamwe vanhu vaive ne ice hockey kana ngowani dzemudhudhudhu. Vanhu vakawanda vaiva nehemeti dzevashandi dzokuvaka dzakachipaโdzaiva dzakachipa uye vanhu vaipa zvakawanda.
Vanhu vaiuya kuMaidan kazhinji pashure pebasa, vozoenda kumba pane imwe nguva pedyo pakati pousiku. Uye mangwanani, apo nzira dzepasi pevhu dzakatanga kushanda, dzimwe dzaidirana munhandare, kunyanya kana paine kumwe kurwiswa nemapurisa pazvivhariso panguva yehusiku (yaiwanzoitwa na3-4 am). Kazhinji, matekisi aikwira mahara kuna Maidan kune vaifamba netsoka vavaiona vachifamba panguva dzehusiku hwakadaro.
Husiku, kwaiva nevaratidziri vashoma, saka mapurisa aizoedza kutora Maidan ipapo. Mangwanani mukati memazuva akakosha, mhomho huru yaiuya, uye waigona kuona mapurisa akazadzwa nebhazi achibva munzvimbo iyi (kuzongouyazve kana simba rachinja zvakare pakati pehusiku.)
Zvivhariso zvaive zvakadzika zvivhariso zvitatu, Husiku huzhinji mapurisa aibata nekuparadza chivhariso chekunze uye pamwe nevamwe, asi mangwana acho mhomho yaizoivaka zvakatokwira. Midziyo yaiwanzogadzirwa nemabhegi emarara epurasitiki akazadzwa neaizi nesinou, matanda makuru, waya dzesimbi, madhiramu esimbi. Asi pakangotanga kupfura, matai nemakorokoza zvaive zvakakosha. Hutsi hwakavharira mapurisa aipfura nepfuti. Paive netende raive rakazadzwa nevanhu vaigadzira majongwe eMolotov nepeturu nemafuta. Vanhu vakauya nepeturu mumagaba, zvichida mumatirangi emotokari. Gare gare, vakawedzera Styrofoam pellets uye izvi zvakaita kuti musanganiswa unamire kunge napalm-izvo zvaireva kuti mapurisa aive ave kutya mahogi eMolotov. Vasati vambovaseka.
Vanhu vane ruzivo rwakawanda vakaronga kuzvidzivirira kweMaidan.
(Panguva iyi, ndakataura kuti ndakanzwa kuti Independent Trade Unions yakaedza kuronga tende asi yakadzvinyirirwa nemasimba chaiwo. Akapindura kuti akanga asati ambonzwa nezve Independent Trade Unions.)
Pakanga paine kurwisana pakati pemapato pakati pemapoka ekurudyi maererano nekuti ndiani akakwanisa kutonga zvivakwa zvekanzuru kana zvehurumende mushure mekutora nzvimbo dzakatanga kuMaidan.
The Self-Defense Mutungamiriri aibva kubato raTymoshenko (ะะฐััะบ ะฒัะธะฝะฐ) panguva yeOrange Revolution muna 2004. Akanga ari murongi wezvidziviriro ipapo zvakare.
Zvimbuzi zvepaMaidan zvakarongwa uye zvakabhadharwa nemapato (zvichida). Pamwe by ะะฐััะบ ะฒัะธะฝะฐ. Pane imwe nguva pashure pemazuva mashomanana mushure mekukomba kukuru kwemapurisa, [shamwari yangu] yakacherechedza kuti zvimbudzi zvakanga zvakazara uye zvichinyunza. Akawana kambani yaitarisira izvi, uye akaronga kuti dzitsiviwa nedzakanaka.
Akaronga huni, matai, zvokudya nezvimwewo ari oga uye mukubatana nevazvipiri uye varongi pahotline. Pamazuva ekutanga aMaidan akaunza anopfuura makumi mashanu e50 ne4 metres nhovo dzemapuranga uye mapallets kuti avake zasi dzematende makuru, anopfuura makumi matatu emadhiramu esimbi emoto uye anenge matatu mavhani akazara nehuni, uye mamwe masaga emarasha ( 3 kg). Imwe nguva chigayo chemapuranga pedyo neKyiv chakadana Maidan Hotline kuti vataure kuti vakanga vane mirwi yehuni yakasara kuti vape, uye Hotline yakadana shamwari yangu kuti iite. Yakanga iri mumirwi mikuru. Iye nevamwe vakatutira kombi ndokuitora mazuva ose kwemavhiki mashoma. Mamwe mazuva akaunza maviri kana matatu van-mitoro yehuni (nguva imwe neimwe inenge 30 kilos). Huni dzaibva musango ra[Mutungamiriri] Yanukovych. (Varindi vesango vakadana uye vakagovera Maidan muchivande.) Aiva matanda akanaka chaizvo nezvigutsa, zvakafara zvikuru asiwo akaoma.
Pakutanga muMaidan, pakanga paine webhusaiti yekunyoresa kugona kwako kubatsira (nechero sosi yaunayo). Akanyoresa nerori (kombi hombe) kuti akwanise kutakura zvinhu. Akasiya nhamba dzake dzenhare akabvuma kuti aizotaurwa chero nguva dzemasikati kana husiku kuti aendese chero chinhu kuna Maidan.
Paive nenguva dzavaive nenhamba huru dzevazvipiri nevatengesi. Dzimwe nguva, vanhu vaitya zvakanyanya. Kwenguva diki diki, vanhu pavakanga vasinga shingairi kupa chero chinhu mahara, shamwari yangu yakatenga huni nemari yake kubva kumarori akamira kunze kweKyiv, nekuti paMaidan paidiwa zvakanyanya, kunyanya pakwaitonhora zvakanyanya. uye zvakanga zvisina kujeka zvaizotevera kuitika.
Marori akanga asingabvumirwi kupinda muguta uye chaizvoizvo mudhorobha, asi mavhani makuru anotakura zvinhu aibvumirwa. Saka aitofanira kutyaira kunze kweguta kana kuti zvimwe zvibhuroko zviri kure kuti atore zvinhu mumarori ozviisa mukombi.
Mapurisa aivewo nenzvimbo dzekutarisa muguta uye dzaimudzinga dzimwe nguva. Kazhinji, aingowana imwe nzira yekuenda kuMaidan. The balance of forces was zvekuti mapurisa aisakwanisa kutiza nezvakawanda. Paakanga ava pedyo naMaidan, aigona kudana Maidan uye munhu mumwe chete kana maviri kubva pakuzvidzivirira aizouya kuzozarura nzira yekombi.
[Ndadzima ndima kuti ndidzivirire kwandinobva.])
Pane imwe nguva, hurumende payakaunza matsotsi kuti arwise vanhu vesangano racho kumba kana kuti mumigwagwa, Auto-Maidan nevagari vemo vakawanda vakasarudza kuzvidzivirira, saka humwe usiku kwaiva nemotokari dzinenge 2,000 50 dzaitenderera mumigwagwa. Vaigona kuwana mota makumi mashanu pane imwe nzvimbo mumaminetsi mashanu kana gumi vachishandisa chiteshi chakajairwa paZello app.
[Mumwe wake] anomuudza kuti vakadzi vaiita chikafu nekuyamwisa uye vakagadzira majongwena eMolotov. Panguva yekurwa, Stage gudzanzwi raitungamirira vanhu pane zvekuita. Vakadzi vaizoudzwa kuti vaende kunzvimbo dzemukati pedyo nedariro uye varume kuti vaende kuhondo.
Shamwari yangu haizive kuti ndiani akaronga uye akamhanya dariro. Udzori hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwakanga husiri hwakasimba zvakadaro. Chero ani zvake kubva muboka revanhu aigona kukwira kuti azvitaurire pachake kana kuti nerutsigiro rweruzhinji kubva kuvanhu veMaidan.
Pano zvakare zviri pachena kuti zviitiko izvi zvaive zvakakura uye zvakazvironga zvega. Zvematongerwo enyika, mapato eNeoliberal pro-European Center (akadai seะะฐััะบ ะฒัะธะฝะฐ) akaita basa rinokosha rekutanga, uye Right Sector nevamwe vakave vakakosha sezvo kurwisana kwaienderera mberi-asi hapana nguva apo mapoka aya ane nhamba huru yenhengo dzakaunganidzwa. Pane kudaro, kuzviunganidza kuburikidza nedandemutande uye nhare dzeMaidan Hotline kwakaita basa guru, sezvakaita mhomho yevanhu vaingouya kuzotora chikamu. Izvo zvakajeka zvakare ndezvokuti pakanga pasina kurongeka kwakasara kwakasara-izvo zvakaguma nekusakwanisa kweIndemende Yevashandi, madzimai uye vamwe kuronga zvinobudirira pamwero mukuru muKyiv. (Bato reMaidan muKrivih Rih, kune rumwe rutivi, raive rakavakirwa mumasangano evashandi vemigodhi.)
Tsanangudzo yangu yechitatu ndeyomumwe chiremba wechikadzi wandakaziva kwemakore akati kuti. Ndakamubvunza ndichinyora mimwe mibvunzo inoita semabara pazasi. Mhinduro dzake dzinovatevera.
Mibvunzo yandinoda kubvunza nezve muUkraine mune rezvematongerwo enyika mamiriro
- Zvokudya nezvimwe zvokushandisa pakuratidzira kwaMaidan zvakatsigirwa sei nemari?
Zvechokwadi, pamatanho ekutanga eMaidan pakanga pane mari yakabva kumapato akasiyana-siyana ezvematongerwo enyika (uye zvichida mamwe oligarchs), asi pane imwe nguva gare gare vanhu vakatanga kuva nemapoka akazvironga ane mutoro wemabasa akasiyana aidiwa kuMaidan. Ma social network aishandiswa senzira huru yekudyidzana. Mitambo yenhare inopisa yakarongwa uye ruzivo urwu rwakagoverwa kuburikidza neInternet zvakare. Chaicho chaidiwa chaivandudzwa zuva nezuva (sezvido zvevanhu, chikafu, zvekushandisa). Maakaundi ekubhangi akagadzirwa kuti chero munhu anobva kuUkraine kana kubva kune dzimwe nyika akwanise kupa mari.
Zvakare mamwe makambani nemasangano akaronga mapoka emukati aive nebasa rekupa rutsigiro kuna Maidan (kuunganidza mari nezvimwewo) Mamwe mazuva ekushanda akamiswa kuitira kuti vanhu vabatane nesangano.
- Zvakadini kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika?
Sezvandinoziva, muWestern Ukraine uye mamwe Matunhu (kunze kwekuMabvazuva), mamiriro acho akanga akafanana neKiev asi zvishoma. Zvakare vanhu vazhinji vakauya kuKiev Maidan uye vakatsigira Maidan kuburikidza neakasiyana masosi.
Mishumo yavo pamusoro peAnti-Maidan Kunetsekana Kunze kweKyiv
Ndakakumbira mbiri dzeidzi shamwari kuti dzipindure mimwe mibvunzo pamusoro pekurwisana mumamwe mativi eUkraine mukurwisana nechimurenga cheMaidan. Mhinduro dzavo dzinoonekwa pazasi. Yekutanga seti inobva kumukadzi ane tsananguro dzeMaidan kurwisana kunoonekwa zvakananga pamusoro.
(Mibvunzo inomutswa nevamwe yandinoona yakaoma kupindura)
- Ko iyo yekutanga anti-Maidan movement muEastern Ukraine yaive yerudzi rwakadii? Tinoziva sei? Tinovimba here kuti manyuko aya ave akatendeseka uye kuziva zvaari kutaura nezvazvo? Kana zvakadaro, nei?
Handifungi kuti sangano rekutanga muEastern Europe raive rekuzvarwa chaiko. Munharaunda iyi vanhu vakawanda vakatsigira Russia zvichienzaniswa nemamwe matunhu muUkraine. Asi manzwisisiro angu ndeekuti sangano iri rakarongwa nevezvematongerwo enyika vanotsigira chiRussian vekuUkraine kubva kubato raYanukovych uye kubva kuvanhu vaitsigirwa nehurumende yeRussia. Kubva pamavambo chaipo vakaronga mamwe masangano anobhadhara mari kuvanhu vanobva kuMabvazuva kweUkraine kuti vauye kuKiev [kuzoshora] Maidan, uye ipapo vakaronga masangano mumaguta okuMabvazuva eUkraine vachishandisa nzira imwe cheteyo yoโkutenga vanhu.โ Zvaiva zvakare nyore kuita nekuti (sezvandakanyora kare) pakutanga Russia neYanukovych vaive nerutsigiro rwakawanda mudunhu rino.
Zvakare vanhu vaimbotora chikamu mumisangano yakadai (anti-Maidans) vainyanya kubva kune yainzi "underclass population" [sic] yakanga yakapararira kumabvazuva kweUkraine nekuda kwehupfumi uye tsika.
- Vaya vari kurwa vacho vava zvizvarwa zvemo kusvika papi? ChiRussian? Tinoziva sei? Tinovimba here kuti manyuko aya ave akatendeseka uye kuziva zvaari kutaura nezvazvo? Kana zvakadaro, nei?
Kune maUkraine emuno ari kutora chikamu mukurwa, vazhinji vaive makororo uye vasingabatanidzwe vanhu munguva yerunyararo. (Zvino ivo vakawana basa ravo munharaunda itsva-yakavakwa). Kune zvakare akawanda emauto eRussia munharaunda. Ndinozviziva kubva kuvanhu vakatama kubva kuEastern Ukraine, zvakare kune mizhinji mishumo yezvinyorwa zveRussia zvakawanikwa ipapo. Vanhu veRussia uye vagari vekuRussia vari kuita kurwa ikoko).
Muchirevo ichi, zvakare, zviri pachena kuti pfungwa yemunyori (ine ropafadzo) yekugadzirwa kwekirasi uye zvinoreva kusiyana kwekirasi hakuna kuchinjwa nezvakaitika kwaari musangano. Tsananguro yake inofananawo neyedzimwe shamwari dzangu mbiri pakuti bato rakatanga kusvika pamwero wakati sedanho rinotsigirwa nemapato aivepo uye mamwe ma oligarchs, asi kuti mukufamba kwehondo bato rakapukunyuka kubva pakutonga kwavo rikava boka revanhu vazhinji uyezve chimurenga.
Ndingawedzera dudziro yakakosha kune izvi. Kune imwe nhanho, zvirinani, maoligarchs anotonga eUkraine akabatsirwa kuita shanduko iyi pasi pesimba nekutorwa kweRussia kweCrimea uye kunyora pasi kurwa munzvimbo dzeDonetsk neLuhansk.
Zvadaro, ndinopa mhinduro dzemibvunzo yangu kubva kumurume uyo ari pamusoro apa atsanangura mabasa ake achiunza zvinhu kuKyiv Maidan mukombi yake. Mamiriro acho ndeokuti ndakamubvunza mibvunzo iyi panguva yekubvunzurudzwa kwebrunch, ndakainyora, uye ndakaitumira kwaari. Akabva awedzera details and corrections ndokudzosera. Zvakare, ndagadzirisa izvi kuti zvijekeswe.
Mibvunzo inomutswa nevamwe yandinoona yakaoma kupindura
- Kufamba kwekutanga muEastern Ukraine kwaive kwakakura sei? Tinoziva sei? Tinovimba here kuti manyuko aya ave akatendeseka uye kuziva zvaari kutaura nezvazvo? Kana zvakadaro, nei?
- Vaya vari kurwa vacho vava zvizvarwa zvemo kusvika papi? ChiRussian? Tinoziva sei? Tinovimba here kuti manyuko aya ave akatendeseka uye kuziva zvaari kutaura nezvazvo? Kana zvakadaro, nei?
Kufamba kuMabvazuva kunotsigirwa zvakanyanya neRussia. Pakutanga, maoligarchs emunharaunda akaedza mamwe maitiro ekuyedza kudzora dunhu (kunyangwe vaive varasikirwa nekutonga kwehurumende yenyika) kuburikidza nekuyedza kuronga mubatanidzwa. Asi czarist Russian nationalists vachifarira Russia kubva kugungwa kuenda kugungwa vakauya pamusoro pemuganhu kuti vaenderere mberi nechikonzero chavo. Vakanga vakasununguka kubva kune oligarchs. Putin ngavazviite. Vaive nemari, Shamwari yangu haizive kubva kupi.
(SRF: Ndizvo zvawataura here kana kuti hauna kungotaura uchibva kupi?)
ESE izvi hazvina-kuratidzwa ruzivo kubva kune akawanda masosi. Vamwe vaimbova veKGB. Igor Strelkov akanga ari mukuru wemutambo-shanduko mune izvi. Akaronga pakati pevaFundamentalist Russian Orthodox Church vakomana, vane mazano akafanana neaya eWhite Army. Vakatora zvombo uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzechiuto uye vakatora zvivakwa zvekutonga nemapurisa mumaguta. Yaiva a kubvuta masimba vachipesana ne oligarchs yakarongwa nevaRussia kubva kuRussia. Havana kuteerera Jehovha. oligarchsVakabva vatora nhepfenyuro yemunharaunda uye propaganda uye vakadana Maidan etc. fascists. Vanoda kuita Ukraine neEurope chikamu cheRussia.
Ndivo vakatanga hondo iyi. Ipapo hurumende yeUkraine yakaziva kuti yakanga iri hondo ichibva yaunganidza mauto ndokutanga kurwisana.
Strelkov akadzokera kuRussia mushure mekunge ndege yadururwa. Ipapo simba rakaenda kuhurumende dzemauto dzomunzvimbomo. Maguta maviri [Donetsk neLuhansk] akaparadzana.
(SRF; Unoziva sei zvese izvi?)
Ndakaverenga vatori venhau varikureporter kubva ikoko. Uye zvinyorwa zveStrelkov uye hurukuro. Uye mishumo yepamutemo yeUkraine.
(SRF: Vanhu vekuMabvazuva vaunoziva vanokuudza chii?)
Vanhu vandinoziva havatori rutivi mune chimwe cheizvi. Vanongoda kurarama hupenyu hwavo. "Hurumende itsva" dzinotaura nemapoka ekuderedza kukuvadza uye regai vaenderere mberi.
Mauto nemapurisa nevatongi vanotungamirwa nevanhu vakabva kuRussia. Vanotaura izvi vakasununguka kune vatori venhau uye pavhidhiyo, kuti vakauya kuzobatsira vamwe vavo vokuRussia panguva yekushayiwa uye vari pazororo kubva kubasa ravo / basa rechiuto / chero vadzokera kuRussia. Mamwe "mapoka emakororo" evarwi haabvi kuRussia, vamwe vanobva kuRussia, Chechnya neAbkhazia (uko kusina basa rakawanda saka ndinofungidzira vazhinji vachiuya kuzowana mari kana kuwana mari nechisimba) asi vanoronga zviitiko zvehondo mauto anotungamirirwa neRussia. Mauto emauto eRussia ane mapoka emakororo emuno anotora nzvimbo dzepamberi mukuita. Nokudaro chikamu chikuru chevakakuvadzwa aya mapoka emakororo emunharaunda. Mumapoka aya mune akawanda "anopenga emuno ane pfuti." Iroro richava dambudziko. Asi vazhinji vavo vanouraiwa mukuita sefungu rekutanga kana pasi pemoto wepfuti (zvinogona kubva kumativi ese).
Vatungamiriri vehurumende dzekuMabvazuva nemauto vakaraira kuurayiwa kwevanhu vazhinji. Vanofanira kutongerwa upenyu hwavo hwose kana kurwisana kwapera.
(SRF: Ndiani ari kurwa kudivi reUkraine?)
Mauto, mapurisa, uye mauto evanozvipira.
(SRF: Vamwe veUS "vanofambira mberi" vanoti mamwe emabheti aya mafascists.)
Shamwari yangu haisati yanzwa izvi. Rimwe remabattalion iRight Sector, asi iro ndiro rimwe battalion kubva pagumi kana 10. Uye shamwari yangu yakanzwa Right Sector vanhu vachitaura, uye anoti zvirinani paruzhinji vanotaura nationalist asi havatauri fascist.
Pandakanyora zvinyorwa zvebvunzurudzo yedu, ndakaona kuti ndakanga ndakundikana kumubvunza nezvechiitiko chinokosha muOdessa. Saka ndakamubvunza pamusoro peizvi muzvinyorwa zvandakamutumira. Mhinduro dzake dzinotevera mubvunzo.
- Ndeipi dudziro yako yazvino yezviitiko muOdessa iyo kunyange Chomsky akadana "iyo Odessa massacre"?
Paiva neboka reva-pro-Russian rakarongwa muOdessa mudiki anti-Maidan kwemwedzi mishomanana pamberi paMay 2nd. Ini ndinofungidzira vaive netarisiro yekuti kuchave nerutsigiro rwakawanda rweruzhinji rwepro-Russian kana kanenge kungoita pro-Russian mood senge muCrimea. Kuunganidzira kumwechete kwaitsigira kuRussia kwaive mune mamwe maguta - Donetsk, Kharkiv ... saka ndinofunga kuti pakanga paine chiitiko chekutanga bato rinopikisa Maidan nere-Russian mumaguta ese ekumaodzanyemba nekumabvazuva. Yakakundikana muKharkiv uye yakakundikana muOdessa - yakangobudirira muDonetsk neLuhansk - ndinofunga mushure meOdessa kwaiva nekushandiswa kwemauto ekumabvazuva.
Kunyanya muOdessa - kwaive nemutambo wenhabvu uye zvikwata zviviri zvevateveri venhabvu Ultras (yakanyanya pro-Ukrainian) yaida kufora kuenda kumutambo neUnited Ukraine kufora. Paive nevamwe vaitsigira Maidan. Ini ndinofunga kuti mamiriro aitarisirwa aive (sekare muDonetsk) kuranga nechisimba vatsigiri veMaidan nemamwe "mapoka echiRussian echiRussia" achitsigirwa nemapurisa emuno. Izvi zvakaitwa zvinobudirira muDonetsk - chinangwa chaiva chekuti vanhu vatye kutsigira Maidan mumaguta makuru iwayo. Asi panguva ino hazvina kubudirira nekuda kwevateveri vebhola uye vamwe Kuzvidzivirira kubva kuOdesa Maidan avo vakanga vakagadzirira zviri nani kupindura kurwiswa kwechisimba. Pavakarwiswa vakarwisana - mapurisa aivhara [kudzivirira] vatsigiri veRussia. Kwakapfurwa uye vamwe vanhu vakaurayiwa mumigwagwa - zvakawedzera mamiriro ezvinhu uye pro-Russian vakadzoserwa kumashure nemapurisa achiedza kuvhara kudzoka kwavo. Mafeni akashatirwa zvikuru kuti vamwe vavo vakaurayiwa. Iyo anti-Maidan musasa yakapiswa kure uye ndizvo zvakaita chivako icho mapro-Russian akavharirwa, kunyange ini ndichifunga kuti kuuraya vanhu muchivako yaive tsaona yakaipa uye mamwe gasi kana makemikari akabatanidzwa - ini handina kujeka pane ichi chikamu.
Kazhinji ndinofunga kuti dai pakange pasina vateveri venhabvu pangadai paine vamwe vazhinji vakawirwa nerunyararo pakati pevanhu vane runyararo Maidan muOdessa avo vakarongerwa kurangwa nevanotsigira maRussia vachitsigirwa nemapurisa eko.
Ini ndinongoda kuwedzera maseti maviri ekutaura pamusoro pezvaakataura pamusoro. Yekutanga seti ine chekuita nezviitiko zveOdessa. Vanhu vazhinji kuUS kuruboshwe vakadudzira zviitiko muOdessa sekuuraya nemauto efascist eavo vaipikisa. Ndinoyeuka ndichinzwa nezve mukana wekukonana muna Chivabvu 2 kubva kushamwari yangu yaishanda pachirongwa chedu chekutsvagisa muOdessa. Akakurira muOdessa asati apinda chikoro chehurumende muKyiv, uye ndakanga ndamboshanyira imba yaamai vake kuOdessa mwedzi mishomanana izvi zvisati zvaitika. Ainetseka kuti varatidziri veMaidan vane runyararo vaizopondwa here. Sezvazvinoitika, kunetsana kwakaitika, uye aive mauto e-anti-Maidan akarasikirwa. Mumazuva akatevera chiitiko ichi, ndakaverenga zvakanyanya muwebhu kuti ndiedze kusvika pakadzika pezvakaitika. Ndakanyanya kufadzwa nezvinyorwa zvevamwe vanarcho-syndicalist vekuUkraine (zvakadai seAutonomous Workers' Union-ona. http://avtonomia.net/2014/05/05/awu-kiev-statement-odessa-tragedy/#comments. Onawo mushumo wezvapupu zvakaona zvakadhindwa kubva ku "Sergei" mukati Vanhu neZvakasikwa) uyo akagumisa kuti mapurisa akanga achitsigira mauto e-anti-Maidan kusvika pamwero wakati, uye kuti apo chivako chakabatwa nemoto uye vanhu vakatiza kubva pairi, vamwe vatsigiri veMaidan vakavabatsira. (Asi vamweโuye ini handizivi kuti vanganiโvakapfurwa nevatsigiri vaMaidan.) Naizvozvo ndinorangarira izvi zviitiko sengwavairaโuye chimwe chakaparira chisimba muEastern Ukraineโuye kwete kupondwa. Ini zvakare ndinofunga kuti vazhinji vekune dzimwe nyika vakasara vanozvidaidza kuti kuuraya vanhu vakagamuchira zvisina tsarukano kuvharwa kwenhau uye pamwe nharo dzemuchina wekuRussia propaganda, ndichiona izvi (sezvandinofungidzira kuti Chomsky anoita) semaonero akanyatsojeka kupfuura manyepo uye zvisizvo. yakabudiswa neUS propaganda system. (Kududzira kwangu pachangu kwaChomsky pane izvi ndechekuti anga achitarisa zvakanyanya kuUS propaganda system mumakore achangopfuura zvekuti akarasa kuona kuvepo kwenyika dzehumambo dzinokwikwidza dzine hurongwa hwadzo hwekunyepedzera. Putin, seaimbove mukuru wehurumende. mumapurisa epachivande eRussia uye oligarch ari oga, anonyatsoziva mashandisiro eRussia system.)
Asi ndinoda kusimbisa imwe pfungwa pamusoro peOdessa iyo vanhu vakawanda vanoita sevasinganzwisisi: Dai mauto eOdessa anti-Maidan akakunda mukukonana kwaMay 2, 2014, ipapo Odessa angadai akaparadzwa nehondo yakatanga sehondo. matunhu ekuMabvazuva. Kuwedzera mazana ezviuru zvevapoteri, uye zviuru zvenzufu, zvingadai zvakaguma.
Pfungwa yechipiri yandinoda kuita kubva pane izvo shamwari yangu yakataura pamusoro apa ndeyekudana kutarisisa kwake kuongororwa kwebasa raStrelkov mukuronga hondo muEast. Strelkov ibapiro rekurudyi reRussia nationalist ine midzi muRussian Orthodox Church pamwe neRussia Army uye kudzvinyirira kwayo vanozvimiririra uye varwiri verusununguko muChechnya. Nokudaro, murongi anokosha wehondo iyi akanga ari murume ane midzi yakadzika muuto roumambo hweRussia. (Tichifunga nezvekusimbisa kuti vamwe vari kuruboshwe vakaisa kuvepo kwevaFascist muhurumende yeUkraine mushure mekunge shanduko yakadzinga hurumende muna Kukadzi, 2014, ndingawedzera kuti kune mishumo inovimbika pamusoro pevaFascist kune rimwe divi rehondo iyi se Izvi zvinosanganisira Oleg Tsarev; Pavlo Gubarev, aimbova mukuru wemauto eDonbass uye ari nhengo yeboka remauto eRussia rechiFascist, Russian National Unity neProgressive Socialist Party yeUkraine [iyo inorongwa nemapoka echiFascist okuRussia]; naValeriy Bolotov.)
Dzimwe pfungwa dzekupedzisira
Chikonzero chikuru chepepa iri kuita kuti ivepo kune vepasirese vakasiya chokwadi cheMaidan revolution muUkraine sezvazvakaonekwa nevamwe vevatori vechikamu. Mupfungwa dzangu, vanonyatsojekesa kuti zvakaitika ibhindauko rezvematongerwo enyika rakaitwa neboka rezvematongerwo enyika neremagariro evanhu iro rakabudirira kudzinga hurumende pamasimba.
Mukutaura kwangu kwekupedzisira, ndinoda kupindura mibvunzo mitatu, iyo yose inofanirwa kurapwa zvizere. Kutanga, nei hurumende yakagadziridzwa kubva kuMaidan Revolution yakanga iri bapiro rakarurama? Chechipiri, nei Maidan Revolution isina kukura kuva shanduko yemagariro kana kunyange kuita kurwisana kukuru kwevanhu pakati peboka rekushanda (zvisinei rakaumbwa) uye kodzero yekurudyi capitalist "oligarchs" inotonga nyika yeUkraine ikozvino? Chechitatu, sei vazhinji vepasirese vakasara vachiona chimurenga ichi sechimurenga uye nokudaro vachipotsa zvarinoreva padanho reshanduko nezviono nhasi?
Nei hurumende yakagadziridzwa kubva kuMaidan Revolution yaive nerudyi?
Hatifaniri kushamisika kuti Maidan Revolution yakaguma nehurumende yakarurama. Izvi zvinogara zvichiitika kana mhirizhonga yevapanduki ichibvisa hurumende. Panguva iyoyo, zvikamu zvemapoka ekutonga zvinenge zvagara zvichitonga hurumende yenguva pfupi inouya pamasimba. Izvi zvakaitika kuEgypt pakutanga mumakore gumi aya, zvakaitika kuArgentina muna 2003, uye zvakatoitika muhondo dzechinyakare muumambo hweRussia muna Kukadzi 1917 uye muGermany muna Mbudzi 1918. Moslem Brotherhood muEgypt-uye muUkraine, yaisanganisira vamwe vezvematongerwo enyika vekurudyi uye vashoma. Nekuda kwekusasimba kwakanyanya kwevakarongeka vakasara mumatambudziko eMaidan-kunyangwe kwaive nenhamba huru yevatori vechikamu vakasara vasina kujeka, uye kunyangwe huwandu hukuru hwaive hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji, hunopesana neRussia, uye vachishuvira shanduko yehupfumi uye kupera kwehuori. -kureva, kuvhurika kuenda kuruboshwe-simba remari rinotonga. Zvakare, sezvagara zvichiri chokwadi, kusvika pamwero wavanokwanisa, vamiririri uye/kana vamiririri vepachivande vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emasimba eimperiya vakaedza kukanganisa kuumbwa kwehurumende yenguva pfupi yakaguma. Muchiitiko ichi, vazhinji vakaratidza basa reUS mukutsigira Yatsenyuk kuti ave murume akazopedzisira ave mutungamiriri wenguva pfupi. Vamwe vari kuruboshwe vakadaidza izvi kuti โkupidigura hurumende,โ asi zvakatonyanya kunaka kuzvidaidza kuti maitiro ayo maimperialism nemapoka anotonga vanopindura kubhindauko kunobudirira kwevazhinji kana vachikwanisa. Mupfungwa iyi, maitiro muUkraine muna Kukadzi, 2014, akange asisina simba kupfuura izvo zvakatungamira kuhurumende yenguva muhumambo hweRussia muna Kukadzi, 1917, kana izvo zvakatungamira kuhurumende yenguva pfupi muEgypt muna Kukadzi, 2011.
Neiko Maidan Revolution isina kufamba kuti ive shanduko yemagariro?
Ndinofunga kuti tinofanira kutarisa kunhoroondo yeU.SR uye makore kubva pakuwa kwayo kuti titange kunzwisisa izvi. Stalinism yakanga iri chiitiko chinotyisa muUkraine, sezvakaita Hondo Yenyika II. Mamirioni evaUkraine akaurayiwa mune ese ari maviri. Makore achangopfuura Hondo Yenyika II aive makore ekuenderera mberi kwehutsinye hwaStalinist muUkraine sekune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvichiteverwa nekumwe kuenderera mberi kwehupfumi, kuedza kwakasiyana-siyana nekuvandudzwa kwehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika, uyezve kuparara kweUSSR uye kuderera kunoshamisa kwehupfumi nekuora mwoyo kwevanhu. 1990s. Asi neimwe nzira, Stalinism yakabudirira: Yakagonesa ruzhinji rwevaUkrainian (uye maRussia uye zvechokwadi nyika) kuti Stalinism ndiyo yaive chirevo chechokwadi cheMarxism uye kunyangwe chesocialism. Muchirevo cheMaidan Revolution, izvi zvakaunza chipingamupinyi chikuru chepfungwa kumusangano. Zvichienderana nekutaura chiso nechiso kwandakaita neshamwari yangu yekuUkraine mune imwe nyika muna Ndira, 2014, ndinofunga kuti panguva iyoyo vazhinji mubato vakatsigira mafomu ehutongi hwejekerere akafanana neatakadaidza kuti ""democracy yekutora chikamu" mumafambisirwo eUS. kunenge muna 1963. Asi vakamira panguva iyoyo. Zvichida nekuda kwechimwe chikamu chekushaya simba kwesangano reIndependence Trade Union munyika (iyo pachayo inoratidza muchikamu ichi chipingamupinyi chimwe chete chepfungwa), vatsigiri vakaramba vachiona makirasi ese sevatori vechikamu mukurwira, uye pasina pfungwa yesangano revashandi kana socialism yakavakirwa pairi yakava yakawanda ikozvino muMaidan muKyiv. Sekuona kwangu, kutadza kwevaviri veruboshwe nevevamiriri vemubatanidzwa kuti vakwanise kumisikidza hupo huripo muMaidan muKyiv nemamwe maguta makuru kunoratidza kusasimba kukuru kwekuruboshwe pasi rose, uye kunyanya munyika dziya dzaimbogara. kuva chikamu che "Communist bloc."
Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, iro riri muchikamu nekuda kweiyo yakakurumbira equation ye "kuruboshwe" neStalinism uye mamwe maitiro ehuwandu hwehuwandu, idambudziko rakakosha kune kuruboshwe uye kuvanhu vese. Kutsvaga mhinduro dzeizvi kunogona kungodzikiswa nekududzirwa uye zviito zvevakawanda veUS vakasara mukududzira dambudziko reUkraine senyaya yefascism muUkraine uye / kana maererano ne "zviri pamutemo" kodzero yeRussia kutonga zvematongerwo enyika munyika dziri pedyo. miganhu yayo. (Zvinokatyamadza kunzwa vamwe vari kuruboshwe kuUS vachiramba kubvumira Cuba kuti itore zvombo zveRussia sechikonzero chakafanana chekupindira kweRussia muEastern Ukraine. Asi veruboshwe vanofanira kudzivirira kodzero yenyika chero ipi zvayo diki kuti ione mutemo wayo wekunze. zvisinei nezvido zvemuvakidzani wayo mukuru, ingave US kana Russia - kunyangwe tikapesana nesarudzo dzinoitwa nenyika diki.) Dudziro idzi dziri mbiri dzinobatsira kupwisa vashandi nevaratidziri vekuruboshwe muUkraine, Russia nedzimwe โ nyika dzepashure peCommunistโ idzo ruboshwe rwunonyengerwa kana muvengi wadzo.
Pasinei nenyaya idzi, panguva yeMaidan Revolution, bato iri rakange riine mukana wakakura wekufamba zvine simba kuruboshwe. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti hurumende yaiuya yaive imwe hurumende yehuwori uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, nekuti yakatsigira uye yakagamuchira IMF/US/European zvido zvekugadzirisa zvimiro uye kuderedzwa. Izvi zvakakonzera kurohwa kwakati uye kumwe kurwiswa kwakavakirwa mukirasi-asi ivo vakanyaradzwa uye vakapera simba nekuda kwekupindira kweRussia uye kutorwa kweCrimea uye kurwira kwakatevera kuMabvazuva.
Zvakakosha kunzwisisa zvinogona kuitika kune dzimwe nyika uye pasi rose kana mhirizhonga yeUkraine yakanga yashanduka ikava sangano rekuruboshwe uye sangano revashandi panguva yeChitsuwa, 2014. Paiva ne-chaiyo-asi yakaoma kuverenga-mukana wekuti izvi zvingadai zvakapararira kune dzimwe nyika. Paivaโuye zvichida kwasaraโmukana wokuti ipararire kuBosnia, kuGreece, kuItaly, kuSpainโkunyanya kuRussia. Nyika dzese idzi dzaive nekusawirirana nehurumende dzadzo uye dzinogona kunge dzakatevera kutungamira kweUkraine kana imwe shanduko yemagariro kana revolutionary movement. Hongu, mafambiro munyika imwe neimwe ane utera hwayo uye kusajeka pamusoro pegwara rezvematongerwo enyika uye zvinangwa, izvo zvingadai zvakaumba mhinduro dzavo-asi sezviitiko mushure mekuchinja kweTunisia kwakaratidza, mafambiro echimurenga dzimwe nguva anogona kupararira kupfuura zvatingatarisira.
Putin haasi dummy. Iye nevakuru vakuru vehurumende neveRussia (uye zvichida vekune dzimwe nyika) macapitalist vakamupoteredza vakaona izvi zvinogona kutyisidzira simba ravo uye zvechokwadi, zvichida, kune capitalism. Vakafamba noungwaruโasi vaine ngozi yokukonzera hondo yenyikaโkuidzivisa kugadzira kutyisidzira kurusununguko rweUkraine nyika neyaimbova tenzi wayo. Vakabata Crimea, uye vakatsigira kuedza kwekupandukira nemapoka muEast Ukraine neOdessa. MuOdessa, vakakundwa nekukurumidza, asi muchina weRussia propaganda wakakanganisa zvakaitika sezvakakurukurwa pamusoro apa. MuEastern Ukraine, vakabudirira zvikuru. Izvi, sezvandinofunga kuti vaiziva kuti zvaizoita, zvakasimbisa mauto ehurumende nemauto mukati meUkraine, uye naizvozvo zvakaderedza mikana yekurwisana nekucheka kutora mafomu aizotyisidzira hutongi hwaPutin muRussia, hutongi hwe oligarch muUkraine, uye, kazhinji, iyo ye capitalism uye yese imperialism.
Chikamu chekubudirira kwavo kwakavakirwa pamutsetse wakakanganisa kutyisidzira kwefascist kubva muchikamu chose. Nhamba yakanaka yevaUkraine, pamwe kunyanya avo vasina kunzwisisa kushoma kweRussia semampiriyasi, vakatenda tsananguro iyi yeMaidan kana hurumende itsva sefascist. Vamwe vakanga vavhiringidzika uye vakanga vasingachagoni kufamba, kana kuti vakanga vashora Maidan nokuda kwezvimwe zvikonzero. (The anti-Maidan reaction yakabatsirwa nehupenzi-yakakurumidza kuchinjwa-yeavo vari muhurumende yeKyiv yenguva pfupi vakapasisa mutemo wekuita kuti Ukrainian ive mutauro wega wepamutemo.) Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti musarudzo panguva yekudonha, 2014, kana Right Bloc kana Svoboda akawana mavhoti e5% anodiwa kuti vapinde muparamende.
Sei vazhinji vepasirese vakasara vachiona chimurenga ichi sechimurenga uye nekudaro vachipotsa zvazvinoreva padanho reshanduko nezviono nhasi?
Ini handina nzvimbo pano yekuita basa rakakodzera rekupa zvirevo zvakasiyana nemapoka anoona chimurenga ichi sechisimba uye kutsigira zvakajeka kana zvakajeka zviito zveRussia mukutora Crimea uye kutsigira kurwira muEastern Ukraine. Pane kudaro, ini ndicharatidza muchidimbu zvikonzero zvavo zvechiito chakadaro uye ndozotsoropodza muchidimbu.
Kunyanya, vanopa izvi maererano neAmerican (uye European Union) imperialism seyo inonyanya kukonzeresa mhirizhonga munyika (zvairi) uye nechisimba chine masimba emaimperiya. Vanoona zviito zveRussia mukupikisa chero kuwedzera kwesimba reUS/EU muUkraine kana dzimwe nyika dziri pedyo nemiganhu yeRussia se "zviri pamutemo" zviito zvekudzivirira zvekurwisa maimperialist. Vamwe vavo vachiri kuona nyika kubva pamaonero ayo vazhinji muUS vakasiya mukupera kwema1960 senyika iyo vatambi vakuru inyika dzemaimperiya (US nevanodyidzana nayo) uye idzo nyika dzinopokana imperialism-idzo dzakasanganisira, kune vamwe vavo, Libya yaGaddafi, Syria, China, neRussia, pakati pevamwe.
Muhurukuro dzangu navo, zvakare, vanozivisa nekuzvikudza kuti vanopokana nehupfumi hweUS uye vanoona dzimwe nyika idzi sevabatsiri vavo. Zvichiiswa mumashoko angave akashandiswa naLenin kana kuti Marx, ivo vari kutsigira vatongi vecapitalist vedzimwe nyika idzi uye vachipesana nevatongi vecapitalist venyika yavo. Mune dzimwe nzira, izvi zvinoenderana nekushevedzera kwaLenin kuti aumbe mabhindauko munyika yako sezvo vatongi vako vari muvengi wako mukuru-asi vanoregeredza kutaura kuti Lenin akaona iri zano rakakodzera rekuruboshwe rwepasi uye nekudaro aizotsoropodza akasununguka uye kuita zvinopesana nevatongi. yeGermany kana yeU.SA kunyangwe ichiri mukurwisana neCzarism neRussian imperialism.
Munguva yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze epasi rose, tisingarevi matambudziko akanyanya pakati penyika dzine zvombo zvenyukireya seUS, Russia neChina, ndine dambudziko rekuona kuti ongororo yakadai yevatongi vedzimwe nyika dzine simba sevanodyidzana inopa hwaro hwetariro kana zano. Petro-state Russia (iyo ichangotora Crimea neiyo iri pedyo yeBlack Sea carbon mafuta zviwanikwa) haisi kuzofamba kupedza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nekukurumidza kupfuura USA.
Uyezve, ongororo iyi inofuratira zvachose kodzero dzegutsaruzhinji dzevaUkraine mamirioni makumi mana neshanu nedzedzimwe nyika dzinoganhurana neRussia. Mukati meUS, zvinoputika zviso zvedu kana vanhu vachiona "kuruboshwe" vachitsigira hutongi hwakaita saAssad kana Putin.
Zvinotonyanya kukosha, kusvika padanho iro vanhu muUkraine nedzimwe nyika vanonyatsonzwisisa kuti Russia yanga iri uye imperiya - iyo inosanganisira vamwe vari kuruboshwe rweRussia - ona "kuruboshwe" vachitsigira ma imperialists ari padyo navo, vachaona kuruboshwe. semuvengi kana pfungwa dzisina simba. Zvichava zvakaoma zvakakwana kune kuruboshwe munyika idzi (uye Russia zvakare, nokuda kwechinhu ichocho) kuti vadzidze zvidzidzo zveU.SR zvinofananidza hurongwa hwavaigara pasi panguva iyoyo neMarxism uye socialism. Wedzera kune izvozvo kutsigirwa kwezvikamu zvakakura zvekuMadokero zvakasiiwa kune humambo hweRussia, uye basa racho rinowedzera kuoma.
Pakupedzisira, regai ndijekese. Handitendi kuti nyika dzemacapitalist isimba rezvakanaka. Ndivo vanoumba hwaro hweimperialism, hondo, kushandiswa kwevashandi, uye hudzvanyiriri hwakawanda maererano nerudzi, chitendero, nyika uye murume kana mukadzi. Zvandakadzidza kubva mukushingaira kwangu uye zvakare kubva mukuverenga nhoroondo ndeyekuti shanduko inobva pazasi. Chero tariro yekusunungurwa kana zvechokwadi yekupona kwehupenyu hwevanhu munguva yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunoenderana nevashandi nevabatsiri vavo kuunganidza uye kutora simba rekuparadza pasi nehupenyu hwedu uye mufaro kure neguta guru nenyika dzayo. Kuzvipira kwedu mukati meUS nepasirese pasi rose kunofanirwa kuve nemafambisirwo ekodzero nemasimba evashandi, demokrasi, kugarika, kupera kwehudzvanyiriri hwese, uye kupera kwehudzvanyiriri hwese. Panyaya yeUkraine, izvi zvinoreva kupindirana nevaya vanorwira kodzero dzavo uye zvavanoda, sevashandi veKrivih Rih vaive vazhinji vesangano remunharaunda reMaidan ikoko, uye vakazorova rovambira huru pamusoro penyaya dzehupfumi, kana sevatyairi vetram. muKyiv avo vakarwisa kuderedzwa kwakatangwa nehurumende itsva ikoko. Zvichareva zvakare kupikisa hutongi hweKyiv, US/Western imperialism โ uye Russian imperialism. Uye sezvandinoshuva kuti US anti-war uye anti-imperialists vaizotsigira vashandi, pro-democracy uye anti-Russian imperialist movement muUkraine, ndinoshuvawo kuti mamwe maDemocratic Democrats uye vatsigiri vangapikisa kwete Russian chete asi US / EU imperialism. .
References
Dzarasov, Ruslan. 2013. Iyo Conundrum yeRussia Capitalism: Iyo Post-Soviet Economy muNyika System. London: Pluto Press
Pinkham, Sophie
- Tinorota kuEurope, Zvita 3, 2013. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/we-dream-of-europe/
- Maidan Stories, Zvita 17, 2013. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/maidan-stories/
- Muri vapenyu here mukoma? Kukadzi 23, 2014. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/are-you-alive-brother/
- Ukraine muFlames, Chikunguru 22, 2014. https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/ukraine-in-flames/
- Ndeipi Ukraine? New Yorker, Kukadzi 12, 2015. http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/ukraine
Mashoko Okuwedzera:
Nguva: Dambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika muUkraine
(Kwakabva: Al Jazeera http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/03/timeline-ukraine-political-crisis-201431143722854652.html 20 Sep 2014 05:48 GMT) yakadhaunirodwa 4/15/2015
Ini ndakagadziridza iyo nguva yeAl Jazeera nekudzima akawanda ezvinyorwa zvisiri pakati pechinyorwa ichi uye nemonor mameseji editing kuitira kupfupika uye kujeka. Ani nani anoda kuona yekutanga anogona kutarisa URL yataurwa pamusoro.
Mazuva enzendo dzangu dzekuUkraine anoonekwa kurudyi
Gunyana 2010 Kyiv
May/June 2011 Kyiv
Gumiguru 2011 Kyiv, Kriviy Rih, Lviv
Chivabvu 2012 Kyiv, Crimea
Gumiguru 2012 Kyiv, Odessa
Chivabvu 2013 Kyiv, Odessa
Gumiguru 31/November 14, 2013 Kyiv, Odessa
Nov 21, 2013: Mutungamiri Yanukovich anosiya chibvumirano chekutengeserana neEU, anotsvaka hukama hwepedyo neMoscow.
Nov 30: Rutsigiro rweveruzhinji rwuri kukura kune vanopikisa hurumende vanopikisa EU sezvo mifananidzo yavo yakadeurwa neropa nemhirizhonga yemapurisa ichipararira pamhepo nemunhau.
Zvita 1: Vanhu vangangosvika mazana matatu ezviuru vachiratidzira muKiev's Independence Square. City Hall inotorwa nevaratidziri.
Zvita 17: Mutungamiri weRussia Putin anozivisa hurongwa hwekutenga madhora bhiriyoni gumi nemashanu mumabhondi ehurumende yeUkraine uye kudzikiswa kwemutengo wegasi rechisikigo reRussia kuUkraine.
Ndira 16 2014: Mitemo inopesana nekuratidzira inopasiswa uye inokurumidza kushorwa se "draconian".
Jan 22: Varatidziri vaviri vanofa mushure mekupfurwa. Wechitatu anofa zvichitevera kuwa panguva yainetsana nemapurisa.
Jan 28: Mykola Azarov anosiya basa semutungamiri weUkraine; paramende inobvisa mitemo inorambidza kuratidzira kwaita kuti kuratidzira uku kuenderere mberi.
Jan 29: Bhiri rapasiswa, rinovimbisa kuregererwa kwevaratidziri vanenge vasungwa kana zvivakwa zvehurumende zvikatorwa.
Jan 31: Muratidziri anopikisa Dmytro Bulatov akawana kunze kweKiev mushure mekusungwa uye kutambudzwa kwemazuva masere, sezviri pachena mumaoko eboka rinotsigira Russia.
Kukadzi 4 - 8, 2014 Odessa
Kukadzi 16: Vanopikisa vanopedza basa reKiev City Hall. Mukuchinjana 234 varatidziri vakasungwa vanoburitswa.
Kukadzi 18: Kurwisana kwemigwagwa kunosiya vanosvika gumi nevasere vafa uye vanenge zana vakuvara. Mhirizhonga inotanga apo varatidziri vanorwisa mitsara yemapurisa mushure mekunge paramende yambomira mukupasisa kuvandudzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kuitira kuti masimba emutungamiri wenyika aganhurwe. Varatidziri vanodzosera zvivakwa zvehurumende.
Kukadzi 20: Kiev inoona zuva rayo rakaipisisa rechisimba kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi manomwe. Vanhu vanosvika makumi masere nemasere vanourayiwa mumaawa makumi mana nemasere. Mifananidzo inoratidza vapambi vehurumende vachipfura varatidziri vari pamatenga edzimba.
Kukadzi 21: Vatungamiri vekuratidzira, vanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika uye Yanukovich vanobvuma kuumba hurumende itsva uye kuita sarudzo dzekutanga. Masimba aYanukovich akaderedzwa. Paramende inovhota kuti vasunungure VaYulia Tymoshenko, vaimbova mutungamiriri wehurumende, mujeri. Yanukovich anotiza Kiev mushure mekunge varatidziri vatora kutonga kweguta guru.
Kukadzi 22: Ukraine vezvematongerwo enyika vanovhota kubvisa Yanukovich. Tymoshenko anosunungurwa kubva mujeri uye anotaura kune avo vakaungana muKiev. Chivabvu 25 pachaitwa sarudzo itsva dzemutungamiri wenyika.
Kukadzi 23: Paramende yeUkraine inopa masimba emutungamiri wenyika kumutauriri wayo mutsva, Oleksandr Turchinov, sahwira waTymoshenko. Varatidziri vePro-Russian vanoungana muCrimea vachipokana nehutongi hutsva hweKiev.
Kukadzi 24: Hurumende yenguva yeUkraine inoburitsa gwaro rekusungwa kwaYanukovich.
Kukadzi 25: Pro-Russian Aleksey Chaly anogadzwa semeya weSevastopol sezvo misangano muCrimea ichienderera mberi.
Kukadzi 26: Crimean Tartars inotsigira hutongi hutsva hweKiev kunetsana nevaratidziri veRussia mudunhu.
Kukadzi 27: Varume vane zvombo vePro-Kremlin vanotora zvivakwa zvehurumende muCrimea. Hurumende yeUkraine inopika kudzivirira kupaza kwenyika sezvo paramende yeCrimea inogadza Chivabvu 25 sezuva rereferendamu yenzvimbo. Yanukovich anopiwa hutiziro muRussia.
Kukadzi 28: Varume vakashongedzerwa mune zvisina kujeka kurwisana kuneta vanobata Simferopol international airport uye nendege yemauto muSevestopol. UN Security Council inoita musangano wechimbichimbi wakavharwa wekuzeya zviri kuitika kuCrimea.
Moscow inoti kufamba kwemauto muCrimea kunoenderana nezvibvumirano zvakapfuura kuchengetedza nzvimbo yayo yezvikepe muBlack Sea. Yanukovich anotanga kuonekwa pachena, kumaodzanyemba kweRussia.
March 1: Imba yeRussia yepamusoro yeparamende inobvumidza chikumbiro chaPutin chekushandisa simba remauto muUkraine.
March 2: Chikwata chemazana emauto eRussia chakananga kuguta guru redunhu reCrimea. Mutungamiriri mutsva weUkraine, VaArseny Yatsenyuk, vanopomera Russia mhosva yekuzivisa hondo munyika yavo.
March 3: Black Sea Fleet yeRussia inoudza mauto emugungwa eUkraine muSevastopol kuCrimea kuti azvinde pasi kana kurwiswa nemauto.
March 4 : Mukuita kwake kwekutanga veruzhinji padambudziko muUkraine, Putin anoti nyika yake inochengetera kodzero yekushandisa nzira dzese kudzivirira vagari vayo kumabvazuva kweUkraine. Mauto eRussia anopfuta pfuti kuvarwi veUkraine vasina pfuti vachifora vakananga kunhandare yemhepo muSevastopol.
March 6: Paramende yeCrimea inovhota nezwi rimwe chete kuti ipinde muRussia. Maawa gare gare, kanzuru yeguta reSevastopol muCrimea inozivisa kubatana neRussia nekukurumidza.
March 11: Iyo EU inokurudzira pasuru yekutengeserana kusununguka matanho kutsigira hupfumi hweUkraine. Paramende yedunhu reCrimea inotora "chiziviso cherusununguko".
March 12: VaObama vanosangana naYatsenyuk kuWhite House kuratidza kutsigira hurumende itsva yeUkraine uye vanoti US "icharamba zvachose" referendamu yeCrimea.
March 13: Paramende yeUkraine inovhota kugadzira 60,000-yakasimba National Guard kudzivirira nyika.
March 15: Nhengo dzeUN Security Council dzinovhota nemoyo wese dzichitsigira hurongwa hwekushora referendamu iri kuuya yeremangwana reCrimea ichinzi haisi pamutemo. Russia yakaramba chiitiko ichi uye China yakaramba.
March 16: Mhedzisiro yereferendamu yeCrimea inotaura kuti vanosvika makumi mapfumbamwe neshanu muzana evavhoti vanotsigira mubatanidzwa neRussia.
March 17: US neEurope dzinomisa kumisa midziyo uye kurambidzwa kwemavhiza kune vanhu vanobatanidzwa mukupaza kweCrimea.
March 18: Putin anosaina chibvumirano chinopinza Crimea muRussia, kekutanga Kremlin ichiwedzera miganhu yenyika kubva Hondo Yenyika II. Kiev inoti kunetsana kwasvika "padanho remauto" mushure mekunge musoja wekuUkraine apfurwa akaurayiwa nevanhu vaive nepfuti vakarwisa muzinda wemauto muSimferopol, rufu rwekutanga rwakadai mudunhu kubva mauto anotsigira Russia atora masimba mukupera kwaKukadzi.
March 19: Pro-Russian activists, sezviri pachena Crimean mauto ekuzvidzivirira, anokunda Sevastopol base pasina kushandisa mhirizhonga.
March 20: Vatungamiri veEU vanoshora kutorwa kweRussia neCrimea. EU neUS dzinowedzera runyorwa rwevanhu vakatariswa zvirango.
March 21: Russia inofuratira zvirango mushure mekunge US yakanangana naPutin mukati uye EU inowedzera mazita gumi nemaviri pazvirango. Ukraine inoti haifi yakabvuma kurasikirwa kweCrimea uku Moscow ichisaina bhiri rekutora zviri pamutemo peninsula.
March 29: Makwikwi emutungamiri weUkraine anotanga nevaimbove Mutungamiriri wenyika, Yulia Tymoshenko uye shooon wezvemabira Petro Poroshenko vachinyoresa sevane tariro.
March 31: Mauto eRussia abudawo pamuganhu weUkraine mudunhu rekumaodzanyemba kweRostov kuRussia, zvichitevera hurukuro pakati pegurukota rezvekunze kweRussia nemumwe wake weAmerica.
April 2: Mutungamiriri weUkraine akadzingwa anobvuma akanga "akanganisa" mukukoka mauto eRussia kuCrimea uye akapika kuedza kunyengetedza Moscow kuti idzose peninsula.
April 6: Vatsigiri vekuRussia vanotora kutonga kwezvivakwa zvehurumende mumaguta ekumabvazuva eDonetsk, Luhansk neKharkiv, vachidaidzira kuti paitwe referendamu yekuzvitonga. Zviremera zveUkraine zvinotorazve kutonga kwezvivakwa zveKharkiv muna Kubvumbi 8 mushure mekutanga "anti-terror operation".
April 11: Mutungamiriri wenguva yeUkraine asaita kupa mamwe masimba kumatunhu ekumabvazuva, sezvo pro-Russia separatist vanoramba vachitora zvivakwa muDonetsk neLuhansk.
April 12: Vatsigiri veRussia vane pfuti vanotora kamba yemapurisa uye chivako chekuchengetedza mabasa muguta reSloyansk, makiromita makumi matanhatu kubva kuDonetsk uko vapanduki veRussia vanotora muzinda wemapurisa. Vanoparadzanisa vanobatawo mapurisa HQ muKramatorsk.
April 13: Mauto akakosha eUkraine anotadza kudzinga vanhu vane pfuti veRussia muSloyansk. Mumwe mukuru weUkraine uye mumwe muratidziri weRussia anourayiwa mukushanda. Zvichakadaro, vanoparadzanisa vanotora zvivakwa zvekanzuru yeguta muMariupol neKhartsyzsk.
April 16: Mauto eUkraine anodzoka kubva kuSloyansk apo boka rinotsigira-Russian richitora horo yeguta muDonetsk.
April 17: Mauto eUkraine anodzora kurwiswa kwehusiku muMariupol, achiuraya vapambi vatatu. Vanhu vangangosvika mazana maviri vanozoratidzira mutaundi vachipesana neKiev. Putin anobvuma kuti mauto eRussia akaiswa muCrimea panguva yereferendamu yaKurume yekubatana neRussia, asi anoti anotarisira kuti haafanire kushandisa "kodzero" yake kutumira mauto eRussia kuUkraine.
April 18: Masangano anotsigira Russia anoti haasi kuzobviswa muzvivakwa zvakagarwa kusvika hurumende yeKiev, iyo yavanoona sezviri kunze kwemutemo, yabviswawo. Russia inoshora nhaurirano dzezvimwe zvirango. Hurumende yenguva yeUkraine inovimbisa hutongi hwakazvimiririra uye inoti mutauro wechiRussia uchapihwa "chinzvimbo chakasarudzika" munyika.
April 20: Kurwa kwepfuti kunouraya muguta rekumabvazuva kweUkraine kunoparadza chibvumirano cheIsita.
April 21: Varatidziri muLuhansk vanovimbisa kuita referendamu yavo yemuno yekuzvitonga muna Chivabvu 11.
May 1: Varwi vanosvika mazana matatu vevarwi veRussia vanotora hofisi yemuchuchisi muDonetsk. Kunyoresa kunodzoserwa kune vese varume vekuUkraine vane makore 300-18.
May 2: Zuva rakateura ropa rakawanda kubva pakatanga hurumende itsva. Vanosvika gumi vanofa mukurwisa kutsva kwemauto kuSloyansk. Muguta rekumaodzanyemba reOdessa, makumi mana nevaviri vanofa apo kurwisana pakati pevatsigiri veRussia nevatsigiri veUkraine kunopera nemoto mukuru.
May 9: Putin anobhururuka achienda kuCrimea mushure mekutarisa kuratidzwa kwesimba remauto muRed Square kwaakaremekedza "uto reRussia rinokunda nyika". Kunetsana kunomuka muMariupol zvekuti gurukota rezvemukati menyika rinoti kusiya makumi maviri nerimwe vafa.
Dai 12 : Varatidziri vePro-Russia vazivisa kukunda kwakasimba mureferendamu yemapatya pamusoro pehuchangamire hwekumabvazuva kweUkraine. Matunhu eDonetsk neLuhansk akavhota neSvondo kuti azviparadzanise neUkraine. Gasi hofori yeRussia Gazprom inopa Ukraine kusvika June 3 kubhadhara $1.6bn yegasi rechisikigo. EU inosimudzira zvirango kuMoscow.
May 25: Petro Poroshenko ndiye akunda musarudzo yemutungamiri weUkraine, asi mishumo inoratidza kuti kuvhota kwakavharwa kana kuvhiringwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo zhinji dzinotongwa nevanopandukira hurumende dzekumabvazuva kweUkraine.
June 16: Russia inomisa gasi kuendeswa kuUkraine, pasinei nekupa kubva kuUkraine neEurope vatauriri vechibvumirano chenguva pfupi. Gazprom inozivisa kuti Ukraine ichangogamuchira gasi yainobhadhara kare.
June 27: Poroshenko anosaina chibvumirano chemubatanidzwa weEU, mwedzi misere mushure mekuratidzira pamusoro pekusiya chibvumirano kwakatanga.
July 5: Mauto eUkraine anotorazve Sloyansk, yaimbova muzinda mukuru wevapanduki. Kuvhiya panguva imwe cheteyo muKramatorsk kwakamanikidza vapanduki kubuda muguta.
July 17: Ndege yeMalaysian Airlines MH17 yakapfurwa kumabvazuva kweUkraine, ikauraya vanhu vese mazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe nevasere vaive muchikepe. Mumwe chipangamazano kubazi rezvemukati meUkraine anoti ndege iyi yakapfurwa nechikasha kubva kuBuk-to-air launcher.
July 18: VaObama vanotsinhira kuti ongororo dzekutanga dzinoratidza kuti MH17 yakapfurwa neBUK-M1 pamusoro-ku-air missile yakapfurwa kubva munzvimbo inotongwa nevapanduki veRussia.
July 19: Kiev inopomera mauto evapanduki nekukanganisa humbowo panzvimbo yetsaona, ichiti mapoka ane zvombo aifamba uye achiparadza humbowo. Mimwe mishumo inoratidza boka rekutarisa reOSCE rakatumirwa kune saiti rakangopihwa mukana wekuwana.
July 20: Vatungamiri vakati wandei veEU vanotyisidzira kuti vachatemera zvimwe zvirango kuRussia kana Kremlin ikasamanikidza vapanduki vanofungidzirwa kuti vapfura ndege yeMH17 inotakura vanhu kuti vape mukana wekupinda nzvimbo yakaparara.
July 23: Vakuru vehungwaru vekuUS vanoti vanotenda kuti ndege iyi yakadururwa nevatsigiri veRussia "nekukanganisa."
July 24: The Us inopomera Russia yekupfura pfuti kuyambuka muganho kupinda muUkraine, asi haigovane humbowo hwayo. Mutauriri wePentagon anozvitsanangura se "kuwedzera kwemauto." pazuva rimwe chetero, hurumende yemubatanidzwa muUkraine inoparara, uye Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk anosiya chigaro zvichitevera kubviswa kwemapato eSvoboda neUDAR.
August 1: Hurumende yeUkraine inovhota kuramba kusiya basa kweMutungamiriri wehurumende Arseniy Yatsenyuk. Zvikumbiro zvebhajeti raYatsenyuk, zvakambovharwa neparamende, zvichimanikidza kusiya basa uye kuparara kwemubatanidzwa, zvinobvumidzwa zvizere. Zvichakadaro, vaongorori vanobva kuHolland neAustralia vanotanga kuongorora kwakadzama kweMH17 saiti yekuparara.
August 13: Varwi vanosvika gumi nevaviri vekuUkraine kubva kuboka reRudyi Sector vakaurayiwa uye nhamba isingazivikanwe yakatapwa apo bhazi ravo rakavharirwa kumabvazuva kweUkraine.
August 26: Ukraine inoti mauto ayo atora boka revarwi veRussia vakanga vayambuka muganhu vachipinda kumabvazuva kweUkraine. Vatungamiri veRussia neUkraine vanosangana muMinsk kumeso nechiso kekutanga kubva munaJune.
August 30: Ukraine inozivisa kuti yakasiya guta rekumabvazuva reIlovaisk nemukoridho mushure memazuva ekukombwa nevapanduki.
Kunobva: Al Jazeera uye masangano
Ndira/Kukadzi 2015 Kyiv, Odessa
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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