Musi waChikunguru 16, 1973, makore makumi maviri nemasere kusvika pazuva mushure mekuputika kwechombo chenyukireya chekutanga kuAlamogordo, New Mexico, mutsara wemarori ekurasira ane detritus kubva kuuranium yakashandiswa kugadzira plutonium yebhomba rekuyedza yakaratidzwa paWest Lake landfill. muBridgeton, Missouri. Achingofungidzira kuti marori akanga akazadzwa nokuzara kwakachena, mukuru mukuru wepombi akaatenderedza pasi pasina kubhadharisa mari yokurasa. Mumwe mutyairi werori akataura gare gare kuti iye nevamwe vaishandisa zvinhu zvitema mumagadheni okumba kwavo. Pakasvika October zviuru zvakatumirwa zvakakandwa zvisiri pamutemo panorasirwa marara kuchamhembe kweSt. Louis County, mukuputswa kwemipimo yemubatanidzwa; vaive nefungidziro 43,000 matani eradioactive uranium kugadzirisa tsvina uye ivhu rakasvibiswa.
Ikozvino pasi penhau dzenhau dzenyika, nzvimbo inoraswa irasi yakabatana neWest Lake marara yakasangana nemoto wepasi pevhu uri kukura kwemakore mashanu apfuura. Moto uyu unofungidzirwa kuti ungangoita 1,000 tsoka kubva kune radioactive zvinhu. Consultants for Missouri Attorney General Kris Koster akaratidza muna Mbudzi 2015 kuti, panguva yakaipisisa, moto unogona kusvika kune radioactive zvinhu mumwedzi mishomanana. Mumwe mukuru weRepublic Corporation, uyo ane nzvimbo yekurasira ivhu, anoti moto uri kufamba kubva kumarara.
Kana moto ukasvika kune marara eradioactive, iyo St. Louis County chirongwa chekukurumidzira inonyevera, pane โmukana wokuti mwaranzi inonaya ibudiswe muutsi hwobva hwapararira munharaunda yacho yose.โ
Vanopindura zvechimbichimbi mudunhu rakavakidzana reI Illinois vari kuyambirwa kuti vagadzirire kubata nevanogona kubuda vakasvibiswa. Vana vari vana matunhu echikoro ari pedyo nepanorasirwa marara vakauya netsamba kumba dzinorayira vabereki kuti vana vaizobviswa kana kuti vachengetedzwe munzvimbo, kana moto wacho ukasvika pamarara ane mwaranzi.
Mushure mekuramba kuti moto waizosvika kune radioactive zvinhu kwemakore maviri apfuura, muna Zvita US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) yakaraira kuiswa kwechivharo chepasi pevhu, asi. akapa mashoko mashoma. "Isu tiri kushanda kuburikidza neruzivo rwakaoma kwazvo rwekuita sarudzo yedu uye matanho emutemo anoenderana. Kana hurongwa uhu hwapera, takazvipira kupa ruzivo urwu kune veruzhinji,โ chakadaro chinyorwa chepakati pemwedzi waZvita. "EPA ichashandisa masimba ese aripo kuti ave nechokwadi chekuita basa iri."
Chivharo chepasi pevhu hachina kukwana. Chekutanga, marara aya, ayo achawedzera kuwanda nemwaranzi kweanenge makore 1,000 2010, aifanira kunge asina kumboraswa pasina hanya nemutemo wehurumende uye ozobvumirwa kugaramo kweanopfuura makore makumi mana. Moto wepasi, wakatanga kuonekwa muna XNUMX, unosimbisa kutadza kwakarongeka nechirongwa chezvombo zvenyukireya cheUS, Nuclear Regulatory Commission neEnvironmental Protection Agency kugadzirisa kukanganisa uku. Dai marara aya anga akagara panzvimbo yeDhipatimendi reMagetsi kuHanford mudunhu reWashington - iri padyo nenhamba dzakakosha dzevanhu uye nzvimbo huru yemvura yekunwa - kubviswa kwavo, kuparadzaniswa, uye kuraswa kwaizonyanya kukosha. Asi kusiyana neHanford, uko kune chibvumirano chekuteerera kwezvakatipoteredza neDhipatimendi reMagetsi, dambudziko reWest Lake rakabvumidzwa kutsvedza, nekusarudzika, kuburikidza nekutsemuka kwemahofisi, kusvibisa nharaunda kwemakumi emakore apo hurumende yakaita zvishoma kana kusaita.
Shanduko yemutemo wemubatanidzwa nguva pfupi yadarika yapasiswa neSeneti yeUS inobvumidza Mauto Corps of Engineers kuti vatarise mafambisirwo emarara eradioactive munzvimbo inoraswa, kutanga kunovimbisa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Pakupedzisira, basa rekubvisa marara aya riri pahurumende yemubatanidzwa, iyo yaitarisira chizvarwa chadzo, uye nekushaya hanya kwakakura nekutadza kutonga mukurasa.
Kupararira kwekusvibiswa. Kuraswa kwetsvina yenyukireya munzvimbo inoraswa marara muWest Lake kunomiririra kutyorwa kukuru kwemitemo yemubatanidzwa yenzvimbo dzine marezinesi ekurasa marara; nekuda kweizvozvo, makumi ezviuru zvematani emarara enyukireya zvino ave munzvimbo ine vanhu vakawanda, pabani remafashamo anenge mamaira 1.2 kubva kuRwizi rweMissouri, hapana zvipingamupinyi zvakagadzirwa kudzivirira kubuda kweradioactivity mumvura kana murwizi.
Kutanga muna 1942, marara akagadzirwa paMallinckrodt Chemical Works mudhorobha reSt. Vakauya zvakanyanya kubva mukugadzira matombo kubva kumugodhi weShinkolobwe uranium kuBelgian Congo. Inotsanangurwa se "chiitiko chinotyisa chechisikigo" nemukuru mukuru wechirongwa chezvombo zvenyukireya cheUS, Congo mine yakapa huwandu hwepamusoro hweuranium pane chero mugodhi wakawanikwa munyika kubva panguva iyoyo. Inenge 70 muzana yeuranium yakatorwa neManhattan Project yakabva kumugodhi weShinklobwe. Pasina simbi yeCongo, zvombo zvenyukireya zvokutanga zvingadai zvisina kugadzirira kushandiswa muna 1945. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, mugodhi wacho wakapa 80 muzana yezvombo zvenyukireya. uranium inoshandiswa muchirongwa chenyukireya cheUS kusvika kuma1950, zvichiita kuti United States iunganidze zviuru zvehondo dzenyukireya.
Marara anotumirwa kuWest Lake ane uranium yakawanda yakabviswa paari, asi anosanganisira zvinhu zvakaoreswa nemwaranzi yemwaranzi yakanyungudutswa, zvimwe zvacho zvine mwaranzi ine mwaranzi nemazana ezviuru kupfuura uranium yemubereki. Nekuda kwekuti dzine radioactive zvakanyanya, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health yakaona kuti nzvimbo yekurasira marara yeWest Lake inobata. iyo "yakaipisisa" yeMallinckrodt tsvina.
Iyo Mallinckrodt tsvina haingoiti njodzi inogona kuitika yekupararira kweradioactivity nemoto; kuratidzirwa kwakaderera-kwepamusoro kwevagari vepedyo kune radioactivity kunewo kunetseka. Mushure memakore maviri ekuunganidza nekuongorora mazana evhu neguruva samples pamusoro penzvimbo ye75-square-mamaira, vandaishanda navo - sainzi wezvemamiriro ekunze Marco Kaltofen kuWorchester Polytechnic Institute uye muongorori Lucas Hixson - uye ini ndichangobva kushuma Nyaya yeEnvironment Radioactivity kuti kusvibiswa kubva mumarara zvichida akatama kubva panzvimbo.
Isu takaona kuti kupararira kwetsvina kwaienderana nekuburitswa kwemvura uye radon gasi kubva kumarara. Chiratidzo chakajeka chekupararira kwetsvina kubva panzvimbo iyi chaive chokwadi chimwechete: Anenge ese masampuli eradioactive atakaunganidza aive nehunhu hwakasiyana hwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa paMallinckrodt Plant.
Gomo remarara eradioactive. Pakazosvika 1946, chirimwa cheMallinckrodt chakanga chapera imba yekuchengetera uye chakatanga kutakura tsvina yerori kuti imhare panhandare yendege yeSt. Pakupera kwema1950, murwi wemakomo une 133,000 matani emarara ane mwaranzi akanga aunganidza.
Mumakore ekuma1960, vatsvakurudzi veAtomic Energy Commissionโs Mound Laboratory pedyo neDayton, Ohio vakasarudza kuti masara emarara akagara panhandare yendege yeSt. Thorium 230 concentrations zvakaonekwa kuti zvakapetwa ka25,000 kupfuura kuwanda kwayo kwechisikigo isotopic.
Inopfuura hafu yehupenyu hwemakore 77,500, thorium 230 inoora kusvika ku radium-226 uye inopinda "mukukura" kukuru kwealpha radioactivity. Mune mamwe mazwi, tsvina inowedzera "kupisa." Iyo US Nuclear Regulatory Commission yakaverengerwa muna 1982 iyo inofamba zvakanyanya radon gasi inogadzirwa kubva mukukura kweradium yaizowedzera zvakapetwa kashanu mumakore 100 uye inodokupeta kaviri nhamba iyoyo mumakore 200. Pakazosvika 1959, nyanzvi dzeDhipatimendi reMagetsi's Hanford saiti dzakaona kuti thorium 230 ndiyo. "mukirasi ine ngozi seplutonium."
Nekuda kwezvibvumirano neBelgium kudzokera kuHondo Yenyika II, mamwe emarara akagadzirwa paMallinckrodt plant aive eAfrican Metals Company, femu yekuBelgian yaive muridzi wemugodhi weCongo uko kwakabva uranium yakanatswa kuMallinckrodt; kambani yeBelgian yaitarisira kuzopedzisira yaburitsa radium nedzimwe simbi kubva mumarara. Uye saka 1,157 matani ezvisaririra zvine radium, inozivikanwa seK-65 zvinhu, zvakatumirwa mukupera kwema1940 uye kutanga kwa1950 kune Fernald, Ohio Ohio-inogadzira uranium-chirimwa uye Ontario Ordinance Works muNew York. Ikoko, vakagara vasina hanya mumasilos epamusoro-makumi emakore, vachiburitsa huwandu hukuru hweradon gasi munzvimbo. KuFernald, panguva iyoyo yaizivikanwa seFeed Materials Production Center, marara aya akachengetwa mumasara matatu matsvuku-nechena, echekibhodhi-pendi, zvichiita kuti vanhu vazhinji vatende kuti saiti iyi yaigadzira chikafu chemhuka. Hurumende yeAmerica yakazotora marara aya ndokurasa nemari inosvika mamiriyoni mazana mana nemakumi matanhatu emadhora.
Muna March 1962, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) yakapa anenge matani 125,000 1966 eโuranium-thorium source materialsโ akachengetwa panzvimbo yenhandare yendege yeSt. Mushure mekutengwa neContemporary Metals nemari inodarika dhora patani, imwe kambani yayo, Continental Mining and Milling Co., yakatakura tsvina kubva panhandare yendege pakati pa1967 naXNUMX, kuburikidza nevavakidzani uye kuenda kunzvimbo yeLatty Avenue muHazelwood, Missouri, kwavakaiswa vakananga pasi. "Ivhu raizodonha kubva mumarori," Skip Cothran, anoshanda forklift, akaudza St. Louis Dispatch muna 1989. โKwakanga kune tsvina kwose kwose kuHazelwood neLatty (maavenues). Dzimwe nguva kana mvura ikanaya, zvinhu zvacho zvaiita kukora uye kunamira kuita semupfudze wemombe.โ
Vana vaitamba nokurasa kwerori, โsokunge vari kusefa ndarama,โ anoyeuka kudaro Carolyn Bower, mumwe murume. Tumira-Kutumira mutori wenhau akashanda pane nyaya nezveMallinckrodt tsvina. Zvimwe zvakasara zvakaomeswa ndokuendeswa kuCanon City, Colorado kuti zvigadziriswe nekambani yeCotter, iyo yakatenga marara kubva kuCommercial Discount Corporation mushure mekunge yabhuroka. Muna 1973, zvakasara zvakabviswa muLatty Avenue ndokukandwa muWest Lake. Vashandi vanobata zvinhu izvi vakafumurwa zvakanyanya zvekuti vave kupihwa mukana wekupokana apo vanenge vachitariswa muripo wemubatanidzwa wemagomarara avanenge vabata.
Regulators vanokanda gaba pasi pemugwagwa. Muna May 1974, AEC inspectors vakapedzisa kuti marara akatamiswa kubva kuHazelwood akanyanya kucheneswa kuti arasirwe muWest Lake marashi uye kuaisa ikoko kwainge kwatyora mitemo yemubatanidzwa. Asi AEC nemutsivi wayo, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, vakasarudza kusashandisa simba ravo repamutemo kuti marara acho atorerwe oiswa munzvimbo yakakodzera. Pane kudaro, iyo AEC yakarega kambani yeCotter ichibvisa chiredzo nekumisa rezinesi rayo rekutora zvinhu.
Kwemakore makumi maviri akatevera, iyo NRC yakatora West Lake seimwe yenzvimbo dzayo dzinonetsa marara. Mushure mezvidzidzo zvakati wandei, muna 20 vashandi veNRC vakaburitsa chirevo pamusoro pekuraswa kwemarara, vachizivisa kuti tsvina yaivepo inomiririra. njodzi huru yenguva refu uye โzvingangoda kuti zvinhu zvacho zvifambiswe kuโsero yokurasa.โโ Asi komisheni iyi haina kuita, uye muna 1995 yakaendesa basa renzvimbo yeWest Lake kuU.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund Chirongwa.
Mu 1989, the St. Louis Post Dispatch yakaburitsa chinyorwa chakareba chezvinyorwa zvinotsanangura kusvibiswa kweradiological yakasiiwa nechirimwa cheMallinckrodt uye kusvibiswa kwakapararira kubva mumarara akaiswa muNorth St. Louis County. Mukupindura, kumanikidzwa kubva kuMissouri congressional delegation yakamanikidza Dhipatimendi reMagetsi kuita chirongwa chekuchenesa chinoenderera nanhasi, chiri pasi pesimba reUS Army Corps of Engineers. Mazhinji eradioactive โnzvimbo dzinopisaโ dzakawanikwa (uye dzichiri kuramba dzichivapo), kunyanya padyo neCold Water Creek, iyo yaimhanya pedyo nemarara pavakanga vakagara panhandare yendege uye gare gare muHazelwood. Asi njodzi imwe hurusa ine mwaranzi inounzwa nemarara anobva kugwenzi reMallinckrodtโnjodzi inomiririrwa nematani 43,000 XNUMX emarara anogara munzvimbo inoraswa marara muWest Lakeโinoramba ichinyatsooneka nokusavapo kwayo pakuchenesa.
Panguva iyo Corps yeInjiniya yaichenesa kusvibiswa kwakasara, iyo EPA yakapa sarudzo muna 2008 pasi pesimba rayo reSuperfund raibvumira "mu-nzvimbo" kuraswa kwemarara eradioactive paWest Lake landfill, ichitsigirwa nehurongwa hwemasangano, hwakadai sezvirambidzo zvezvibvumirano nemafenzi, nekuiswa kwevhavha - yakagadzirwa nevhu, matombo nemarara kubva. zvekuvaka - pamusoro penzvimbo dzakasvibiswa nemwaranzi.
Mhinduro yakarongwa iyi haina kugara zvakanaka nenhengo dzeEPA's National Remedy Review Board, yakagadzirwa muna 1996 kuti ipe ongororo yakazvimirira yesarudzo dzekuchenesa Superfund. Mukufamba kusati kwamboitika, EPA yakavharidzira ongororo iyi muchivande uye yaisazoipedzisa kuti ibudiswe pachena. Asi The Wall Street Journal Zvinonzi kuti "nhengo dzebhodhi dzaive nekushushikana kwakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pechikumbiro chekusiya tsvina ine mwaranzi munzvimbo ... West Lake yakanga 'yakapisa mune zvematongerwo enyika' uye zvakakonzera 'kupfuta mukati mesangano iri,' akadaro mumwe munhu anoziva nezvenyaya iyi, achiitsanangura se'nyaya yakaipa. ' zvinosanganisira 'kumanikidza kusingawanzo' pabhodhi kubva kuvakuru veEPA. "
Uye muna 2000, iyo National Academy yeSainzi, yakapiwa basa rekuongorora hutariri panzvimbo dzezvombo zvenyukireya, yakagumisa kuti "mukana wekuti matanho ekugadzirisa masangano achakundikana pane imwe nguva yakakura ... [Zvizhinji zveruzivo rwedu rwemazuva ano rwemaitiro enguva refu emarara mune zvakatipoteredza zvinogona kupedzisira zvave akaonekwa kuti haana kururama."
Zvinetso zvoutano zvinomuka. Kunetseka pamusoro pemigumisiro yemarara pavanhu vari kuchamhembe kweSt.
Dawn Chapman, mutungamiri wenharaunda wesangano VaMoms chete, iyo iri kusunda kubviswa kwetsvina munzvimbo inoraswa, inotaura kuti โkubva kuma1950 kusvikira kuma1970 kwakanga kune kuwedzera kukuru kwavagari vemo muSt. Nekukura kwechiverengero chavagari vapasi, kwakave nekuwanda kwebasa rekuvaka, kuvaka matunhu matsva nekutsigira mabhizinesi. Magiredhi ekuvaka akakanganisa zvinhu zvemwaranzi, zvichinyatso kugovera kusvibiswa sekunge icing pakeke. "
Makore mashoma apfuura, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach naJannell Rodden Wright, vakakurira pedyo neCold Water Creek, vakatya pashure pokunge vawana kuti vangani vevadzidzi vavo vokuchikoro chesekondari va1988 vakanga vachitambura nezvinetso zvoutano zvakakomba, zvikurukuru kenza dzisingawanzoitiki. Muna 2011, vakaita "gonhi-nhanho" epidemiology nekugadzira peji reFacebook rakagadzirirwa kuronda zvirwere munharaunda uko kwaizivikanwa kusvibiswa kubva kumarara eMallinckrodt.
Hapana vaenzi kune maturusi epamusoro ezviverengero, mukati memakore maviri, Wright, accountant, uye Schanzenbach, purofesa wezvehupfumi paNorthwestern University, vakanyora mazana manomwe emakumi manomwe ezvirwere zvegomarara uye zvirwere zvekudzivirira muviri mukati menzvimbo ine mativi mana-maira. Mamwe emagomarara aya ane mukana mumwe chete mumiriyoni wekuitika. Muongororo ye700 epidemiological yevagari vanogara padyo neCold Water Creek, Dhipatimendi reMissouri rehutano rakawana huwandu hwakanyanya hwepamusoro hweleukemia uye mamwe magomarara akati wandei anozivikanwa kuve ane chekuita nekuratidzwa kwemwaranzi. Mamwe magomarara anogona kunge ari eradiogenic akawanikwa akadzikira pane aitarisirwa. Vanyori vakadudza "kushaikwa kweruzivo pamusoro pezvingangoitika pachena" sechinhu chakakosha chinoda kumwe kuongorora. Wright naSchanzenbach vakagadziridza ongororo yavo uye yakashuma muna Nyamavhuvhu 2015 kuti nhamba yezvirwere, kusanganisira kenza isingawanzo, yakawedzera kusvika pa2,725. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, US Centers for Disease Control yatanga kushanyira nzvimbo iyi, kune imwe ongororo
Kudonha kubva kuFlint. Musi wa2 Kukadzi, dare reSeneti reUnited States rakapasisa mutemo wakaunzwa nemaseneta eMissouri Claire McCaskill, Democrat, naRoy Blunt, wekuRepublican, vachitamisa masimba pamusoro pekuraswa kwemarara eradioactive kuWest Lake marara kubva kuEPA kuenda kuUS Army Corps of Engineers. . Uku ndiko kusimukira kwazvino mukukakavadzana kwatora nguva refu pamusoro pekubata mamiriro emarara eWest Lake. Vazhinji munharaunda dzakakanganiswa nemarara vanoona bhiri reSeneti sevhoti yekusavimbika muEPA. Mutemo wakamirira kuti dare reparamende ritore matanho asi rine mukana wakanaka wekuti riitwe. Blunt, nhengo yehutungamiri hweRepublican uye Komiti yeAppropriations, ane simba rakakura, uye nekupihwa kuti bhiri iri rine rutsigiro rwakasimba rwebipartisan, zvinoita sezvisingaite kupikiswa neObama Administration.
Hazvisi kure-kure kugumisa kuti kune kufanana pakati pedambudziko remarara reWest Lake - rakagadzirwa uye rakawedzera nemakumi emakore ekuregeredza uye kurambwa nehurongwa hwezvombo zvenyukireya hweUS uye masangano ane chekuita nekudzivirira vanhu kubva kune inokuvadza nhaka - uye njodzi muFlint. , Michigan, uko vagari vakaiswa muchetura nemvura yokunwa ine mutobvu, uye vakuru vakuru vavo vehurumende vakanonoka kupindura. Muchokwadi, muna Ndira 27, bhodhi rekunyora re St. Louis Post Dispatch akanyatso ratidza kufanana uku, achigumisa kuti "kazhinji, vanhu vasina simba uye simba havaverengeki nevakuru vehurumende. Mamiriro akafanana aripo pano neBridgeton's West Lake yekurashira mararaโฆ Mushure mekuona zvakaitika kuFlint, hazvishamise kuti vanokahadzika chido chehurumende chekuwana mhinduro zvachose.
Basa renzvimbo yeradioactive legacy kuchamhembe kweSt. Louis County yakamira pahurumende yeUS, nekuti dambudziko raivepo rakazvarwa nekugadzirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya zvekutanga. Pashoma, yekutanga kurongeka kwebhizinesi kunofanirwa kunge kuri kweCorps of Injiniya kubvisa yakawanda yemarara emarara eWest Lake sezvinobvira uye kuve neyakasara, kuchengetedza nharaunda dziri pedyo nemvura yekunwa yavanochera kubva kuRwizi rweMissouri.
Nyanzvi yepamusoro kuInstitute for Policy Study, Robert Alvarez akashanda semupi wezano wezano kumunyori weDhipatimendi reMagetsi uye mutevedzeri wemunyori wezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika uye nharaunda kubva muna 1993 kusvika 1999. Munguva iyi, akatungamira zvikwata muNorth Korea kutanga kutonga. yezvombo zvenyukireya. Akarongawo kuronga kwemagetsi enyukireya muDhipatimendi reMagetsi uye akatanga chirongwa chedhipatimendi chekutanga chekugadzirisa zvinhu. Asati ajoina Dhipatimendi reMagetsi, Alvarez akashanda kwemakore mashanu semuongorori mukuru weUS Senate Komiti yeHurumende, inotungamirwa naSen.John Glenn, uye semumwe wevashandi veSeneti vepachirongwa cheUS zvombo zvenyukireya. Muna 1975, Alvarez akabatsira kuwana nekutungamira iyo Environmental Policy Institute, inoremekedzwa yenyika inofarira veruzhinji. Akabatsirawo kuronga mutongo wakabudirira akamiririra mhuri yaKaren Silkwood, mushandi wenyukireya uye nhengo yemubatanidzwa anoshanda akaurayiwa mumamiriro ezvinhu asinganzwisisike muna 1974. Alvarez akaburitsa zvinyorwa mu sainzi, ivo Bulletin yeAtomic Scientists, Technology Review, uye The Washington Post. Akave akaratidzwa muzvirongwa zveterevhizheni zvakaita seNOVA uye 60 Maminitsi.
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