KuMaodzanyemba muzhizha rino, kurwisa kunoparadza kuri kuitika. Mauto evavengi akatora nzvimbo huru; nevhiki yega yega, mamwe 22,000 square mamaira eActic ice anonyangarika. Nyanzvi dzakatumirwa kunhandare yehondo muna Chikunguru dzakaona chikonzero chidiki chetariro, kunyanya sezvo kukomba uku kuri kumwe kwenzvimbo dzekare muhondo. “Mumakore 30, nzvimbo yacho yakaderera nehafu,” akadaro mumwe musayendisiti akaongorora kurwisa kwacho. "Hapana chinoratidzika kunge chinogona kumisa izvi."
MuPacific muchirimo ichi, muvengi akaita dambarefu reushingi muzviuru zvemamaira enyanza, achitamba chikero chizere. bata chibharo pamatunhu emakorari enharaunda. Mukati memwedzi yakati, mativi akareba ezviumbwa zvakaita seGreat Barrier Reef—zvekudzokera shure pamavambo ebudiriro yavanhu uye anooneka kubva muchadenga—akaderedzwa kusvika machena mapfupa-mayadhi.
Zuva nezuva, vhiki nevhiki, vanoparadza vari kuseri kwemitsara yedu vari kuburitsa nhevedzano yekurwisa kwakajeka uye kwakanyanya. Mumwedzi mishoma yapfuura chete, vavengi vedu vakashandisa dutu remoto kumanikidza iyo yose kubuda yeguta revanhu 90,000 XNUMX muCanada, kusanaya kwemvura kunoparadza zvirimwa zvokuti vanhu vokumaodzanyemba kweAfrica vari kudya zvomenemene chibage chavo chembeu, uye mafashamo kuti atyisidzire nzvimbo inokosha yokudhirowa iri munyika. Louvre. Muvengi ari kutotumira zvombo zvipenyu kuparadzira kutya kwepfungwa: The Zika hutachiona, yakatakurwa sebhomba muuto rinokura reumhutu, yachekeresa misoro yevacheche vachangoberekwa mukondinendi yose; makurukota ehutano akavhunduka munyika nomwe zvino kukurudzira vakadzi kuti vasaite mimba. Uye semukurwisana kwose, mamiriyoni e vapoteri vari kutiza zvinotyisa zve hondo, nhamba yavo iri kuwedzera zuva nezuva sezvavanomanikidzwa kusiya misha yavo kuti vatize nzara nekuparadzwa nehosha.
Hondo Yenyika III iri kufamba zvakanaka uye zvechokwadi. Uye tiri kurasikirwa.
Kwemakore, vatungamiriri vedu vakasarudza kufuratira yambiro dzedu best masayendisiti uye pamusoro nyanzvi dzehondo. Vakatiudza kuti kudziya kwepasi rose kwave kutanga chirongwa chekubiridzira chaizoparadza nzvimbo huru dzepasi, kudzura nekuuraya mamirioni avanhu vasina mhosva. Asi panzvimbo yekuteerera uye kutora matanho ari pachena, takasarudza kusimbisa muvengi nekupisa kwedu kusingagumi; kuputika kwebhirioni kwemapistoni ebhirioni mukati memasilinda ebhirioni kwawedzera kutyisidzira kwepasirese kunouraya sekuputika kwenyukireya kwakafanana nehowa kwataitya kare. Carbon nemethane zvino zvinomiririra muvengi akaipisisa wenguva dzese, simba rekutanga rinokwanisa kushungurudza, kuparadzira, uye kushaisa budiriro yedu yese.
Isu takajaira kurwa sedimikira: the war on urombo, hondo yezvinodhaka, hondo yekenza. Kazhinji ichi chingori chigadziro chekutaura, nzira yekutaura, "Tinofanirwa kunangisa pfungwa dzedu uye kurongedza mauto edu kugadzirisa chimwe chinhu chatisingade." Asi iyi haisi dimikira. Nedzimwe nzira dzatinoyera nadzo hondo, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ndiyo dhizaini chaiyo: Carbon nemethane zviri kutora nzvimbo yemuviri, kudyara nyonganyonga uye kutya, kuuraya vanhu vakakuvara, uye kunyange. kupomhodza hurumende. (Mumakore mashoma apfuura, kusanaya kwemvura kwakabatsira kukanganisa murume ane utsinye weSyria uye kukurudzira kukwira kwe Boko Haram muNigeria.) Hakusi kuti kudziya kwepasirese ndiko se hondo yenyika. It is hondo yenyika. Yaro yekutanga victims, zvinoshamisa, ndevaya vakaita zvishoma kuti vakonzere dambudziko. Asi ihondo yenyika yakanangana nesu tose. Uye kana tikarasikirwa, isu tichave takapera uye tisina rubatsiro sevakakundwa mukurwisana kwese-kunze kwekuti panguva ino, hapazove nevanokunda, uye hapazovi nemagumo kubasa renyika rinotevera.
Mubvunzo hausi, tiri muhondo yenyika here? Mubvunzo ndewokuti, ticharwa here? Uye kana tikadaro, tinogona here kukunda muvengi ane simba uye asingachinjiki semitemo yefizikisi?
Kuti tipindure mibvunzo iyoyo—kunzvera, nokutendeseka uye nomutoo wakananga, mikana yedu yokukunda muhondo yenyika itsva iyi—tinofanira kutarira kune yokupedzisira.
Kwemakore mana, United States yaive yakatarisana nechinhu chimwe chete, chinopedza zvese, kunze kwekumwe kunetseka: kukunda kutyisidzira kwepasirese kwakaunzwa neGermany, Italy, neJapan. Kusafanana naAdolf Hitler, simba rokupedzisira rokutyisidzira budiriro yenyika yose, muvengi wedu nhasi haana tsitsi kana kuti akaipa. Asi Hondo Yenyika II isati yatanga, vatungamiriri venyika vakaita chikanganiso chimwe chete chatiri kuita nhasi—vakaedza kutanga kufuratira muvengi wavo, uye ipapo kumufadza.
Nechido chokudzivisa kurwisana, England pakutanga yaibata vaNazi sevatambi vane njere, vachifunga kuti vaizotamba nemirau yaivapo yomutambo wacho. Ndicho chikonzero nei Neville Chamberlain akauya kumba kubva kuMunich kuzofara nemhomho yevanhu: Akadzvinyirirwa nekushaya simba kwemauto eBritain uye hutongi hwehumambo, akaita zvaaifunga kuti zvakakodzera kugutsa Hitler. Chokwadi, kufunga kwakaenda, mudzvanyiriri aizoona chikonzero.
Asi Hitler akanga achitamba nemitemo yake pachake, izvo zvaireva kuti akanga azvidza “chokwadi” chezvamatongerwe enyika chevamwe vatungamiriri. (Zvirokwazvo, zvaireva kuti huchokwadi hwavo hwakanga husiri.) Kabhoni nemethane, zvakasiyana, zvinopa kwete kuzvidza asi kusava nehanya kwakazara: Vaisagona kuva nehanya nezvishuvo zvedu zvisingagutsikane sevatengi, kana kuti kunyura kwemutengo wefossil fuel infrastructure, kana kuti. iyo geostrategic nzvimbo ye petro-states, kana chero ipi zvayo yezvikonzero zvakawanda zvave zvichidzora mhinduro yedu pakudziya kwepasi. Nyika yakadzoka kubva kusaina chibvumirano chemamiriro ekunze Paris Zvita wapfuura chaizvo Chamberlain akadzoka kubva kuMunich: tariro, kunyange kufara, kuti dambudziko guru rakanga ragadziriswa. Paul Krugman, achipfupisa huchenjeri hwepasirese, post-Paris, akapedzisa kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze “kunogona kudziviswa nematanho ane mwero, anokwanisika mune zvematongerwo enyika. Unogona kuda shanduko, asi isu hatidi imwe yekuponesa pasi. " Chaizoda, akasimbirira, kuti America izadzise hurongwa hwaObama hwesimba rakachena, uye kuti ienderere mberi "inotungamira pasi rose mukudzikisira zvakanyanya kuburitsa," sezvayakaita muParis.
Mufananidzo naAndrew Colin Beck
Izvi, zvingotaurwa, zvisina kururama se "rugare munguva yedu" yaChamberlain. Kunyangwe nyika dzese dzepasi dzikatevedzera Chibvumirano cheParis, nyika ichapisa nekusvika 3.5 degrees Celsius ne2100-kwete 1.5 kusvika 2 madhigirii akavimbiswa mukutanga kwechibvumirano. Uye zvinogona kunge zvave kunonoka kare kuzadzisa icho chakataurwa chinangwa: Isu takatamba nerudo nazvo 1.5 dhigirii mutsara pakukwira kwekudziya kweEl Niño muna Kukadzi, mazuva makumi matanhatu chete mushure mekunge hurumende dzepasi rose dzavimbisa nhamburiko dzadzo dzekudzora kudziya kwepasirese. Vatungamiri vedu vanga vachitarisira izvo zvinonzi maFrench Strategists muHondo Yenyika II guerre du longue durée, kunyangwe sechinyorwa chitsva chega chega che sainzi or muzvarirwo inojekesa kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze iri kuwedzera blitzkrieg yese, ichiisa nyowani rekodhi kukwira kwekushisa kwepasi rose mumwedzi gumi nemana yapfuura.
Isati iri nguva refu pashure peParis, masayendisiti enyika akazivisa kuti chando cheWest Antarctic hachina kugadzikana sezvataitarisira; kana tikaramba tichidira magasi egreenhouse mumhepo, inodurura aizi nekukurumidza kupfuura zvakafanotaurwa netsvakiridzo yapfuura. Pamusangano weindasitiri yeinishuwarenzi muna Kubvumbi, mukuru wehurumende yakatsanangurwa iyo data nyowani se "chinhu cheOMG." "Mugumisiro wenguva refu," The New York Times Zvinonzi, "kungangove kunyudza mahombekombe epasirese, kusanganisira mazhinji emaguta makuru." Dai maNazi ari iwo ari kutyisidzira kuparadza pasi rose nhasi, America nevanodyidzana nayo ingadai yatove kugadzirira hondo yakazara.
Tsvagiridzo yeAntarctic yaivemo, se Times yakashuma, chimedu chimwe cheevhangeri. Hungu, kutevera chibvumirano cheParis kwaizoparadza chikamu chikuru cheAntarctic—asi “nhamburiko yakasimba zvikuru yokudzora kubudiswa kwemagasi anopisa ivhu ingava nomukana wakanaka kwazvo wokuponesa West Antarctica pakuparara.”
Chii chaizoda “kushanda nesimba zvikuru” ikoko? Kwemakore ikozvino, masayendisiti ezvemamiriro ekunze uye nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzinotungamira vakadaidzira kubata shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nechisungo chakafanana chatakaunza kuGermany neJapan muhondo yenyika yapfuura. Muna Chikunguru, bato reDemocratic Party rakaburitsa a chikwiriro iyo inodaidzira Hondo Yenyika II-rudzi rwekuunganidza nyika kuponesa budiriro kubva ku "njodzi" ye "njodzi yepasi rose." Muchokwadi, vatauri vaHillary Clinton vakabvumirana kuronga musangano wechimbichimbi "mumazuva zana ekutanga ehutongi hunotevera" apo mutungamiri wenyika achaunganidza "mainjiniya epasirese, masayendisiti ezvemamiriro ekunze, nyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika, varatidziri, uye nharaunda dzechivanhu kuti varonge nzira. kugadzirisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze.”
Asi izvo zvaizotaridzika sei chaizvo? Zvingarevei kuunganidza Hondo Yenyika III pamwero wakafanana sezvatakaita kuhondo yenyika yekupedzisira?
Sezvazvinoitika, masayendisiti eAmerica aita basa rakanyarara asi rakanyanya kuona kuti teknolojia iripo inogona kushandiswa sei kukunda kupisa kwepasi; kutanga zvine mwero, chaizvoizvo, kweManhattan Project ine simba. Mark Z. Jacobson, purofesa wehuinjiniya hwemagariro uye ezvakatipoteredza paStanford University uye mutungamiriri weAtmosphere and Energy Programme, anga achishanda kwemakore nechikwata chenyanzvi kuti averenge nemazvo kuti imwe neimwe yenyika makumi mashanu ingazvigonesa sei kubva kune zvinogonekazve. The nhamba dzakatsanangurwa zvinoshamisa: MuAlabama, semuenzaniso, matenga edzimba anopa huwandu hwe59.7 square kilometres asina kuvhurwa nemiti uye akanongedza nzira kwayo kune solar panel. Zvakatorwa pamwechete, basa raJacobson rinoratidza pachena kuti America inogona kugadzira 80 kusvika 85 muzana yesimba rayo kubva kuzuva, mhepo, nemvura panosvika 2030, uye 100 muzana muna 2050. Mugore rapfuura, boka reStanford rakapa zvakafanana. zvirongwa kumarudzi 139 pasi rose.
Tsvagiridzo inoongorora zvakadzika mune izvo chaizvo zvekushandura kune yakachena simba. Zvingatora ivhu rakawandisa here? Nhamba dzeStanford dzinoratidza kuti waizoda zvingangosvika zvina-mugumi zvechikamu chimwe chete muzana chenyika yeAmerica kuti ugadzire simba rinogonekazve rinokwana, kunyanya kubva pazviteshi zvemagetsi ezuva. Tine zvekushandisa zvakakwana here? "Takatarisa izvo mune zvimwe uye hatina kunyanyonetsekana," anodaro Jacobson. "Semuenzaniso, unoda neodymium yemagetsi emhepo-asi pane kanomwe kakapetwa kanomwe pane zvaungada kupa simba hafu yenyika. Motokari dzemagetsi dzinotora lithium nokuda kwebhatiri—asi kune lithiamu yakakwana chete muzvinhu zvinozivikanwa zvemotokari mabhiriyoni matatu, uye panguva ino tine mamiriyoni 800 chete.”
Asi chirongwa cheStanford chingave chakakwana kudzikamisa kudziya kwepasirese here? Hungu, anodaro Jacobson: Kana tikafamba nokukurumidza zvakakwana kuti tizadzise chinangwa che80 muzana yemagetsi akachena panosvika 2030, ipapo mwero wecarbon dioxide munyika yose ungaderera pasi pechengeteko yakati yezvikamu 350 pamiriyoni pakupera kwezana rino ramakore. Nyika yaizomira kupisa, kana kuti kumhanya kwekudziya kwaizodzika zvakanyanya. Izvo zvave pedyo nekukunda hondo iyi sezvatingagona kuwana. Tinogona kutsungirira kukuvadzwa kwakawanda panguva ino, asi kwete kuparadzwa kwebudiriro kwatakatarisana nako. (Kunyangwe nyika dzese dzepasi rose dzakasangana nemhiko dzavakaita muchibvumirano cheParis, carbon dioxide iri munzira kuenda rova 500 kana 600 zvikamu pamiriyoni pakupera kwezana ramakore — nzira kana isiri kugehena, zvino kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo ine mamiriro akafanana pane thermostat.)
Kuita kuti chirongwa cheStanford chishande, waizoda kuvaka gehena remafekitori mazhinji kuti abudise zviuru zvemaeka emapanera ezuva, uye maturbine emhepo kureba kwenhandare dzenhabvu, uye mamirioni nemamirioni emotokari dzemagetsi nemabhazi. Asi pano zvakare, nyanzvi dzakatotanga kudhiza nhamba. Tom Solomon, mainjiniya akasiya basa aitarisira kuvakwa kweimwe yemafekitari makuru akavakwa mumakore achangopfuura - Intel's mammoth Rio Rancho semiconductor plant muNew Mexico - akatora tsvagiridzo yaJacobson uye akaverenga kuti ingani simba rakachena iro America yaizoda kugadzira panosvika 2050 kuti itore nzvimbo zvachose. fossil fuels. Mhinduro: 6,448 gigawatts.
“Gore rapfuura takaisa magigawati gumi nematanhatu emagetsi akachena,” anodaro Solomon. “Saka nedanho iroro, zvingatora makore 16. Zvinova zvakanyanyisa kureba. "
Saka Soromoni akaita masvomhu kuti aone kuti mafekitari mangani aizotora kugadzira 6,448 gigawatts emagetsi akachena mumakore 35 aitevera. Akatanga nekutarisa SolarCity, kambani yemagetsi yakachena iyo parizvino iri kuvaka fekitori huru yenyika nyati. “Vari kuidana kuti giga-factory,” anodaro Soromoni, “nekuti mapaneru ainovaka achabudisa simba rezuva rinokosha gigawati gore negore.” Achishandisa chirimwa cheSolarCity sechiyereso chakaoma, Soromoni anoverenga kuti America inoda mafekitari 295 ezuva akaenzana kuti akunde kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze—anosvika matanhatu mudunhu rimwe nerimwe—pamwe chete nekuedza kwakafanana kumaturbine emhepo.
Kuvaka mafekitori aya hakudi chero tekinoroji nyowani. Muchokwadi, kuedza kwacho kwaizofanana nekwaitarisirwa naSoromoni kuIntel's semiconductor fekitori muNew Mexico: Sarudza saiti ine migwagwa yakanaka uye chikoro chakanaka chehunyanzvi chiri padyo kupa vashandi; tsvaga makondirakiti akadzidziswa emuno anogona kubata nezvese kubva rebar kuenda kuHVAC; kuwana mvumo yenzvimbo; odha zvinhu zvinotungamira-nguva senge I-beam simbi; enzanisa pasi uye kuchera; isa nheyo uye pasi; Vaka madziro, nembiru, nedenga; “fambisa imwe neimwe yezviteshi zvemichina yefekitari ine pombi dzemvura, pombi, uye waya dzemagetsi”; uye kudzidzisa vashandi ve1,500. Kuti tienderane nekuyerera kwemapanera anodiwa kuti asangane nezvinangwa zveStanford, mumakore akanyanya kusimba ekuvaka isu tinoda kumisa makumi matatu emafekitori emagetsi ezuva pagore, pamwe nemamwe gumi nemashanu ekugadzira maturbine emhepo. “Iri pamucheto wepamusoro wezvandingafungidzira,” anodaro Soromoni.
Kuburitsa mamwe mapaneru ezuva uye turbines emhepo zvinogona kunge zvisingaite sehondo, asi ndizvo chaizvo zvakakunda Hondo Yenyika II: kwete kungopinda kwakakura uye kukaka hondo dzematangi uye dzinotyisa dzemuchadenga mabhomba, asi dhizaini retooling remaindasitiri raidiwa kuvaka zvombo uye kupa mauto. pamwero usina kumboitika. Kukunda vaNazi kwaida zvinopfuura masoja akashinga. Zvaida kuvaka mafekitari makuru, uye kuvavaka chaizvo, nekukurumidza.
Muna 1941, indasitiri yakakura kwazvo pasi pedenga rimwe chete yakakwira mumwedzi mitanhatu pedyo neYpsilanti, Michigan; Charles Lindbergh akaidana kuti "Grand Canyon yenyika ine michina." Mukati memwedzi mishoma, yanga ichiburitsa B-24 Liberator bhomba awa yega yega. Mabhomba! Ndege huru, dzakaoma kunzwisisa, dzisingaperi dzakaoma kunzwisisa kupfuura solar panel kana turbine blades—dzine zvikamu 1,225,000 313,237 XNUMX, XNUMX XNUMX rivets. Pedyo, muWarren, Michigan, Mauto akavaka fekitari yetangi nekukurumidza kupfuura zvavaigona kuvaka gwenya remagetsi kuti rifambe-saka vakangodhonzera chifambiso chehutsi kune rumwe rutivi rwechivako kuti vape kupisa kwehutsi nemagetsi. Fekitari imwe iyoyo yakagadzira matangi akawanda kupfuura akavakwa nemaGermany munguva yose yehondo.
Zvakanga zvisiri zvombo chete. Mune imwe kona yeMichigan, kambani yeradiyeta yakagadzika kondirakiti yeheti dzesimbi dzinopfuura mamiriyoni makumi maviri; kusiri kure, fekitari yerabha yakagadziridzwazve kugadzira mamiriyoni engowani liners. Kambani yaimbopa machira emakusheni echigaro cheFord yakapinda mukugadzira parachuti. Hapana chakaparara-apo makambani emotokari akamira kugadzira mota panguva yekurwa, GM yakawana yaive nezviuru zve1939 modhi-yegore maashtrays akaunganidzwa muzvinyorwa. Saka yakavaendesa kuSeattle, uko Boeing yakavaisa mumabhomba marefu akananga kuPacific. Pontiac akagadzira anti-ndege pfuti; Oldsmobile yakaridza pfuti; Studebaker akavaka injini dzeFlying Fortresses; Nash-Kelvinator akagadzira mapropeller eBritish de Havillands; Hudson Motors yakagadzira mapapiro eHelldivers uye P-38 fighters; Buick yakagadzirwa tangi vaparadzi; Fisher Body yakavaka zviuru zveM4 Sherman matangi; Cadillac yakaburitsa anopfuura 10,000 matangi emwenje. Uye iyo yaingova Detroit-imwechete mhando yekuunganidza maindasitiri yakaitika muAmerica yese.
Maererano nemaonero ekare eHondo Yenyika II, bhizimisi reAmerica rakaita kuti zvose izvi zviitike nokuti rakamonera maoko aro ndokuenda kuhondo. Sezvinowanzoitika, kunyanguvezvo, murangariro wakajairika kazhinji kazhinji hauna kururama. Hongu, kune zvinyorwa zvisingaperi kubva panguva yevashambadziri vekuda nyika vanoburitsa mapurani uye nekuchinja pamitsetse yegungano-asi izvo zvakanyanya nekuti ivo vebhizinesi vakabhadhara mafirimu. Madhipatimendi avo eP PR akaburitsawo eredhiyo yavo ine mazita akadai sekuti "Kukunda Ndiro Bhizinesi Ravo," uye "Hondo yeBhizinesi," uye vakaburitsa kushambadzira kwepepanhau risingaperi vachizvikudza nekuda kwavo. Muchokwadi, vazhinji vevakuru veAmerica veindasitiri vaisada zvakawanda zvekuita nehondo kudzamara vadhonzwa mairi. Henry Ford, uyo akavaka uye akatarisira kuti Ypsilanti bomber plant, akanga ari America Firster uyo akakurudzira vanhu vomunyika yake kuti vasabuda muhondo; iyo Chamber of Commerce (iye zvino ari mutungamiriri anopikisa chiito chemamiriro ekunze) akarwa kuvharidzira chirongwa cheFDR's Lend-Lease kubatsira maBritish aive panjodzi. "Vanamuzvinabhizinesi vekuAmerica vanopikisa kubatanidzwa kweAmerica muhondo yekunze," mutungamiri weChamber akatsanangurira Congress.
Mufananidzo naAndrew Colin Beck
Sezvineiwo, Roosevelt aive nekubata kwakasimba paCongress kuti akunde Chamber, uye akatungamira mukugadzirira America kuhondo dzaizouya. Mark Wilson, munyori wenhoroondo paYunivhesiti yeNorth Carolina kuCharlotte, achangopedza ongororo yemakore gumi yekuedza kwekuunganidza, ine musoro. Zvisikwa Zvinoparadza. Inodonongodza kuti hurumende yemubatanidzwa yakagadzira sei welter yemasangano matsva ane mazita akaita seWar Production Board neDefence Plant Corporation; yapashure, pakati pa1940 na1945, yakashandisa mabhiriyoni mapfumbamwe emadhora pamapurojekiti 9 2,300 mumatunhu 46, ichivaka mafekitari ayo yakabva yarenda kumaindasitiri akazvimirira. Pakupera kwehondo, hurumende yaive nechinzvimbo chepamusoro mune zvese kubva pakugadzira ndege kusvika pakugadzira rabha rekugadzira.
"Yaiva guta guru revanhu rakavaka zvinhu zvakawanda, kwete Wall Street," anodaro Wilson. “Uye padanho repamusoro rekutakura zvinhu uye manejimendi ezvekutengesa, mauto aive shefu. Vakaisa zvibvumirano, vakafambisa zvinhu." Mafekitari akaita zvehasha—vaikanzura zvibvumirano sezvo zvaidiwa muhondo zvaichinja, vachikanda mafekitari akazara nevanhu vakangoerekana vapererwa nebasa. Kana mafemu akaramba kutora gwara, FDR yakaraira vazhinji vavo kubatwa. Kunyange zvazvo makambani aiita mari, pakanga pasina nzira yokuwana nayo mhindu—yeuko dzakaipa dzeHondo yeNyika I, Wilson anodaro, dzakatungamirira ku“kudzora mhindu kwakasimba,” uko kwakagamuchirwa zvikurusa nevemaindasitiri eAmerica. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, zviremera zvemubatanidzwa zvine chinangwa kugadzira makwikwi pakati pekushanda neveruzhinji nemafekitori akazvimirira: Iyo Portsmouth Naval Shipyard yakavaka ngarava dzepasi pemvura, asi ndizvo zvakaitawo Electric Boat yeGroton, Connecticut. “Vose vainakidza uye vaibudirira,” anodaro Wilson.
"Kazhinji, kana vanhu vanobva munyika dzakasiyana vachitarisana, vanopinda mumakakatanwa vobva vachera zvitsitsinho zvavo zvakadzika," Berk anodaro. "Asi nekuda kwekuti matanda akareba uye ari kufamba nekukurumidza, hapana anokahadzika kuti kana ukasawana pekubata pahondo iyi yeAtlantic, zvino mhedzisiro yacho ichave yakaipa. Saka ivo vakagadzirira kuita iyi mhando ye pragmatic kuyedza uye kukanganisa. Vanotanga kuona kuti ‘Handigoni kuchera zvitsitsinho zvangu—ndinoda mumwe munhu uyu kuti adzidze kubva kwaari.’” Mukutarisana nomuvengi wavose, vokuAmerica vakashanda pamwe chete munzira yavakanga vasati vamboita.
Mafungiro iwayo akakurumidza kutangazve mushure mehondo, hongu; kubatana kwakapa mukana kukukura kukuru kwekushandisa kwevanhu pasirese kwati kwati kwamboonekwa, sezvo masabhubhu akazara mota akazara kubva muguta rega rega uye vakadzi vakaregedzerwa kukicheni. Bhizinesi, rine shungu dzekudzikinura mufananidzo waro wekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye kubvisa zvirambidzo zveDeal Idzva, rakazvitengesa segamba rehondo, maindasitiri ekuda nyika akakunda makomo ehurumende matsvuku kuti basa riitwe. Uye “vaongorori vemabasa” vane mwero, vakanga vapinda uye vakadzidza kubva kunyika chaiyo pavakakwanisa kugadzirwa kweradar munguva yehondo, vakadzokera kushongwe dzavo dzenzou ndokuva “vaongorori vezvirongwa” vakakura zvikuru pakangopera hondo. Robert McNamara, aimbove mukuru weFord, akaunza bapiro rose reRand Corporation kuDhipatimendi reDziviriro panguva yekutonga kweKennedy, uko nyanzvi dzematangi dzakakurumidza kubiridzira nzvimbo zhinji dzehurumende dzezvikepe nemafekitori endege, uye vakashandisa yavo yekusabata. modhi dzemakombuta kuti dziparadze zvirongwa zvehurumende seModel Cities, kuyedza kwekuda kugadzirisa madhorobha panguva yeHondo Yehurombo. "Vaongorori vehurongwa vakatora zvachose," Berk anodaro, "uye chirongwa chakakundikana nekuda kwechikonzero ichocho."
Nhasi tiri kurarama munyika yakazvimiririra, yakasiiwa, inotongwa nebhizinesi iyo yakadzika midzi pasi peMcNamara uye ikabudirira pasi peReagan. Hondo chaidzo dzatinorwa dzinoratidzwa nekuita purofiti, uye kushandisa makondirakiti akawanda ega ega sezvavanoita varwi. Mweya wedu wekubatana kwevanhu ndewekuti, kutaura zvakapfava, mutete. (Kuenzana kwemazuva ano kwaBaba Coughlin zvino vava mumiriri weRepublican wemutungamiri.) Saka zvine musoro kubvunza kana tichigona kuwana chido chekubatana kuti tirwe muhondo iyi yekurwisana nekudziya kwepasi, sezvatakamborwisana nefascism.
Kutanga, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kuunganidza kwechokwadi pasi rose kukunda shanduko yemamiriro ekunze hakuzokanganisa hupfumi hwedu kana kudzinga vashandi vemumigodhi yemarasha. Zvakatopesana: Kugadzirira kumisa kudziya kwepasi kunopa betsero dzakawanda dzenzanga nezvemari, sezvakaita Hondo Yenyika II. Kwaizoponesa upenyu. (Kuchinja kwepasi rose kusimba rinoshandiswazve kunogona kuderedza kufa kusvibiswa kwemhepo nemamiriyoni mana kusvika ku4 pagore, maererano neStanford data.) Zvaizobudisa mabasa akawanda anotyisa. (Mhinduro inofungidzirwa inosvika mamiriyoni maviri muUnited States moga.) Yaizogovera basa rakakotsekana, rinobhadhara zviri nani kuvashandi vemagetsi. (Chidzidzo chitsva chakaitwa neMichigan Technological University chakawana kuti tinokwanisa kudzidzisa munhu wese ari muminda yemarasha kuti ashande musimba rezuva nemari isingasviki 7 miriyoni emadhora, uye murume anoisa masolar panel padenga avhareji yemadhora zviuru zvina pagore kupfuura murume ari kuisa njodzi yake. upenyu pasi mugomba.) Chaizonunura upfumi hwenyika huri kutatarika. (Muongorori wezvehupfumi weBritain Nicholas Stern kuverenga kuti miuyo youpfumi yokudziya kwepasi kusingadzorwi inogona kupfuura iyo yehondo dzenyika kana kuti Kuderera Kukuru Kwezvemari.) Uye kurwa iyi hondo kwaizova kushandura nzanga. (Sezvakaita Hondo Yenyika II yakawedzera kurudziro yekuenzana kwemarudzi nevarume, chirongwa chemamiriro ekunze chinofanira kutarisisa kuedza kwacho kwekutanga kunharaunda dzakanyanya kucherwa nefossil era. Zvingabatsira kurerutsira kusaenzana kwemari nemabasa epamusoro, kumutsidzira marara edu- kunze kwenyika dzekumaruwa dzine mapurazi emhepo, uye shandura nzvimbo dzedu dziri kuora nekudyara chaiko mukufambisa kwevanhu.)
Kune masimba ane simba, hongu, anomira munzira yekuunganidza kwakazara. Kana ukawedzera mugodhi wega wega wemarasha wemarasha uye chiteshi chekuzadza pasi, hurumende nemakambani ashandisa madhora makumi maviri emadhora pakugadzira mafuta efossil. "Hapana nyika ichaenda kure nekudyara kwakadaro," akanyora Vaclav Smil, nyanzvi yekuCanada simba. Sezvo vatori venhau vanoongorora vakaratidza gore rapfuura, hofori yemafuta Exxon aiziva zvose pamusoro pokudziya kwepasi kwemakumi emakore—asi akashandisa mamiriyoni kuparadzira mashoko anoparadzirwa okuramba mamiriro okunze. Nzira chete yekukunda kupikisa uku kwakabatana - kubva kune mamwe maindasitiri masimba akapikisa kupinda kweAmerica muHondo Yenyika II - kutora mafungiro enguva yehondo, kunyorazve mafungiro ekare anomira munzira yekukunda. "Danho rekutanga tinofanira kukunda," anodaro Jonathan Koomey, muongorori wesimba paStanford University. "Kureva kuti, isu tinofanirwa kuve nekugamuchirwa kwakakura pakati penharaunda yezvematongerwo enyika kuti tinoda danho rekuchimbidza, kwete kungobata-bata mupendero, izvo zvinofungwa nechaunga cheDC."
Chido ichocho chezvematongerwo enyika chiri kutanga kuvakwa, sekutanga kuungana mumakore pamberi pePearl Harbor. Sangano rakapararira rakauraya kunze kwe dombo rinokosha pombi, stymied Arctic drilling, uye kurambidzwa kuputika mumatunhu makuru uye nyika. Sokuchema kwakaita mumwe mukuru mukuru weindasitiri oiri muna July, “Nhimbe ‘yokuchengeta-i-pasi’” yaka“dzora kurukurirano yacho.” Izvi zvakafanana, zvishoma, nzira iyo FDR yakatanga kugadzirira hondo 18 mwedzi isati yasvika "zuva richagara mukunyadziswa." Ngarava nendege dzakakunda Hondo yeMidway mwedzi mitanhatu muna 1942 zvese zvakavakwa maJapan asati arwisa Hawaii. “Pakazosvika nguva yePearl Harbor,” Wilson anodaro, “hurumende yakanga yanyatsogadzirisa chinetso chokuronga zvinhu. Pashure pacho, vakangoti, ‘Tichafanira kuita zvakapetwa kaviri.’”
Pearl Harbor akaita ita kuti vanhu vekuAmerica vade kuita zvinhu zvakaoma: kubhadhara mitero yakawanda, kutenga mabhiriyoni nemabhiriyoni mumabhondi ehondo, kutsungirira kushomeka uye kukanganisa kwakauya apo hupfumi hwenyika yose hwakashandurwa kuita kugadzirwa munguva yehondo. Kushandiswa kwekufambisa kwevanhu kwakakwira ne87 muzana panguva yehondo, sezvakataurwa naNaomi Klein Izvi zvinoshandura Zvinhu zvose; 40 muzana yemiriwo yenyika yakarimwa mumapindu ekukunda. Kwenguva yokutanga, vakadzi nevashoma vakakwanisa kuwana mabasa akanaka efekitari; Rosie the Riveter akachinja pfungwa yedu yezvaibvira.
Pasina Pearl Harbor, kutaura zvazviri, pakanga paine zvakawanda chete kunyange FDR yaigona kuita. Kusvika pari zvino, hapana chakaenzana muhondo yemamiriro ekunze—hapana nguva imwe chete inonyandura nyika kuti ione kuti hapana chisiri chehondo yakakwana chichaponesa budiriro. Pamwe iyo yepedyo yatakasvika kuFDR's "zuva rekunyadzisa" kutaura-uye yanga isiri iyo yese pedyo-paive apo Bernie Sanders, mugakava rekutanga, akakumbirwa kudoma tyisidziro hurusa yechengeteko yakatarisana nepasi. "Kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze," akapindura - zvichikurudzira vese vanofungirwa kuti vataure kuti aive akapfava pa "hugandanga hwechiIslam." Zvino, mugakava rechipiri, mubvunzo wakauya zvakare, zuva rakatevera kuurayiwa kweParis. "Uchiri kuzvitenda here?" moderator akabvunza, in gotcha mode. “Chokwadi,” akapindura Sanders, uyo akazopa nhoroondo chaiyo yekuti kusanaya kwemvura kunotungamira sei mukusagadzikana kwenyika dzese.
Mufananidzo naAndrew Colin Beck
Dai akakunda, zvinogoneka kuti Bernie angadai akabatanidza kutarisisa kwake kumabasa nemamiriro ekunze uye zvivakwa mune imwe mhando yekuedza kukuru uko kwakakosha - aive, mushure mezvose, mumiriri wepurezidhendi akanyanya kugadzikana nehurumende huru kubvira FDR. Donald Trump, hongu, achanzvenga hondo iyi sezvaakaita Vietnam. Anofunga (kana iri iro chairo chiito) kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze i hoax yakagadzirwa nevaChina, avo sezviri pachena mukunyengera kwavo kwokuMabvazuva vakapwisa mazaya echando epakati penyika kuti aenderane nerangano yavo. Vanachipangamazano vaClinton pakutanga vakavimbisa kuti kuchave ne "kamuri yehondo yemamiriro ekunze" muWhite House yake, asi ndokugadzirisa rekodhi: Ingave chaiyo "kamuri yemepu yemamiriro ekunze,” uko kunonzwika kushoma gung ho.
Muchokwadi, imwe yenzvimbo dzakaderera mumakore angu ekurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yakauya mukupera kwaChikumi, pandakagara pakomisheni yakagadzwa kugadzira chikuva cheDemocratic Party. (Ndaive agadzwa kwaSanders, padivi peCornel West nevamwe vanovheneka.) Na11 p.m. paChishanu manheru, mune imwe imba inotambirwa vanhu vakawanda yehotera muSt. Dzimwe nzira dzebhasikoro dzakapfuura nemvumo yakabvumirana, asi zvese semi-zvakaoma zvinhu zvinogona kutanga kuita mutsauko chaiwo-kurambidzwa kuvharika, mutero wekabhoni, kurambidzwa kuchera kana kuchera fossil mafuta munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, mamiriro ekunze litmus bvunzo kune itsva. Zviitiko, kupera kweWorld Bank mari yezvicherwa zvefossil-zvaive vakakundwa ne7-6 tallies, naClinton vakadomwa vachivhota sebhuroka. Vaishushikana zvikuru nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, vakasimbirira, asi “phased-down” nzira ingava yakanaka. Paive nemhepo isingaite yeMunich nezvazvo. SaChamberlain, ava vese vaive vanhu vakanaka uye vane hanya, ingori rudzi rwevanhu vakatsiga, vane ruoko vaungade kutungamira nyika yako munguva dzakajairika. Asi vakatadza kunzwisisa hunhu hwemuvengi. Senge fascism, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ndeimwe yeaya matambudziko asingawanzo anowedzera kusimba kana ukasarwisa. Muhondo yega yega, mune chaiwo mapoinzi ekunongedza, kupfuura uko kukunda, kana kudhirowa, kuchaita zvisingagoneke. Uye kana muvengi akakwanisa kudzikamisa zvimwe zvekare uye zvakakosha zvepasi pano - chando chepolar, toti, kana matombo emakorari ePacific - ichi chiratidzo chakanaka chekuti panoperera padyo. Muhondo iyi yatiri mairi - hondo iyo fizikisi iri kurwa zvakaomarara, uye isu hatisi - kuhwina zvishoma nezvishoma kwakangofanana nekurasikirwa.
Chakandishamisa ndechekuti zvinhu zvakachinja mavhiki mashoma gare gare, apo nhaurirano dzekupedzisira pamusoro pepuratifomu yeDemocratic dzakaitwa muOrlando. Kunyange vatauriri vaClinton vachiri vasingatsigire kurambidzwa kwekubira kana mutero wekabhoni, vakaita. anobvumirana taifanira "kutengesa" kabhoni, kuti mhepo nezuva zvinofanira kupiwa pekutanga pane gasi rechisikigo, uye kuti chero mutemo wemubatanidzwa wakawedzera kudziya kwepasi unofanira kurambwa.
Pamwe yaive sarudzo dzairatidza kuti vavhoti vaBernie — kunyanya vadiki — vanga vanonoka kusaina kumushandirapamwe waClinton. Maybe the inopisa zvikuru June munhoroondo yeAmerica yakanga yavhura pfungwa. Asi iwe unogona, kana iwe ukatsveta, kugadzira mamiriro ane tariro. Clinton, semuenzaniso, akapikira kuti America ichaisa hafu yebhirioni solar panels mumakore mana anotevera. Izvo hazvisi kure zvakanyanya kubva pakona iyo Tom Solomon anoverenga isu tinoda kurova. Uye kana tikazviita nekuvaka mafekitori ezuva redu pachedu, pane kuunza mapaneru akachipa anogadzirwa kunze kwenyika, tinenge tichiisa America sesimba guru repasi rose musimba rakachena, sekuunganidza kwedu muHondo Yenyika II kwakavimbisa simba redu rehupfumi zvizvarwa zviviri. Kana tikasatanga kusvika ikoko, vamwe vanozo: Kusundwa nehasha pamusoro pemaguta akaputirwa neutsi, maChinese akatotanga kuisa simba rinogoneka pa mwero wepasi rose.
"Chingave chikanganiso chakakura kuti United States imirire imwe nyika kuti itungamire kurwisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze pasi rose," Democratic Democracy. chikwiriro anoti. "Takazvipira kuunganidza nyika, uye kutungamira nhamburiko yepasi rose yekuunganidza nyika kuti dzigadzirise kutyisidzira uku pamwero usati waonekwa kubva Hondo Yenyika II."
Mutungamiri anotevera haafanire kumirira mamiriro ekunze akaenzana nePearl Harbor kuti ape Congress. Zvizhinji zvezvatinofanira kuita zvinogona-uye zvinofanirwa-kuitwa nekukasira, kuburikidza nekushandiswa kumwe chete kwekuita kwekutonga uko FDR yaivimba nayo kuisa hwaro hwekuunganidza kwakakura. Mutungamiriri wenyika anogona kumisa kuchera nekuchera zvicherwa panzvimbo dzeveruzhinji nemvura, izvo zvine hafu yekabhoni yese isina kuvharwa yasara muAmerica. Anogona kunonoka kuvaka-kunze kwegasi rechisikigo system nekungogadzirisa nzira yekare iyo EPA inoverengera kudziya kwemethane, sezvakaita Obama. kudzorwa mukati mashizha emagetsi emarasha. Aigona kuudza makomisheni ake akasiyana kuti amise tsika yemubatanidzwa yekutsika-tsika mapurojekiti matsva emafuta emafuta, achiramba izvo "zvichawedzera" kudziya kwepasi. Aigona kuraira mubatanidzwa wese kutenga masimba avo ese kubva kugirinhi masosi uye kuvimba chete nemotokari dzeplug-in, kugadzira misika mitsva nehusiku humwe. Anogona kuseta mutengo pacarbon kuti masangano ake atevere mukati, kunyangwe pasina chiitiko chemusangano chingave chisiri kuuya. Uye sekungounza kwakaita FDR nyanzvi kubva kubazi rakazvimirira kuti varonge zvekudzivirira kuvaka-kunze, aigona kuwana marongero ekugadzirisa kwakazara kwemamiriro ekunze munzvimbo kunyangwe iye achikurudzira kuda kwezvematongerwo enyika kuti zviitike. Pasina kukurumidza kumwechete uye kufanoona kunoratidzwa neFDR-pasina kukurumidza kuita chiito-ticharasikirwa nehondo iyi.
Kazhinji munguva yehondo, kukundwa chivi chikuru. Sezvineiwo, kunyange zvakadaro, haugone kupa rubatsiro uye nyaradzo kune kabhoni; haina morale yekusimudzira. Saka tinogona kuva vakatendeseka zvachose. Takamirira kwenguva yakareba kuti tirwe zvakare muhondo iyi zvekuti kukunda kwakakwana hakugoneki, uye kukundwa zvachose hakugone kubviswa.
Apo veDemocrat vaisangana mukamuri iya yaiodza mwoyo yehotera yeSt. Louis June apfuura, ndakavhura laptop yangu. Kunyangwe pavakavhotera nhanho imwe mushure meimwe kurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, nhau dzakaramba dzichiuya kubva kumitsetse yekumberi:
In Japani, vanhu 700,000 XNUMX vakaudzwa kuti vabude mudzimba dzavo pashure pokunaya kwemvura zhinji kwakakonzera mafashamo makuru uye kukoromoka kwevhu. Mafashamo akapfuurira kwemazuva mashanu; pakakwirira, inenge mainji matanhatu emvura yakanga ichinaya awa yoga yoga.
MuCalifornia, zviuru zvedzimba zvakatyisidzirwa mu moto wemoto rakarondedzerwa nemukuru mukuru wezvokudzima moto womunzvimbomo se“chimwe chezvinoparadza zvikurusa zvandisati ndamboona.” Maturakiti emudhorobha aiita seDresden mushure mekuputika kwebhomba. Ndege neherikoputa zvaitinhira pamusoro, zvichidonhedza mapope akajeka emishonga inodzora makemikari; dai "Flight of the Valkyries" yanga ichitamba, inogona kunge iri chiitiko kubva Apocalypse Now.
Uye in West Virginia, dutu “rimwe mugore rechiuru” rakadonhedza mvura isingakanganwiki mumakomo, ichikonzera mafashamo akauraya vakawanda. “Unogona kuona vanhu vari mumahwindo enhurikidzwa yechipiri vakamirira kubudiswa,” mumwe mukuru mukuru womunzvimbomo Zvinonzi. A kunyanya zvinoshamisa Video- rudzi rweYouTube Guernica kwenguva yedu—yakaratidza imba hombe yaitsva nemirazvo sezvayakakukurwa ichidzika nerwizi rwaiyerera kusvikira yarovera pazambuko. "Munhu wese akarasikirwa nezvose," mumwe mugari akakatyamadzwa akadaro. "Hatina kumbofunga kuti zvingava zvakaipa kudai." A state trooper aitowedzera kutaura. "Inotaridzika senzvimbo yehondo," akadaro.
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