Kunobva: Dissident Voice
Muna Chikumi 2018, iyo Joint Action Committee inopesana neKune dzimwe nyika Retail uye E-commerce (JACAFRE) akabudisa chirevo pakutora kwaWalmart kweFlipkart. Yakapokana kuti inodzikisira hutongi hweIndia hwehupfumi uye hwedhijitari uye mararamiro emamiriyoni eIndia.
Chibvumirano ichi chaizotungamira kuWalmart neAmazon kutonga chikamu cheIndia e-retail. Aya makambani maviri eUS aizovawo mutengi akakosha weIndia uye imwe data yehupfumi, ichivaita madhijitari epasirese, vachijoinha zvikwata zveGoogle neFacebook.
JACAFRE yakaumbwa kuti irambe kupinda kwemakambani ekunze seWalmart neAmazon mumusika weIndia e-commerce. Nhengo dzayo dzinomiririra mapoka emarudzi anodarika zana, anosanganisira masangano makuru ezvekutengeserana, vashandi nevarimi.
Musi wa8 Ndira 2021, JACAFRE yakaburitsa chinyorwa tsamba yakashama vachiti mitemo mitatu mitsva yemapurazi, yakadzikwa neparamende munaGunyana 2020, iri pamusoro pekugonesa uye kufambisa mubatanidzwa usina kudzorwa wecheni dzezvekurima. Izvi zvinozoita kuti varimi nevatengesi vadiki vezvigadzirwa zvekurima vave pasi pezvido zveagrifood mashoma uye e-commerce hofori kana kuvabvisa zvachose.
Hurumende iri kufambisa hutongi hwemakambani makuru, kwete kuburikidza nedhijitari kana e-commerce mapuratifomu, kudzora kukosha kwese cheni. Tsamba iyi inoti kana mitemo mitsva yemapurazi ikatariswa zvakanyanya, zvinobuda pachena kuti unregulated digitalisation chinhu chakakosha kwavari.
Uye izvi hazvina kurasika paParminder Jeet Singh kubva kuIT for Change (nhengo yeJACAFRE). Tichitaura nezvekutora kwaWalmart kwemutengesi wepamhepo Flipkart, Singh anoti kuti pakanga paine kuramba kwakasimba kuWalmart kupinda muIndia nezvitoro zvayo; zvisinei, nyika dzepamhepo uye dzisiri pamhepo dzabatanidzwa.
Izvi zvinodaro nekuti, nhasi, e-commerce makambani haangodzore data nezve mashandisiro asi zvakare anodzora data pakugadzira, logistics, ndiani anoda chii, pavanenge vachichida, ndiani anofanirwa kuigadzira, ndiani anofanira kuifambisa uye painofanirwa kufambiswa.
Kuburikidza nekutonga kwedata (ruzivo), e-commerce mapuratifomu anogona kuumba hupfumi hwese hwepanyama. Chiri kunetsa ndechekuti Amazon neWalmart vane hunyanzvi hwepasirese hwakakwana kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti vanove duopoly, zvakanyanya kana zvishoma kudzora hupfumi hweIndia.
Singh anoti kunyangwe iwe uchigona kudzora kambani yeIndia, izvi hazvigone kuitwa nevatambi vekunze vane data repasi rose, simba repasi rose uye zvinenge zvisingaite kudzora.
Nepo China yakabudirira muindasitiri yedhijitari nekuvaka mafemu ayo, Singh anoona kuti EU yave koloni yedhijitari yeUS. Ngozi iri pachena kuIndia. Anotaura kuti India ine hunyanzvi hwayo uye mafomu edhijitari, saka nei hurumende ichirega mumakambani eUS kutonga nekutenga mapuratifomu eIndia?
Uye 'platform' ishoko rakakosha pano. Tiri kuona kupedzwa kwemusika. Mapuratifomu achadzora zvese kubva pakugadzira kusvika kune logistics kune kunyangwe zviitiko zvekutanga sekurima nekurima. Dhata inopa simba kumapuratifomu ekutaura izvo zvinoda kugadzirwa uye muhuwandu hupi.
Singh anopikisa kuti dhijitari platform ndiyo uropi hwehurongwa hwose. Murimi achaudzwa kuti inotarisirwa kurima zvakadii, mvura inotarisirwa kunaya yakawanda sei, ivhu remhando ipi, mhando yembeu (genetically engineered) uye zvekushandisa zvinodiwa uye kuti goho rinoda kugadziriswa riini.
Uku hakusi kungofungidzira kusina maturo. Chinyorwa chazvino 'Digital control: yakakura sei tech inoenda muchikafu nekurima (uye zvazvinoreva)' pa zviyo.org webhusaiti, inotsanangura kuti Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Facebook nevamwe vari kufamba sei muchikamu chepasi rose cheagrifood.
Avo vatengesi, vagadziri uye vanogadzira vekutanga vanopona vanozove nhapwa kumapuratifomu uye vorasikirwa nerusununguko rwavo. Zvakare, e-commerce mapuratifomu anozonyudzwa zvachose kana hungwaru hwekugadzira hwatanga kuronga uye kuona zvese zviri pamusoro.
Zvinonetsa zviri pachena kuti India ichasiya kutonga kwehupfumi hwayo, zvematongerwo enyika uye tsika kune aya ane masimba ese, emazuva ano eEast India makambani.
Ehe, zvinhu zvanga zvichifamba nenzira iyi kwenguva yakareba, kunyanya kubva India yakatanga kutevedzera dzidziso dzeneoliberalism mukutanga 1990s uye zvese zvinosanganisira, kwete zvishoma kuvimba nekuwedzera kwekukwereta uye mari yekunze uye kuzviisa pasi kune inoparadza Nyika. Bank-IMF economic directives.
Asi zvatiri kupupurira pari zvino nemabhiri matatu epurazi uye kukura kuri kuita (yekune dzimwe nyika) e-commerce zvinounza kurova kwekupedzisira kune varimi uye mazhinji madiki mabhizinesi akazvimirira. Ichi chave chiri chinangwa chevatambi vane simba vakatora India sechishongo chinogona kuitika mukorona yehumambo hwemakambani avo kwenguva yakareba.
Maitiro aya akafanana nemapurogiramu ekugadzirisa zvimiro akatemerwa nyika dzemuAfrica makumi emakore apfuura. Muzvinafundo weEconomics Michel Chossudovsky anoti mubhuku rake ra1997 'The Globalization of Poverty' kuti hupfumi hunoti:
yakazaruka kuburikidza nekutamiswa panguva imwe chete kwegadziriro yagara iripo. Mabhizinesi madiki uye epakati anosundirwa mukubhuroka kana kusungirwa kugadzira kune anogovera pasi rose, mabhizinesi ehurumende anoitirwa masangano kana kuvharwa, vagadziri vekurima vakazvimiririra vanotambura. (p. 16)
Hurongwa hwemutambo uyu hwakajeka uye JACAFRE inoti hurumende inofanira kukurumidza kubvunza vose vane chekuita navo โ vatengesi, varimi nevamwe vatambi vadiki nevari pakati nepakati โ kuti pave nemhando itsva yezvehupfumi apo vese vanoita zvehupfumi vanovimbiswa basa ravo rakakodzera uye rinokosheswa. Vadiki uye vepakati saizi vanoita zvehupfumi havagone kubvumidzwa kudzikiswa kuve vamiriri vasingabatsiri vemamwe mashoma anogonesa mega-corporations.
JACAFRE inopedzisa:
Tinokumbira hurumende kuti igadzirise nyaya dziri kutaurwa nevarimi ivavo nechimbichimbi vachikumbira kuti mitemo mitatu iyi ibviswe. Kunyanya, kubva pakuona kwevashambadziri, basa revatengesi vadiki nevepakati pese paagri zvibereko zvakakosha cheni rinofanirwa kusimbiswa uye kuchengetedzwa kubva kumakambani ayo asina kugadzikana.
Kurwira democracy
Zviri pachena kuti kuratidzira kwevarimi kuri kuitika kuIndia hakusi kurima chete. Inomiririra kurwira moyo nemweya wenyika. Sesangano Zviyo inoti pawebhusaiti yayo, pane kurwira kusimba kwenzvimbo pakati pemisika yemuno neyematunhu nemisika yepasirese. Iwo ekare inzvimbo yevadiki-vadiki vanozvimiririra vagadziri uye mabhizinesi; iwo ekupedzisira anotongwa nevatengesi vakakura vepasi rese, vatengesi uye makambani ari kukurumidza kukura ane simba e-commerce.
Saka zvakakosha kuchengetedza nekusimbisa misika yemuno uye mabhizinesi madiki, akazvimiririra, vangave varimi, vatengesi vezvitoro, magadzirirwo echikafu kana zvitoro zvemakona. Izvi zvichava nechokwadi chekuti India ine hutongi hwakawanda pamusoro pechikafu chayo, kugona kuona kwayo marongero uye rusununguko rwehupfumi: nemamwe mazwi, kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu uye hutongi hwenyika uye kugona kukuru kutsvaga budiriro yedemocracy yechokwadi.
Panzvimbo peizvi, isu tinogona, semuenzaniso, kuona India ichibvisa masheya ayo echikafu pakuraira kwevatengesi vepasirese nevatambi veagrifood. India yaibva yavabhadharira nemari yekukwereta pamusika wakavhurika. Panzvimbo pekuenderera mberi nekubata nekudzora masheya ayo ega, nekudaro ichiva nechokwadi chekuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, India yaizobata mari yekunze. Zvinoda kukwezva matura ekunze uye kuchengetedza 'kusavimbika kwemusika' kuti ive nechokwadi chekupinda uku.
Ichi ndicho chimwe chinangwa chemutemo wepapurazi uchangoburwa uye chinoumba nzira yekuenderera mberi nekutsamira pamari yekunze, zviitiko zvisingatarisike pasi rose uye makambani asingazvidavirire. Asi kufunga kwezvehupfumi kwakajairika kunopfuudza kukundwa uku se'kusunungura'.
Ko kusakwanisa kuona yako wega marongero ehupfumi uye kupa chengetedzo yechikafu kune ekunze masimba nenzira ipi zvayo inosunungura?
Zvinonakidza kuziva kuti BBC ichangobva kutaurwa kuti, mumushumo wayo wepagore wekodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika uye rusununguko, US-based non-profit Freedom House yakadzikisa India kubva kuhutongi hwejekerere kuenda ku "demokrasi isina rusununguko". Yakataurawo kuti Sweden-yakavakirwa V-Dem Institute inoti India yave "mutongi wesarudzo". India haina kuita zvirinani mumushumo weThe Economist Intelligent Unit's Democracy Index.
Kuregeredza kweBBC kutsvedza kweBritain yakananga kuCCIDID-inoenderana nehutongi parutivi, chirevo cheIndia chaive chisina chinhu. Iyo yakanangana nekuwedzera kwekunzwa kweanopokana neMuslim, kudzikira kwerusununguko rwekutaura, basa revatori venhau uye kurambidzwa veruzhinji kubva Prime Minister Narendra Modi atora masimba.
Kudzikisirwa kwerusununguko munzvimbo dzese idzi chikonzero chekunetseka pachako. Asi maitiro aya akananga kupesanisa uye hutongi hwejekerere anoshanda chimwe chinangwa: anobatsira kutsvedza nzira yekutorwa kwemakambani munyika.
Zvingave zvichisanganisira chirongwa che'kuparadzanisa uye kutonga' munzira dzechitendero kutsausa pfungwa, kudzvinyirirwa kwekutaura kwakasununguka kana kusundidzira mabhiri epapurazi asingafarirwe kuburikidza neparamende pasina gakava rakakodzera pachishandiswa mapurisa nevezvenhau kukanganisa kuratidzira kwevarimi, kupambwa kukuru kusiri kwegutsaruzhinji. iri kuitika izvo zvichakanganisa zvakanyanya mararamiro evanhu uye tsika nemagariro eIndia.
Kune rimwe divi, pane zvinofarirwa nevashoma vemabhiriyoni akawanda vane makambani nemapuratifomu anotsvaga kudzora India. Kune rimwe divi, kune zvinofarirwa nemazana emamiriyoni evarimi, vatengesi nemabhizinesi madiki akasiyana-siyana anoonekwa nevanhu vakapfuma ava sechibatiso chekukuvadza kunotamiswa mukutsvaga kwavo kuwana purofiti yakakura.
Varimi veIndia parizvino vari kumberi kurwisa capitalism yepasi rose uye colonial-style deindustrialization yehupfumi. Apa ndipo pakupedzisira kurwira demokrasi uye remangwana reIndia riri kuitika.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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