Kuedza kwehasha kwaWal-Mart kuchengetedza masangano evashandi kunze kwezvitoro kwave kutsva pasi rose. Vashandi vanotaura kuti cheni yekutengesa inotyora sei mitemo yepasi rose yevashandi inochengetedza kodzero dzevashandi dzekushamwaridzana kwemahara uye kuronga mubatanidzwa. Semukuru wepasirose mushandirwi akazvimiririra, Wal-Mart akaisa muenzaniso wemamiriro ekushanda akaipa kune vashandi muUnited States nekune dzimwe nyika.
Nekuda kwemitemo isina simba yevashandi yeUS, kutyorwa kwakanyanya kwekodzero dzevashandi kwaWal-Mart kunoitika muUnited States, uko muvambi weWal-Mart Sam Walton akavhura chitoro chake chekutanga muna 1967. Nhaka yeMega chain yakavakwa kwemakumi emakore zvichibva pakupa vatengi. nemitengo yakaderera, asi nemutengo wevashandi, vanotarisana nehutsinye hwekupikisa mubatanidzwa, mihoro yakaderera, kazhinji pasina mabhenefiti, kutariswa kwakasimba, uye mamiriro ekushanda anonyadzisa. Pamwe pacho vanotomanikidzwa kushanda vasingabhadharwi uye vasina wachi.
Chirevo chakakura cheHuman Rights Watch "Kodzero: Kutyorwa kweWal-Mart kweU.S. Workers 'Kodzero yeRusununguko rweKushamwaridzana" inotsanangura kuti kuedza kwehasha kuchengetedza masangano evashandi kwagara kutyora mutemo wemubatanidzwa uye kukanganisa kodzero dzevashandi. Chirevo chakawana kuti masangano nevashandi vakaunza mhosva mazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe nembiri pamusoro peWal-Mart yekutyora mitemo yebasa muUnited States.
Kutengeswa kwe mega-chain kwasvika kurekodhi kubva pakavhurwa zvitoro pasi rese. Mari yose yeWal-Mart ye $315.65 bhiriyoni yegore rezvemari rinopera Ndira 31, 2006, yaizoitora senyika makumi maviri nekutanga yakapfuma pasi rose. Wal-Mart inoshandisa zvitoro zvinosvika zviuru zviviri nemazana manomwe pasi rose muPuerto Rico, Mexico, Canada, Brazil, China, Argentina, Japan, uye United Kingdom. Wal-Mart parizvino ine vashandi vangangosvika miriyoni 2,700, vanonzi “shamwari,” pasi rose, miriyoni 1.8 vavo vanoshanda muUnited States. Vashandi vari munyika dzakaita seArgentina, Brazil, neMexico vakakwanisa kuhwina humiriri hushoma hwemubatanidzwa nekuda kwemitemo yakasimba yebasa iri pamabhuku munyika imwe neimwe, asi pasina kumirisana nekupikiswa kwakanyanya kubva kuvatungamiriri venzvimbo yeWal-Mart.
Nyaya muArgentina
Wal-Mart yakakwevera kutarisisa kwevamiriri vemitemo vekuArgentina nezvemaitiro ekurwisa mubatanidzwa muzvitoro zvemubatanidzwa munyika yese yeSouth America. Pakutanga gore rino, kongiresi yenyika yeArgentina yakatungamira kuferefeta pamusoro pemaitiro ebasa eWal-Mart mumakambani e15 ezvitoro zveArgentina. Kutevera mishumo yekudzingwa kwevamiriri vemubatanidzwa uye nehutsinye mamiriro ekushanda, Wal-Mart akashevedzwa pamberi pekomiti yekongiresi yekuferefeta muna Chikunguru 2007.
Gustavo Cordoba, mumiriri wevashandi muchitoro cheWal-Mart muBuenos Aires, akadzingwa muna Chivabvu nekuda kwekuita kwake kwemubatanidzwa. Akapupura pamberi pekomiti yezvekuferefeta nezvemaitiro esangano rekurwisa mubatanidzwa. "Tinotenda mabasa edu, asi tinodawo kujekesa kuti Wal-Mart inombunyikidza kodzero dzevashandi. Tinoda kuti kushungurudzwa uku kumiswe uye kupfurwa kwemabasa emubatanidzwa kumire. Seri kwemasuo akavharwa, Wal-Mart akatyora bumbiro remutemo reArgentina uye inoshandisa maitiro emakambani anosarura vashandi. "
Vamiriri veMutungamiri Nestor Kirchner's Victory Front Party vakanetsana neWal-Mart's anti-union aggressive tactics. Akamira pamberi pedare rinoferefeta, mumiriri wenyika Santiago Ferrigno akataura “kunetseka kwake pamusoro pemamiriro ekushanda uye kutambudzwa kwevanorwira mubatanidzwa muWal-Mart Argentina.” Akataurawo zvinonetsa kuti Wal-Mart akahaya vaimbove mauto avo vakashanda panguva yehondo yehondo 1976-1983 yemauto ekutonga nekuchengetedza zvinzvimbo mukati mekambani.
Pamusangano wekongiresi muna Chikunguru 2007 mumiriri weWal-Mart, Gaston Wainstein, akataura kuti kambani yakabvumira vashandi kuti vabatane nemibatanidzwa vachipa vatengi mitengo yakaderera. "Zvitoro zveWal-Mart zvine vashandi vanobatana. Chechipiri, kambani parizvino ine makumi matatu nevamwechete vanomirira mubatanidzwa. Chechitatu, pane kusava nemibatanidzwa, mukambani yedu masangano maviri anoshanda: vatyairi vezvitoro nevemarori.” Vamiriri veWal-Mart vakasimbisa komisheni yekuferefeta kuti zvitoro gumi neshanu zvinoshanda zvinopa vatengi "mitengo yakaderera" inogoneka.
Wal-Mart parizvino inoshandisa vashandi zviuru zvishanu nemazana masere muArgentina munyika yese. Zvinoenderana nemitemo yevashandi, cheni yekutengesa ine isingasviki hafu yevamiriri vemubatanidzwa vanodiwa kuti vamiririre huwandu hwevashandi. Martín Falcón, mumiriri wemubatanidzwa panzvimbo yechitoro cheAvelleneda, anoti mishumo yevashandi yakabatsira kumisa kupfurwa zvisina tsarukano, asi kambani iri kuramba ichiodza moyo kuronga kwemubatanidzwa. "Mushure memishumo yedu yese yekupomerwa, Wal-Mart muAvelleneda haadi kudzinga chero vashandi nekutya. Asi kambani iyi inoramba ichiita misangano nevashandi ichivaudza kuti ‘vanoshamwaridzana,’ ichivaudza kuti Wal-Mart ndiyo nzvimbo yakanakisisa yekushanda pasi rose. Wal-Mart inozivikanwa nekutambudza vashandi vayo nekuti Wal-Mart haidi kuti vashandi vayo varonge.
Vashandi vanotaura kuti Wal-Mart anoshandisa nzira dzinonyadzisa muzvitoro, mune dzimwe nguva kuenda kusvika pakurambidza vashandi kutora zororo rekugezera. Mune chimwe chiitiko, mumwe mushandi wemari ane makore 19 okukura akadziviswa kuenda kuchimbudzi pashure pokunge akumbira mvumo. Kunyange zvazvo akanga ava kumwedzi, maneja wacho akaita kuti amirire kwemaminitsi makumi matatu. Paakanga ashatisa bhurugwa rake, supervisor akamuperekedza kuchimbuzi ndokumuunzira bhurugwa idzva nechipfeko chake chemukati kuti arambe achiita basa rake.
Muna Gumiguru 2007, vashandi nevanorwira kodzero dzevanhu vakaratidzira kunze kwechitoro cheWal-Mart kuti vatarise nezvemamiriro ekushanda ezvitoro muArgentina. Munguva yemitambo yemitambo vatambi vakaseka kunyadziswa uko vashandi veWal-Mart vanofanira kutsungirira. Mune chimwe chiitiko, mutambi akatsanangura kuti chii chinonzi "chakavanzika shopper" - mutariri akavezwa semutengi kunosora vashandi veWal-Mart. Boka remitambo yemitambo yakaparurawo mega-store's pini system, nzira yekupa vashandi nezvekushayikwa kwekuzorora kwekugezera uye kushanda nguva yakawandisa pasina mubhadharo wenguva yakawandisa.
Cheni yekutengesa inorambidza vashandi kuti vazvitaure sevashandi, uye inosimbirira pazita rekuti "vanoshamwaridzana." Vanomanikidzwa kuimba rwiyo rweWal-Mart kubasa, vakakwana nemapom-poms.
Yakasviba Past mu Private Security
Pamusoro pemishumo yemaitiro anopokana nemubatanidzwa, Wal-Mart yave kuongororwa neveruzhinji kuhaya aimbove mukuru wemauto ane chekuita nehudzvanyiriri hwemauto muna 1976-1983 semukuru wezvekuchengetedza. Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean akashanda panguva yeuto rehondo renyika rakateura ropa mumaguta umo nzvimbo dzinovharirwa muchivande dzaishanda. Kunze kwechitoro cheWal-Mart, vamiriri vekodzero dzevanhu vakapinda muchirongwa escrache kana "kufumurwa" kuratidzira kunodaidzira kuti kupere kwekusarangwa kwevakuru vemauto vakapinda mukutsakatika kwakarongeka kwevanhu 30,000 mune inonzi Hondo Yakasviba.
Mumiriri anobva kuWal-Mart Argentina anodzivirira danho resangano rekuhaya varwi vakasiya basa vakashanda panguva yehudzvanyiriri. "Hatina kumboziviswa kubva kumatare edzimhosva kuti Saint Jean ane chekuita nemhosva." Vakuru vemauto muArgentina vakabatsirwa nekusarangwa kwenguva refu. Pakazara, vaimbove mauto mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu nevatanhatu uye nhengo dzehurumende yemauto vakapomerwa mhosva dzekodzero dzevanhu uye vakamirira kutongwa.
Nekudaro, izvi zvinowedzera kusvika kune asingasviki mumwe aimbova mukuru wemauto kune imwe neimwe yenzvimbo dzepasirese 375 dzakashandiswa kurwadzisa nekutsakatisa nechisimba vanhu 30,000. Kunze kwenhamba, vamiriri vekodzero dzevanhu vanoshuma kuti miedzo iri kufambira mberi nekumhanya kwehozhwa, kana zvakadaro. Baba vaSaint Jean Jr. vakashanda semukuru uye gare gare semudzvanyiriri kwemazuva mashanu muna 1982, uye vari kupomerwa mhosva makumi matatu nenhatu dzekupara mhosva dzekodzero dzevanhu.
Saint Jean parizvino anotungamira dhipatimendi rekuchengetedza retail cheni. Kunyangwe asina kupomerwa mhosva yekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu nedare remhosva, akamira muTucumán panguva yeIndependence Operative. Kutanga muna 1974, gore rimwe chete kusati kwamuka, maPeronists ekurudyi akatanga Independence Operative kuti aite mabasa emauto mudunhu reNorthern Tucumán. Iyi yakava nzvimbo yekutanga yekuedza nzira dzekutambudza. Mushandi uyu anofungidzirwa kuti akananga mauto ekuruboshwe anoshanda mujinga megomo reTucumán. Nekudaro, mauto akaba nekutambudza vashandi kubva muminda yeshuga yedunhu. Vaityisidzira misha yose kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti hapana vashandi vainyunyuta nezvemamiriro ekushanda akafanana nevaranda muminda yenzimbe nezvigayo.
Mushandi weWal-Mart Falcón pamwe nemasangano anorwira kodzero dzevanhu vakadaidzira kuti Saint Jean adzingwe basa nekukurumidza. “Pandakashandirwa kuWal-Mart vakandibvunza kuti amai nababa vangu vaiitei kuti vararame. Vakaferefeta rekodhi rangu rechipurisa. Handinzwisise kuti murume uyu ane chinzvimbo chakakosha semukuru wezvekuchengetedza angapihwe basa kuWal-Mart nemamiriro ake ezvinhu, "anodaro Falcón.
Gare gare Saint Jean akashanda mudhorobha rechiteshi chengarava Bahía Blanca mudunhu reBuenos Aires uye gare gare muTandil neAzul uko kwaishanda network yenzvimbo dzevasungwa. Vazhinji vevanoshanda naSaint Jean kuWal-Mart vaimbova nhengo dzechiuto dzakashanda panguva yehudzvanyiriri hwe1976-1983 kusanganisira Miguel Cavazza, Alejandro Patzold, Cristian Thomanssen, Roberto Masilo, Patricio O'Brien, Martín Mundo, Juan Muiño, Roberto. Sarimoni, naRaúl Salazar.
Mibatanidzwa Chenjerai
Zvinoenderana nezvitoro zveWal-Mart muUnited States, cheni yekutengesa muArgentina yatora matanho ekuona kushomeka kwemubatanidzwa. Matekiniki akatsanangurwa mumushumo weHuman Rights Watch anoratidza mamiriro ekushanda akataurwa nevashandi muzvitoro zveArgentina, kunyangwe mamiriro eArgentina ekuronga mubatanidzwa ari nani zvishoma pane veUS Wal-Mart vanobatana.
Vashandi vanoronga mubatanidzwa muchitoro cheWal-Mart Avelleneda vakatarisana nekupfurwa uye nekutyisidzirwa nechisimba. Sangano revatengesi rinomiririra vashandi veWal-Mart uye rakabatana neCGT umbrella union, rave richienderana nekuramba kwekambani kubatanidza vashandi. Pakasarudzwa Falcón naCordoba sevamiriri vemubatanidzwa vakazvimiririra kubva kumubatanidzwa wevatengesi weCGT, Wal-Mart akadzinga Cordoba kaviri. Nhume dzose dziri mbiri dzakatambira nhare kubva kune vakaridza nhare dzisina kuzivikanwa zita dzichityisidzira kuti kana dzikasamisa kuronga kwemubatanidzwa vacharohwa.
Chitoro chimwe chete muBuenos Aires chinoshuma kutengesa kunodarika mamirioni mazana matatu emadhora pamwedzi, uye mushandi anoita mari inosvika mazana matatu emadhora pamwedzi. Nekukwira kwemitengo, mihoro yaWal-Mart inowira pasi pehurombo, uko mhuri inoda mari shoma yemadhora mazana matanhatu pamwedzi kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvakakosha.
Pasi rose Wal-Mart yakashumwa kubhadhara vashandi mihoro yakaderera uye nemaitiro asina kunaka ebasa. Mamiriro ezvinhu evashandi vezvitoro zvekutengesa muBrazil akafanana nevashandi muArgentina. MuMexico, Wal-Mart akatarisana nemhosva dzekushanda zvisiri pamutemo. Newsweek mune imwe nyaya ya2006, yakataura kuti Wal-Mart yave ichishandisa pwere dzinenge 19,000 14 kuti dzishande semabhegi asingabhadharwi muzvitoro zvayo muMexico. Vechidiki vari pakati pe16-XNUMX vakanyimwa mihoro uye vaifanira kuvimba zvachose nemazano evatengi semuripo. Wal-Mart anorondedzera zviri pamutemo pwere dzacho se“vazvipiri.”
Kubudirira kwaWal-Mart kwave kuri nekuda kwekukurudzira kwakakosha: kutyaira kunze kwemakwikwi. Zvitoro zveWal-Mart zvinopa mitengo yakaderera zvakanyanya, iyo inonzi nevamwe mitengo yekubiridzira, kudzamara vazhinji vangangokwikwidza vadzingwa mubhizinesi, vasingakwanise kufambirana neiyo mega-chitoro simba rekutenga. Gare gare, kana Wal-Mart yasara nemakwikwi mashoma, inogona kushandura mitengo yakakwira kune vatengi vakajaira kutenga zvese kubva mumagirosari, zvipfeko, midziyo yemagetsi, kusvika peturu munzvimbo imwe yakanakira. Pasi rose, vashandi vakatarisana nemhepo isina kujeka ine hofori zhinji dzekutengesa nevagadziri vachishandisa makwikwi kudzikisira mihoro nemitengo yevashandi.
Mutengesi akashandisawo nzira iyi nevashandi, kuhaya vechidiki vane ruzivo rushoma rwekuronga uye nhoroondo dzisina kunaka dzebasa kuti vatevedzere mitengo yakakwira yekugadzira. Neuto revechiduku vanoda chaizvo kuwana basa, Wal-Mart ine “vasonganiri” vasingaperi. Kufanana neFord muma1920s, Wal-Mart yakagadzirawo modhi yekugadzira.
Mumafekitari eFord, vashandi vaive nerubatsiro rwemabasa akatsiga uye mibairo inogoneka, kunyangwe vashandi vakatsungirira kudzora magariro uye kushandiswa. Nepo modhi yeFord yakagadzirwa kuitira kuti vashandi vagone kutenga chigadzirwa chekupedzisira, mota yeFord, mamiriro evashandi veWal-Mart haana kunaka. Vazhinji vevashandi veWal-Mart havakwanise kutenga muzvitoro zvevashandirwi vavo, uye vanofanirwa kutsungirira kusagadzikana uye kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ebasa.
Sekureva kwemumiriri wemubatanidzwa, Falcón, Wal-Mart ane mufananidzo wakanaka mumaziso evatengi asi ane mbiri yakaipa pamabatiro ayo vashandi. Wal-Mart inogona kunge yakasangana nemutambo wayo, nevamiriri vemubatanidzwa vane shungu yekuvandudza mamiriro ekushanda uye kubatanidza vashandi vakawanda muzvitoro. Vashandi vekuArgentina vari kukurudzira kuti vamiririre masangano akazvimirira, uye vanoratidzika kunge vari kuita nhanho kunyangwe paine kumanikidzwa.
Marie Trigona mutori wenhau anogara kuArgentina uye anonyora nguva dzose kuAmericas Policy Program (www.americaspolicy.org) Anogona kusvikwa pa mtrigona(a)msn.com.
Kuti Uwane Mamwe Mashoko
Zvidzidzo:
Chirevo cheHuman Rights Watch "Kodzero: Kutyora kwaWal-Mart kweU.S. Workers 'Kodzero yeRusununguko rweKushamwaridzana"
http://hrw.org/reports/2007/us0507/
Zuva Rekuita Kurwisa Big Box Retailers (Mbudzi 17, 2007)
http://intldayofaction.bbc.wikispaces.net/
Agora TV Wal-Mart vhidhiyo
http://www.revolutionvideo.org/agoratv/secciones/luchas_obreras/wall_wart.html
Wal-Mart Watch
http://walmartwatch.com/
Wal-Mart Nha
http://wal-mart-no.blogspot.com/
Wake Up Wal-Mart
http://www.wakeupwalmart.com/
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta