Mubvunzurudzo muCaracas naSusana Santos, weHora yeVanhu (Hora do Povo, Sao Paulo, Brasil), Bernardo Alvarez, Mutevedzeri weGurukota reMigodhi neEnergy yeVenezuela, akataura nezvedambudziko kuHurumende nenzanga kuti vabatanidze kutonga. yenzvimbo yayo huru yehupfumi uye yakatsanangudza marongero eBolivarian Revolution yekuvandudza Venezuela, kutanga kubva mukusimudzira indasitiri yepetroleum nenzira yakazvimirira. Dudziro yeHora do Povo kutumira kunotevera. Zvinotevera ndizvo ndima huru dzebvunzurudzo.
Hurukuro yeHora do Povo naBernardo Alvarez, Mutevedzeri weGurukota reMagetsi neMigodhi, Venezuela.
Hora do Pove: Sei zvikamu zvakabatana neindasitiri yepetroleum zvakatora chikamu mukukundikana?
Bernardo Alvarez: Nhoroondo yeVenezuela yakanyatsobatanidzwa nekuvandudzwa kwayo kwepetroleum. Petroleum inotemesera nyika, rangarira kuti kwemakore mazhinji isu taive vekutanga kugadzira oiri pasirese. Masectors anoramba hurumende yaPresident Chavez, asingade kubvuma kuti tave neHurumende inodzivirira zvido zvenyika. Patakauya kuzotonga, takanga tine Hurumende isina simba yakanga isingadzore upfumi hukuru hwenyika. Masekita akanga asingadi kubvuma Mutemo mutsva weHydrocarbons, uyo aida kutanga rusvingo pakati peHurumende nekambani yehurumende yePetroleums yeVenezuela, Incorporated, PVDSA. Vanhu vaive nemaonero anopesana nenyika. Iyo mutemo webhizinesi, sechinhu chaicho, wan anti-nyika. PVDSA yaishanda kumucheto kweHurumende. Mupiro waro wezvemari wakanga waderera zvikuru. Yakanga iine mutemo waikoshesa kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwemadhiramu epetroleum, zvichipesana nemaitiro eOPEC (Nyika Dzinogadzira Oiri neKutengesa kunze), kuita mutambo wekugutsa musika, izvo zvakakonzera kudonha kwemutengo wemafuta asina kuchena. mafuta. Pakutanga kwehurumende yeChavez, mutengo padhiramu waiva madhora manomwe. Pakanga pave nekuwedzera kusingafungi mumutengo wekuvhiya. Investment kunze kwenyika yakakosheswa. Mumakore achangopfuura mari yese yekunatsa yakaitwa kunze kwenyika muhurongwa hwakasimba hwekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, uko vaibatsirwa vaive vatorwa. Vakashandisa muenzaniso wenyika inochera peturu uye inorarama nemari inowanikwa. Mubhizimusi reveruzhinji repetroleum, 7% Venezuelan, hudzvanyiriri "hunozvitonga" hwakagadzwa, uko dhipatimendi re "meritocracy", (vatongi vakatora nzvimbo dzavo kubva pane yaifungidzirwa yenguva uye "zvakakodzera" pachiitiko), rusvingo rwaitadzisa Hurumende nehurumende kuita mabasa avo. Hapagoni kuva nemhinganidzo inodzivisa kuona zviri kuitwa. Pakatanga kukunda muPVDSA maonero e-neoliberal ayo aitungamira kune privatization. Hurumende yakaita zvakawanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Kutanga, Bumbiro reBolivarian rinotsanangura kuti kutengesa PVDSA hakugoneki. Petroleum inyanzvi yeVenezuela. Ndiwo musana wayo. Chero magariro, ezvematongerwo enyika, ezvehupfumi purojekiti yenyika yeVenezuela inoenderera nekugadzirisa petroleum policy. Iyo itsva petroleum policy yeMutungamiri Chavez inosimbisa OPEC, inosimudzira budiriro yenyika, inoona kuti kunatswa kubva zvino zvichienda mberi kunofanirwa kutariswa muVenezuela, uye inofungidzira kuiswa kuripo kunze uko kunofanirwa kuiswa muindasitiri yemahydrocarbons, kunosimbisa kuti basa rePVDSA nderekushandisa mutemo unotsanangurwa neHurumende, kuburikidza neBazi reMagetsi neMigodhi. Pakupedzisira yakagadzira nzira dzeHurumende kudzora bhizinesi riri reVenezuelans vese, uye ndizvo zvinoenderana neramangwana renyika.
HP: Unogona here kutsanangura zvishoma Mutemo mutsva weHydrocarbons uri kutanga kushandiswa?
Bernardo Alvarez: Pane izvi ndinoda kusimbisa kuti mutemo uripo wakatsiva mumwe waivepo kubvira 1943, nguva yatakanga tisina bhizinesi renyika - kana nyika kana yakavanzika - uye peturu yeVenezuela yakaongororwa nevekunze. mabhizinesi. Panguva iyoyo, mutemo iwoyo wa1943 waive chiitiko chikuru chenyika nekuti wakatanga kumisa kodzero dzakakosha nekudzora kudivi reNyika yeVenezuela. Kubva ipapo, dambudziko guru rezvematongerwo enyika rave riri, kuti Nyika yeVenezuelan uye nzanga inofanira kuita sei kuti ive nehutongi hwezviwanikwa zvayo zvikuru. Hatifanire kukanganwa kuti makambani makuru epasi rose aive nesimba kwete chete kubva pakuona kwehupfumi. Pamusoro pezvose vaive kumashure kwavo "gunboat diplomacy", sekutaura kwaive panguva iyoyo. Chikanganiso chakaitwa panguva iyoyo ndechekuti vakaita nyika, asi havana kuumba imwe mutemo wepetroleum, vachiramba vachishandisa mutemo wa1943. Zvino, Mutemo wazvino weHydrocarbons wakaiswa mune iyi nhoroondo yebudiriro yenyika mupfungwa yekudzora hupfumi hukuru hwenyika. Nokudaro, mutsara mukuru wemitemo yedu itsva yepetroleum ndeye: 1.) Kusimbiswa kweSangano rePetroleum Exporting Counttries, (OPEC). Pane kusawirirana pakati peHurumende, iyo inodzivirira mitengo yepetroleum chete uye kubatana pakati penyika dziri kugadzirwa, uye bhizinesi, iro rinodzivirira bhizinesi rakawanda uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda. Zvave zvisiri nyore kugadza musimboti wemutemo weHurumende, asi zvakaitwa. Sezvandambotaura, takaisa mutengo wepetroleum pamadhora manomwe padhiramu. Zvadaro, tingave tichida kuderedza kugadzirwa, kana kuti chokwadi chinotipwanya. Pamutengo iwoyo hatina mamiriro ekugadzira. Sezvineiwo OPEC yaive yakanaka muchiitiko chekudzivirira zvatinoda, kwete mitengo yemafuta chete, asi kudzikamiswa kwemusika. Iyo OPEC nhasi ine hurongwa hwakakura. Iri kuita nhaurirano nevatengi; kudzivirira kwekugadzikana kwemusika; mapurojekiti akabatanidzwa emabhizinesi ehurumende enyika dzakasiyana; kusikwa kwemaindasitiri epetroleum masevhisi zvichibva pane zvakaitika kunyika dzeOPEC; mapurojekiti akabatana muchikamu chegasi, pakati pezvimwe zvirongwa. Kuwanda kwemitengo yeOPEC, pakati pemadhora makumi maviri nemaviri nemadhora makumi maviri nemasere, chiratidzo chekuti hatidi kutonga kwekugadzira kunze kweiyo inogoneka, kwete kukanganisa nyika dzine urombo. Kudzoka kweVenezuela kuOPEC kwaive kwakakosha, zvekuti basa redu revatauri vemibvunzo iyi rakatakura mutungamiri wePDVSA, Ali Rodriguez, kusarudzo semunyori-mukuru weOPEC. Sangano rinoonekwa sesangano rinodzivirira zvido zvenyika dziri kugadzirwa, nyika dzose dziri kubudirira, rinoshandisa gwara renhaurirano apo zvido, remangwana, renyika idzo dzinogadzira zvinhu zvakasvibirira munyaya yepetroleum, zvichange zvichiitwa. inoremekedzwa mumisika yepasi rose. 2) Tiri kutora matanho ekudzosera kumashure kudonha kunoshamisa kwemupiro wemari yezviitwa zvepetroleum. Isu tinoda kudzoreredza mari shoma kubva kupetroleum. Mushure mekuita nyika, nekuda kwekushaya kutonga, kune inodhura marongero, yekugadzira yakawandisa, mupiro wemari wave uchidonha. Panguva iyoyo yaive 70% yedhiramu repetroleum. Iye zvino yava 30%. Uye nekupindira kwedu, zvaive zvishoma. Paiva nezvimwe structural explanations, they had some investments. Asi chakaitika kwaive kuwedzera kwakanyanya kwemitengo yekushanda kwebhizinesi. PVDSA yakazvishandura ikava bhizimisi โrakakoraโ. Mutengo wekugadzira padhiramu wakakwira. Policy yedu yaive yekuisa fiscal scheme yaizoshanda zviri nyore uye apa takanga tisina chinhu chakareruka semari yehumambo, nekuti royalty chinhu chaunobhadhara semutengo wekupinda, wekugadzira. Chii chaidiwa kudzora mitengo yehuwandu hwakawanda. Takatsanangura humambo se30%. Pfungwa iyi yaive yekuve nekugadzikana pasi pemupiro wemari, pamusoro pezvose taida kuchengetedza zvakare kugadzikana kwemitengo. Zvine musoro, nemitemo yese inotonga munyika dzedu dzevatengi uye muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvenyika yedu, izvi zvakasimudza mutengo sekupenga. Vakataura kuti mari yega yega haizosimudzirwa, kuti Hurumende iri kuomesa PVDSA nemari. Petroleum uye Industrialization. 3) Kugadzira mutemo wepetroleum unoenderana nenyika uye wakanangana nebudiriro.: Nemutemo takaona kuti kunatswa kunofanirwa kuitwa mukati menyika. Kusvika gore redu rekupedzisira takatenga michina yekuchenesa kunze kwenyika, nguva yedu yaive nehurongwa hwakasimba hwekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika. Pfungwa yaive yekuve nekutonga kwemusika weVenezuelan petroleum. Zvadaro, kuisa michina yekuchenesa kunze, kugadzirwa kwakagadzirirwa kwavari, uye takakwanisa kuwana musika iwoyo. Venezuelan crude inorema kwazvo. Zvakanga zvakafanira, maererano nemaonero iwayo - kugadzirisa zvigadziriso mumisika inodya - muUnited Ststes, vamwe muEurope. Dambudziko nderekuti imari yekuti vanobatsirika vari vatorwa. Maonero anoburitswa ndeenyika inochera peturu, yoitengesa kunze, uye inorarama nemari inowanikwa. Ndiro rave kushanda kusvika pari zvino munyika muno. Tinoda imwe, yakasiyana zvachose modhi. Tinofanirwa kuchengetedza fiscal floor, asi tinofanira kutungamira mabasa epetroleum mukati menyika. Tinoda kuongorora mamiriro eimwe neimwe yeaya ekunatsa uye kuvaka hunyanzvi hutsva hwekunatsa mukati menyika yedu, nekuti izvi zvinoreva mamwe masosi ebasa, mabhindauko makuru pano, uye nekuwedzera, tinogona kutengesa zvigadzirwa pachinzvimbo chekutengesa zvisina kunaka. Iwo mitengo iri nani. Mutengo wekuita kwedengu redu unowedzera,. Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuisa petroleum mukati. Panzvimbo pekungova basa rekuchera, rekutengesa kunze rinofanira kunge riri basa rinobvumidza kusimukira kwenyika. Semuenzaniso, isu tine yekuVenezuelan yekunatsa muUnited States uko 16% yekugadzira iri kuenda kumaindasitiri. Iyo inopfuura peturu nemafuta edhiziri, ine hunyanzvi huri kuenda kumaindasitiri. Muchikamu chekunatsa chinoshanda muVenezuela, 1% chete inoenda kumaindasitiri End Uncontrolled Petroleum Policy 4.) Basa rePVDSA: Basa rePVDSA, Petroleums yeVenezuela, rinofanira kunge riri rekambani inoisa pfungwa pane zvakakosha. basa, petroleum, iyo yakasikirwa, kwete kuva mutongi wezviwanikwa. Nekuda kwekuvhiringika pachinhu ichi, chakatanga kupa mvumo yemafuta kumakambani ese epasi rese akauya,. Kutarisira pasi, kuri kweHurumende, kwakaitwa nePVDSA. Pakupedzisira yakanga yamira kuva kambani inoshanda, kuzvishandura pachayo kuva mubatanidzwa wezvokutengeserana. PVDSA haifanire kuita basa reHurumende. Inofanira kunge iri ruoko rwekuita mutemo weHurumende uye mugadziri anobudirira wepetroleum: kupedza "decontrol". Pakave nekuwedzera kukuru muhuwandu hwevashandi, vanopfuura 40,000. Yakanga iri vashandi vakabvumirwa, vashandi venguva pfupi uye mamwe mapoka. Mutengo wekugadzira imadhora matatu dhiramu, kusanganisira rutsigiro rwehunyanzvi, mari, nezvimwe. Paunosimbisa mutengo uchisiya hofisi huru, imadhora gumi nemaviri, $12.
HP: Chaizvoizvo, kuwedzera uku kwemitengo yekushanda kunorevei?
Bernardo Alvarez: Nzira dzakaoma dzakashandiswa. Semuyenzaniso vakatanga kuvaka marefineries kunze. Zvadaro, vakapa zvidzikiso zvakaderedza mupiro wemari nemadhora maviri kana madhora matatu. Kubva pano, kubva kuhushumiri uhu, paive nemazano akawanda.
HP: Mushure mekugadziriswa kwaitwa, iyo PVDSA ine mamiriro ekushanda akabatanidzwa here?
Bernardo Alvarez: Kusawirirana uko PVDSA yakabatanidzwa kunoratidza kuti pane kusiyana. Chikamu chevashandi vakapinda mumusangano wekurwisa hurumende vakatya - yaive pasi pekumanikidzwa. Hatisi kurerutsa basa revezvenhau vachipesana nemitemo yehurumende. Chimwe chikamu chakanga chisingawirirani noMutemo mutsva. Vamwe vaibatanidzwa zvakananga mukurangana kwacho. Chii chakanaka mune zvese ndechekuti zvinzvimbo zvinozvitsanangura.. Kune vanhu vazhinji muPVDSA vane chiono chenyika, chekudzivirira zvido zvenyika. Shanduko dziri kuitika. Tine Mutemo mutsva. Shanduko dzakadzama hadziitike pasina kubatanidzwa kwevashandi vekambani.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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