Izwi rekuti "hugandanga" rakatanga kuoneka mumutemo wemubatanidzwa weUS muna 1969. Yakaunzwa nemumwe mumiriri weZionist kubva kuNew York uyo akati "magandanga" aidzidzisa vana mumisasa yevapoteri vePalestine vakamanikidzwa kubva mudzimba dzavo neIsrael, gadziriro yakarambidza rubatsiro rwevanhu rweUS. kubva pakubatsira chero mupoteri akawana kudzidziswa zvechiuto kubva kuPalestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) kana kuti "akaita chero chiito chekutya."
Kunyange mutemo usingatsananguri "hugandanga," wakagadzira makumi emakore-refu maitiro ekuzvidza maPalestine - uye kunyanya vapoteri - se "magandanga," sekureva mutsva. kuongorora mutemo kubva kuPalestine Legal uye Center for Constitutional Rights. Israel yakange yapindura kumutsiridzwa kwebato rePalestine muna 1967 nekuratidzira kuramba nezvombo kudzingwa se "hugandanga hwepasirese," uye rusaruraganda rwevana vevapoteri vePalestine semhondi dzakapwanyika dzakazvarwa. Gare gare, runyorwa rwehugandanga rwekutanga rwakaburitswa nehurumende rwaizosimudzirwa muCongress nevatsigiri veIsrael uye rwakashandiswa zvakanyanya kunanga hurumende dzinoonekwa sevatsigiri vePalestine yakasunungurwa.
Nekukurumidza kusvika muna 2024. UNRWA, sangano rimwe chete reUnited Nations rinobatsira vapoteri rakanangana nemutemo wa1969, rave kupiswa zvakare nemhosva yekunzi vakabatana nemagandanga. UNRWA ichiri maneja mukuru werubatsiro rwekubatsira vanhu muGaza, uko chirongwa cheIsrael chekubhomba uye kutamiswa kwevanhu vazhinji mukutsiva kurwiswa kweHamas kwaGumiguru 7 kwakasiya vanhu vanopfuura zviuru makumi maviri nevaviri vafa uye ruzhinji rwevanhu vasina pekugara mumamiriro anotyisa.
Israel ichangobva kupomera nhamba shoma yevashandi veUNWRA yekutora chikamu mukurwiswa kwaGumiguru 7 asi akapa humbowo hudiki. UNWRA yakabva yadzinga vashandi ndokutanga kuferefeta mukati, asi US nedzimwe nyika dzakapfuma dzakamisa tsigiro yeUNWRA vachibatsira vanhu vainge vapererwa. kufa nenzara muGaza inofamba zvishoma nezvishoma.
Gwaro rekunze rinoramba hunhu hwePalestine hwaro hwemakumi emakore emutemo weUS anti-hugandanga uye zvakare iri kupfurwa neIsrael inomiririra kurwisa vasina chisimba vanorwisa hondo nePalestine vanorwira rusununguko mhiri kweUS, sekureva kweCentre for Constitutional Rights. Kubva izwi rekuti "hugandanga" rakatanga kuoneka mumutemo wemubatanidzwa mushure meHondo yeMazuva matanhatu ya1967, mitemo yekurwisa hugandanga yave. kukanganisa kodzero dzekutaura dzakasununguka by kuita mhosva kushora kune mabatiro eIsrael maPalestine, kusanganisira iyo Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) kufamba.
"Kunzwisisa nzira idzo Israeri nevabatsiri vayo vakaumba mitemo yekurwisa hugandanga kwakakosha kupikisa kushandiswa kwavo nhasi sechombo chekuvharisa nzira dzekubatsira vanhu kuGaza mukufambisira mberi kwekuuraya uku, uye kufamba muUS kuri kuyedza kumisa. iyo, "akadaro Dima Khalidi, director weUS-based legal aid group Palestine Legal, mukutaura.
Center for Constitutional Rights yakambomhan'arira hurumende yeBiden yekutadza kudzivirira kuurayiwa kwevanhu muGaza. Nepo dare remubatanidzwa muCalifornia rakarasa nyaya iyi nehunyanzvi hwekutonga, mutongi akabvumirana neInternational Court of Justice kuti kukomba uye kuparadzwa kweGaza kweIsrael “kunowira pasi mukati memutemo wepasirese unorambidza kupondwa kwemarudzi” mushure mekunzwa humbowo kubva kunyanzvi nevakabatwa nePalestine.
Dare reUS rakakurudzira manejimendi eBiden kuti afunge nezve "rutsigiro rusingaperi" rwehondo. Israel inoramba zviri kupomerwa izvi, ichiti chinangwa chayo chete ndechekuparadza muvengi wayo, Hamas, iyo inoramba yakabata vanhu vangangosvika zana veIsrael vachitarisira kuita chibvumirano chekusunungura vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika vePalestine mukuchinjana.
Zvichakadaro, vaIsraeri mauto ari kuparadza hupenyu muGaza nezvombo zveUS nezviwanikwa. Kubva parutsigiro rusina zvisungo rwaPresident Joe Biden kuIsrael kusvika kune anopikisa maMuslim animus akaiswa mu "hondo yehugandanga" yaPresident George W. Bush, mutemo wemazuva ano weUS kuMiddle East wakadzika midzi muruvengo rwagara rwuripo kuchinangwa chePalestine nenzira ye boka rinokura remutemo wekurwisa hugandanga. Heino hurongwa hwakabatanidzwa kubva kuPalestine Legal neCentre for Constitutional Rights' ongororo:
- Runyorwa rwekutanga rwakaburitswa nehurumende rwehugandanga rwakatsigirwa nevatsigiri veIsrael muCongress uye rwakashandiswa zvakanyanya kumanikidza hurumende dzinopomerwa kutsigira kuramba kwePalestine.
- Kekutanga uye chete nguva iyo Congress yakadaidza boka risiri rehurumende sangano remagandanga raive mumutemo wa1987 wakanangana nePalestine Liberation Organisation.
- Mutemo wekutanga wekupinda nekubuda kwevanhu munyika [wakapasiswa muna 1990] kusanganisira hugandanga sechikonzero chekudzingwa uye kudzingwa kunze kwenyika wakadoma PLO mukutsanangurwa kwayo kwekuita zvehugandanga.
- Mutemo wekutanga [wakapasiswa muna 1992] unobvumidza mhosva dzehugandanga dzakazvimiririra wakanyorwa kuti unange PLO uye wakashandiswa zvakanyanya nevagari veIsrael neUnited States.
- Yekutanga zvirango zvemari masangano emagandanga akagadzirwa mukupindura zvikumbiro zveIsrael zvekupaza Hamas nemamwe mapato ePalestine.
- Kunyangwe kubhomba kwe1995 Oklahoma City kwakaitwa nevapanduki vemumba, zvisungo zvekurwisa hugandanga zvakapfuura mushure mazvo - kusanganisira mutemo wekutsigira zvinhu - wakanangana nemapoka ekunze chete, nemasangano ePalestine ari iwo akanyanya kunetseka.
Iyo Palestine Liberation Organisation inyaya inonakidza. Yakavambwa muna 1964, PLO iboka reamburera iro kwemakumi emakore raimiririra bato rePalestine uye rakaonekwa zvakanyanya mumiriri wePalestine panhandare yepasi rose.
Nekudaro, muna 1987, PLO yakavewo wekutanga uye ega mutambi asiri wenyika kunzi "sangano remagandanga" mumutemo wakadzikwa neCongress mushure mekunge bato rine hutsinye rinozivikanwa sePalestine Liberation Front rakauraya mugari wemuUS panguva yekupambwa kwechikepe muna 1985. ngarava. Mutemo wakaraira hurumende yeAmerica kuti ibvise vaongorori vePLO kubva kumahofisi eUnited Nations, kuedza kwakadziviswa chete nekunyunyuta kwepasi rose uye kupindira kwemutemo.
Kwemakore akawanda ema1990, aimbove mutungamiri wePLO Yasser Arafat ndiye aive mugadziri wedivi rePalestine renhaurirano dzerunyararo dzakatsigirwa neUS neIsrael. Mazita ekuti "magandanga" anowanzo itwa neDhipatimendi reHurumende, iro rakabvisa PLO kubva kune "gandanga" rondedzero muna 1993 mushure mekunge Arafat aramba mhirizhonga ndokutanga makore gumi enhaurirano dzerunyararo dzakaparara mukutanga kwe2000s.
Apo Arafat aishandira runyararo, akashoropodzwawo nekutadza kumisa zviito zvekupikisa zvechisimba nemapoka emauto anofungidzirwa kuti anowira pasi peamburera yePLO. Nekudaro, mhirizhonga yenyika yeIsrael ichokwadi chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva kuzviuru zvePalestine vanogara mumisasa yevapoteri uye munzvimbo dzakagarwa.
Kunyange isiri mumiriri wehuwandu hwePalestine uye diaspora, bapiro rakashongedzerwa reHamas nemapoka madiki emauto ari kurwisana neIsrael, muvengi ane simba zvakanyanya. Hamas inoonekwa zvakanyanya sekuita zvehugandanga apo varwi vayo vakarwisa uye nekutapa vanhuwo zvavo panguva ye "Al-Aqsa Mafashama" oparesheni muna Gumiguru 7.
Israeri yakatsiva nekutyisidzira vagari vese veGaza, ichisiya makumi ezviuru zvevanhu vakakuvara kana kufa, uye nzanga dzese dzasara dzangova dongo. Propaganda yeIsrael inoshandisa trope ye "gandanga" rePalestine kururamisa kuurayiwa muGaza pamwe ne kusungwa kwakawanda kwevaPalestine mhosva ye“kutsigira hugandanga,” a yakafara charge kazhinji vanobhadhariswa majaya nepwere vanopedza makore vari mujeri pamusana pokupinda mumigwagwa uye kupotsera matombo.
Kudzoka kuUS, iyo yekune dzimwe nyika inogadzika - pamwe chete neIsrael lobby uye vanobatana nayo munhau - Inobatsira Islamophobia uye kuedza kutsanangurazve "antisemitism" kuitira kudzikisira kushorwa nemauto eIsrael, according kunyanzvi dzekodzero dzevanhu. Nekupikisa kushoropodzwa kweIsrael ne "antisemitism" uye kurwira kodzero dzePalestine nerutsigiro rwe "hugandanga" uye Hamas, mapoka ekurudyi uye mapoka eZionist anowedzera mitemo inopokana nehugandanga uye anti-boycott muUS. kuvhara kuratidzira kwekambasi uye ranga vatsigiri veBDS vane runyararo.
Vazhinji maArab nemaMuslim vekuAmerica vanoona maitiro maviri. Semuenzaniso, Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-Michigan) - iye ega wePalestinian American muCongress - akatsiurwa nevamwe vake yekugovera vhidhiyo yevanorwira kodzero dzePalestine pakuratidzira uye kubvumirana nemapoka epasi rose anorwira kodzero dzevanhu kuti maPalestine mazhinji anogara pasi pemamiriro ehudzvanyiriri akatemerwa neIsrael.
Imwe nhengo yeCongress ingatarisana nekutsiurwa kwakadaro uye kunyadziswa kweveruzhinji nekudaidzira kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu munyika yechiMuslim? Zvimwe kwete. Asi tarisa ingangoita chero kona yesocial media, uye uchaona mabigots achiti Tlaib haasi mutongi ane runyararo asi "gandanga."
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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